• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.167-184
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• 2023

In this study, a new recentering friction device (RFD) to retrofit steel moment frame structures is introduced. The device provides both self-centering and energy dissipation capabilities for the retrofitted structure. A hybrid performance-based seismic design procedure considering multiple limit states is proposed for designing the device and the retrofitted structure. The design of the RFD is achieved by modifying the conventional performance-based seismic design (PBSD) procedure using computational intelligence techniques, namely, genetic algorithm (GA) and artificial neural network (ANN). Numerous nonlinear time-history response analyses (NLTHAs) are conducted on multi-degree of freedom (MDOF) and single-degree of freedom (SDOF) systems to train and validate the ANN to achieve high prediction accuracy. The proposed procedure and the new RFD are assessed using 2D and 3D models globally and locally. Globally, the effectiveness of the proposed device is assessed by conducting NLTHAs to check the maximum inter-story drift ratio (MIDR). Seismic fragilities of the retrofitted models are investigated by constructing fragility curves of the models for different limit states. After that, seismic life cycle cost (LCC) is estimated for the models with and without the retrofit. Locally, the stress concentration at the contact point of the RFD and the existing steel frame is checked being within acceptable limits using finite element modeling (FEM). The RFD showed its effectiveness in minimizing MIDR and eliminating residual drift for low to mid-rise steel frames models tested. GA and ANN proved to be crucial integrated parts in the modified PBSD to achieve the required seismic performance at different limit states with reasonable computational cost. ANN showed a very high prediction accuracy for transformation between MDOF and SDOF systems. Also, the proposed retrofit showed its efficiency in enhancing the seismic fragility and reducing the LCC significantly compared to the un-retrofitted models.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권3C호
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• pp.181-190
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 석고함유율을 달리한 고결된 모래 시료를 조성하여 고결정도 및 상대밀도에 따른 고결모래의 거동양상을 분석하였다. 상대밀도 25, 40, 60%의 모래에 모래중량비 5~20%의 석고를 혼합하여 교반시킨 후 상재하중 55kPa 상태에서 양생하여 시료를 조성하였다. 조성된 고결시료는 일정한 구속압(200kPa)상태에서 비배수 전단시험(CIU)이 실시되었다. 실험 결과 고결정도의 증가에 따른 고결된 모래의 항복강도 및 강성의 증가양상을 확인하였고, 고결 결합이 파괴되기 전에는 다일레이션 경향이 억제되지만, 결합이 파괴된 직후 다일레이션 경향이 오히려 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 고결정도 및 상대밀도에 따라 간극수압 발생경향이 변하였으며, 고결에 의해 상전이선 및 파괴포락선에서의 유효응력비가 변하는 것을 유효응력경로 분석을 통하여 확인하였다. 일반적으로 상대밀도에 비해 고결정도가 고결된 모래의 거동에 더 큰 영향을 끼치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.491-498
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 수중 음향 압전 트랜스듀서의 고효율, 정전력 구동이 가능하도록 절연 트랜스포머와 체비셰프 필터함수를 이용한 임피던스 정합회로 설계 방안을 제안하였다. 제안된 정합회로는 진동과 무관한 트랜스듀서의 리액턴스 성분을 최소화하고 넓은 동작주파수 범위에서 평탄한 출력 전력 특성을 갖도록 설계되었다. 체비세프 필터함수를 표준 원함수로하는 저역통과 필터를 단종단 제자형 회로로 설계하고 대역통과 주파수변환을 통하여 트랜스듀서의 등가모델과 트랜스포머의 권선비에 적합한 정합회로를 설계하였다. 제안된 기법을 예제 모델 Tonpilz형 압전 트랜스듀서에 대한 가상부하에 적용하고 시뮬레이션과 실험을 통하여 그 결과를 비교함으로써 제안된 기법의 타당성을 검증하였다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.51-68
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• 1984

The purpose of this study is primarily to test the use value of tooth ash as an alternative material of the synthetic hydroxyapatite. For this purpose the author performed the experimental study to investigate the phsyical properties of sintered tooth ash and its histocompatibility in vitro. The tooth ash was made by incinerating procedure at $650^{\circ}C,\;750^{\circ}C,\;850^{\circ}C,\;950^{\circ}C\;and\;1050^{\circ}C$ respectively. The composition of tooth ash was analyzed and X-ray diffraction was done. The experimental specimens were molded to the cylinderical form 1 cm high, 1 cm in diameter under the pressure of $1000kg/cm^2$, which were divided into two groups; the one is sintered tooth ash at $1100^{\circ}C$ and the other is fired mixture of tooth ash and dental porcelain mixed to the weight ratio of 4:6, 5:5, 6:4 and 7:3. The physical propoerties of the sintered specimens were examined and their microstructure was observed under the Scanning Electron Microscope. The results obtained were as followings: 1. The difference of the tooth ash composition depending on incinerating temperature was of no significance, but the $CO_2$ disappeared from $950^{\circ}C$. 2. X-ray diffraction showed the tooth ash was mainly composed of hydroxyapatite and a small amount of - white lockite. But phase transformation was not disclosed. 3. The microstructure of the sintered specimens of the ashed tooth powder was of no difference in the structure and grain size accompanying the ashed temperature, but sintering ability seemed to be the best in the specimen incinerated at $950^{\circ}C$. 4. There was good wettability in the mixed sintered specimens of the ashed tooth powder and the porcelain powder. 5. The compressive strength of the sintered specimens of the tooth ash incinerated at $950^{\circ}C$ was the highest with $589.75kg/cm^2$ and the porosity and the absorption were the lowest as well. 6. The mixed sintered specimens of the tooth ash and porcelain powder was good in the physical properties in the case of mixed weight ratio of 6:4. 7. The animal fibroblast cultures with porcelain showed increase in the cell number, whereas the tooth ash showed a small degree of growth inhibition. But the difference of cell multiplication efficiency between control cultures and test cultures with tooth ash was not observed.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.16-31
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to assess the fatigue in lumbar and abdominal muscles in patients with chronic low back pain compared with normal subjects using spectral analysis with mean power frequency and median power frequency. The experimental group consisted of twenty subjects who had experienced chronic low back pain for over one year after the onset day. A control group consisted of twenty normal subjects with no history of low back pain. All subjects stood in an apparatus to perform sustained contraction in the lumbar and abdominal muscles for 30 seconds with 60% maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). The resulting electromyographic (EMG) recorded time serial data were transformed into frequency serial data by Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). The results were as follows: 1) lumbar muscles measured, the frequency change ratio of both median power frequency and mean power frequency was significantly greater for experimental group compared with control group group (p<0.05). In measured two abdominal muscles (inferior rectus abdominis, obliquus externus abdominis) except superior rectus abdominis, the frequency change ratio of both median power frequency and mean power frequency was significantly greater for experimental group compared with control group (p<0.05). 2) In all three (longissimus thoracis, iliocostalis lumborum, multifidus) lumbar muscles measured, the initial frequency value of both median power frequency and mean power frequency was significantly lower for the experimental group compared with the control group (p<0.05). In the two (inferior rectus abdominis, obliquus externus abdominis) abdominal muscles measured (superior rectus abdominis not included), the initial frequency value of both median power frequency and mean power frequency was significantly lower for the experimental group compared with the control group (p<0.05). These results suggest that in patients with chronic low back pain there is a trend for more fatigue to occur in both lumbar and abdominal muscles than in the normal control group. This would seem to suggest that in treatment programs for patients with chronic low back pain, improvement of endurance in all trunk muscles should be considered.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.510-524
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• 2009

Objective : This study was designed to find the correlation between Sasang Constitution and heart rate variability(HRV). Method : There were 665 subjects (280 men and 385 women), between 39 and 72 years old. in a rural community. Sasang Constitution was diagnosed by a Sasang constitutional specialist using PSSC (Phonetic System for Sasang Constitution), face and tongue photo and checkup-list. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess the general characteristics. HRV was recorded using SA-2000 (medi-core). HRV was assessed by time domain and by frequency domain analysis. Metabolic syndrome was defined on the basis of clustering of risk factors, when three or more of the following cardiovascular risk factors were included : blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, triglyceride HDL-cholesterol, and abdominal obesity (waist). Because of the skewness of the data, logarithmic transformation was performed on the absolute units of the spectral components of HRV, and the resulting logarithmic values and normalized units were compared between the groups by a logistic regression. The 95% confidence interval (CI) of the odds ratio was used and calculated from the data laid out for a cross sectional study. Results : 1. Odds ratios of Taeeumin and Soeumin in female adults below 60 years old were significantly lower than that of Soyangin in LF norm and LF/HF ratio. Odds ratios of Taeeumin and Soeumin in female adults below 60 years old were significantly higher than that of Soyangin in HF norm. 2. There was no significant correlation between HRV and Sasang Constitution in female adults from 60 years old and over. 3. There was no significant correlation between HRV and Sasang Constitution in male adults. Conclusion : There is a statistically significant correlation between the HRV and Sasang Constitution. There is a tendency of increase in the sympathetic activity in Soyangin. There is a tendency of decrease in the parasympathetic activity in Taeeumin and Soeumin.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.464-469
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 키와 로고 방식을 혼합한 이미지 워터마킹의 비가시성과 강인성을 평가하였다. 키(Key)의 역할은 저작권자의 개인 ID(IDentification)가 하며 워터마크로는 로고영상(Logo Image)을 사용하였다. 실험영상으로는 Lena 표준영상을 선택하였고, 워터마크로는 32${\times}$32와 64${\times}$64 크기의 `Park'이라는2진 영상을 사용하였다. 제안한 워터마킹 기법의 비가시성을 평가하기 위해서 워터마크가 삽입된 영상의PSNR(Peak Signal to Noise Ratio)을 구하였으며, 강인성을 평가하기 위해서는 워터마크가 삽입된 영상에 영상변형 빛 JPEG 손실 압축이 가한 다음, 복원된 워터마크의 복원율(reconstructive rate)을 구하였다. 실험 결과, 표준 영상에 대하여 워터마크가 삽입된 영상의 PSNR은 93.75dB로 비가시성이 우수하였고, 64${\times}$64 크기의 워터마크를 삽입한 경우에 비하여 32${\times}$32 크기의 워터마크 영상을 삽입한 경우의 복원율이 영상축소에서는 평균 5.9%, 회전에서는 평균 13.9%, 잡음에서는 평균 6.5%, JPEG손실 압축에서는 평균 4.2%로 더 우수하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한한방종양학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.99-128
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• 1997

In order to investigate the effects of Kyegyoksan on antitumor effects after Sarcoma 180 cells transplantation into the peritoneal cavity or left groin in mice, and immune depression in mice induced by methotrexate, the extracts of its herbal medicines were orally administered for 14 or 21 days. Experimental studies were performed for measureance of $IC_{50}$ in MTT assay, mean survival days, tumor and body weights for antitumor effects, delayed type hypersensitivity, hemagglutinine titer, hemolysin titer, rosette forming cells, interleukin-2 productivity, lymphocyte transformation, natural killer cell activity and phagocytic activity for immune responses in the immune depressed ICR mice, and SGOT, SGPT, BUN and creatinine for liver and kidney protective function in SO-rats. The results were obtained as follows: 1. From the results of MTT assay, the Kyegyoksan exstracts for SUN-1 and SUN-C4 were inhibited cell viability. 2. Mean survival time in Kyegyoksan-treated group was slightly increased with no effectiveness, as compared with the control group. 3. Tumor weight in Kyegyoksan-treated group was depressed with the statistical significance, as compared with the control group(p<0.01). 4. Body weight in Kyegyoksan-treated group was incresed with the statistical significance, as compared with the control group(p<0.05). 5. Delayed type hypersensitivity in Kyegyoksan-treated group was slightly incresed with no effctiveness, as compared with the control group. 6. Hemagglutinin titer in Kyegyoksan-treated group was incresed with the statistical significance(p<0.05), but hemolysin titer was slightly incresed with no effectiveness, as compared with the control group. 7. Rosette forming cells in Kyegyoksan-treated group was incresed with the statistical significance, as compared with the control group(p<0.001). 8. Interleukin-2 productivity in Kyegyoksan-treated group was incresed with the statistical significance, as compared with the control group(p<0.001). 9. Lymphocyte transfomation in Kyegyoksan-treated group was incresed with the statistical significance, as compared with the control group(p<0.01). 10. Natural killer cell activity in Kyegyoksan-treated group at E/T ratio 100 : 1 was incresed with the statistical significance(p<0.01), but at E/T ratio 50 : 1 and 10 : 1 was slightly incresed with no effectiveness, as compared with the control group. 11. Phagocytic activity in Kyegyoksan-treated group was slightly incresed with no effectiveness, as compared with the control group. 12. The levels of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine in Kyegyoksan-treated group were not effective change, as compared with the control group. According to the above results, it could be suggested that Kyegyoksan have prominent antitumor effects, enhance both cellular and humoral immunity, and have no injury to liver and kidney functions.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.87-101
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• 1990

The purpose of this study is to estimate the flood discharge and runoff volume at a stream by using geomorphologic parameters obtained from the topographic maps following the law of stream classification and ordering by Horton and Strahier. The present model is modified from Cheng' s model which derives the geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph. The present model uses the results of Laplace transformation and convolution intergral of probability density function of the travel time at each state. The stream flow velocity parameters are determined as a function of the rainfall intensity, and the effective rainfall is calculated by the SCS method. The total direct runoff volume until the time to peak is estimated by assuming a triangular hydrograph. The model is used to estimate the time to peak, the flood discharge, and the direct runoff at Andong, Imha. Geomchon, and Sunsan basin in the Nakdong River system. The results of the model application are as follows : 1.For each basin, as the rainfall intensity doubles form 1 mm/h to 2 mm/h with the same rainfall duration of 1 hour, the hydrographs show that the runoff volume doubles while the duration of the base flow and the time to peak are the same. This aggrees with the theory of the unit hydrograph. 2.Comparisions of the model predicted and observed values show that small relative errors of 0.44-7.4% of the flood discharge, and 1 hour difference in time to peak except the Geomchon basin which shows 10.32% and 2 hours respectively. 3.When the rainfall intensity is small, the error of flood discharge estimated by using this model is relatively large. The reason of this might be because of introducing the flood velocity concept in the stream flow velocity. 4.Total direct runoff volume until the time to peak estimated by using this model has small relative error comparing with the observed data. 5.The sensitivity analysis of velocity parameters to flood discharge shows that the flood discharge is sensitive to the velocity coefficient while it is insensitive to the ratio of arrival time of moving portion to that of storage portion of a stream and to the ratio of arrival time of stream to that of overland flow.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.20-26
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• 2010

수용성 유기 및 무기성분은 대기 에어로졸 입자의 중요한 구성성분들이며 간접적으로 기후에 영향을 미치는 구름응결핵으로 작용한다. 유기 및 원소탄소(organic and elemental carbon, OC 및 EC) 및 수용성 유기탄소(water soluble OC, WSOC) 및 이온성분농도를 조사하기 위하여 광주지역에서 24시간 기준의 미세입자($PM_{2.5}$)를 측정하였다. 측정기간 중 $PM_{2.5}$ 수용성 분율의 주요성분인 WSOC, $NO_3^-$, $SO_4^{2-}$ 및 $NH_4^+$의 평균농도는 각각 2.11, 5.73, 3.51 및 $3.31{\mu}g/m^3$ 이었으며, $PM_{2.5}$ 농도의 12.0(2.9~23.9%), 21.0(12.9~37.6%), 11.6(2.5~25.9%), 및 11.7%(3.8~18.6%)를 차지하였다. 총 수용성 성분(유기+무기) 중 WSOC 화합물이 차지하는 분율은 평균 17.6%(5.4~35.9%)이었다. EC 추적자 기법을 이용해 평가한 2차 OC 및 WSOC 농도는 각각 평균적으로 0.78 및 $0.34{\mu}g/m^3$이었으며, 전체 OC 및 WSOC 중의 평균 17.9%(범위: 0~44.4%) 및 평균 11.2%(범위: 0~51.4%)를 차지하였다. 광주지역 겨울철에 측정한 $SO_4^{2-}$ 입자는 국지적인 기상산화반응보다는 장거리 이동 또는 수용액 변환과정에 의한 영향, 구름 내 변환과정 등이 황산염 입자 생성에 중요하게 작용했을 것으로 판단한다.