• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.23-38
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• 2021

This paper investigated the preference change of payment terms in international trade along with counteroffer or first offer conditions of the other parties. Studies on trade payment terms have mainly focused on payment term determination factors such as firm size, product price level, country credit rate, etc. We tried to find other factors affecting payment terms choice, during the negotiation process. We applied behavioral economics theories such as 'Status Quo Bias' and 'Anchoring effect' to build our research model. To prove the existence of the above effects, we proceeded with field experiments to the exporting companies in Alibaba.com. Both 'Status Quo Bias' and 'Anchoring effect' were found in the field experiment. Most of the exporting companies preferred traditional payment methods to new payment methods. And an initial request for a low advance payment ratio led to a lower advance payment ratio. Also, the experience of using new payment methods could diminish status quo bias. This paper applied behavioral economics theories and field experiment methodology to the payment term studies in international trades. These attempts could contribute to expanding the diversity of methodology and scope of international trade studies.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.223-229
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• 2021

This study investigated the determinants of debt ratio in public institutions. For this purpose, we analyzed the impact of inefficient management as internal factors on debt ratio. In this paper, inefficient management included total costs, payment, and employee benefit. The results of this study are as follows. First, we find that there is a significant positive relation between total costs and debt ratio. This result means that the higher total costs, the higher debt ratio. Second, we find that there is not a significant relation between payment and debt ratio. And we also find that there is not a significant relation between employee benefit and debt ratio. These results are empirical results that can be answers about some concerns that inefficient management of public institutions worsen debt ratio.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.27-41
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• 1976

The results analyzed of the actual state of the stow net fisheries based on the cost expended in 1975 areas follows; The total cost of this fisheries will be 1, 672, 238 won; the production cost, 1, 588, 060 won (95%) ; the material cost in proportion to total cost (100%)408, 480won (24.4%);the labour cost, 1, 006, 480 won (60.2%) ; the expenses, 173, 100won(10.4%)and the commission and the interest payment, 84, 178won(5%). As above the commission and the interest payment doesn't need to be paid much, but only production cost should be paid in case of small scale inshore fisheries. The cost per unit of caches (per Kg) becomes 12 won, the ratio cost of sales (83.4%), the ratio of profit, 16.%. According to the adove, in case of the powered vessel; it shows a tendency of spending too much expenses owing to excessive payment of oil. And in case of nonpowered vessels, it shows a tendency of spending less expenses but still get much gains, due to the fact that the commission and the interest payment are less, and none is paid for fuel procurement.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.279-304
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• 2022

This paper quantitatively analyzes the current status of North Korean consumer payment instruments through a questionnaire survey of 292 North Korean defectors. In the 2010s, it was found that the payment experience ratio of domestic currency cash and grain decreased, while the payment experience ratio of foreign currency cash increased. The use of foreign currency reached a stage where it was spread not only as a store of value but also as a medium of exchange. However, the most frequently used payment instrument by North Korean consumers was still domestic currency cash. By region, in inland urban areas both domestic currency cash and U.S. dollars are used and in the North Korea-China border region both domestic currency cash and Chinese yuan are used, while in inland rural areas dollarization does not occur because both domestic currency cash and grain are used. Meanwhile, despite the stable price trend during 2013-2019, the dollarization hysteresis effect is appearing, and both the purchasing power risk theory and the network externality theory are considered to have explanatory power for the cause. The results of this paper suggest that as dollarization is intensifying, it is expected that more costs such as shortages of commodities will be incurred than in the past if North Korea's de-dollarization policy is reimplemented. Also, in the case of domestic currency cards, which the North Korean authorities introduced in 2015 as part of a means of financial reform, this paper suggests that it may continue to be difficult for domestic currency cards to normalize official finance under the dollarization hysteresis.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1640-1647
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• 2012

The allocation to third parties in increase of capital is increasing in KOSDAQ firms. With this trend, they cause many problems which involves stock price manipulation. Under this condition, this study analyzes stock price reaction by event study to 197 cases of 81 KOSDAQ companies that allocated to third parties in increase of capital between the year of 2007 and 2009. And we find determinants of cumulative abnormal return by using multiple regression. Results of this research are as follows. First, in case of excess return of (-5, +5), it reveals positive excess return significantly at 1% significance level during 4 days before payment day(event day). But it reveals negative excess return significantly at 1% significance level during 5 days after payment day. Second, in case of excess return of (-40, +40), it reveals positive excess return significantly at 1% significance level during 40 days before payment day(event day). But it reveals negative excess return significantly at 1% significance level during 40 days after payment day. Third, in case of excess return of (0, 1 year), it reveals negative excess return significantly at 1% significance level during 1 year after payment day. Fourth, significant determinant of cumulative abnormal return to (-5, +5) was firm size with positive effect. Significant determinants of cumulative abnormal return to (-40, +40) were reserve ratio and debt ratio. Reserve ratio has positive effect But debt ratio has negative effect. Significant determinants of cumulative abnormal return to (0, 1 year) were firm size, debt ratio, reserve ratio. equity ratio to large shareholder. Firm size, debt ratio, equity ratio to large shareholder have negative effect. But reserve ratio has positive effect.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.28-48
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• 2018

Purpose - This study is to analyze the assessment of forming of a payment balance of the country and its condition. Data array were used the data on the Russian Federation from the 1995-2016, across Great Britain - since the 2004- 2014 and in the retrospective aspect since the 1946. Research design, data, and methodology - The payment balance is a ratio of payment amounts made this country abroad and the receipts received by it from abroad for a certain period; it is the systematic list of all economic transactions performed for a certain period of time between the residents of one country and the nonresidents. The scale of research on Russia: to be analyzed the amount of data from the 1995 by 2016. On Great Britain - the 2004-2014, on South Korea - the 2017. Results - Hypothesis 1. The detailed and simple systematization of balance sheet items increases the efficiency of analytical procedures and the mechanism of public administration. Hypothesis 2. The main of balance sheet items are deficit of Russian Federation scarce which, are generally counterbalanced with gold and foreign exchange reserves. Conclusions - Considering the items of balance of payments of the studied countries in the context with other countries, it can be noted that the dynamics of the main items are closely linked with the main macroeconomic indicators and reflects the main tendency of the state development. The main items of balance sheet of South Korea's are intensive. The relatively stable dynamics in the macroeconomic indicators is observed in Japan and China

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.1031-1036
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• 2020

Untact marketing emerged as one of the top 10 marketing in 2018. Since then, the scale of the mobile payment market has expanded, and the ratio of payment through mobile is melting into life even offline. Various mobile apps such as Samsung Pay and Smart Order are already popular systems, and various other mobile payment systems are increasing. For such mobile payments, this paper aims to comprehensively design a general-purpose untouched offline payment system by designing a mobile payment system that applies a short-range wireless communication method along with a study on the currently available mobile payment-linked API. We propose an offline payment system with an untouch method to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and contribute to a healthy society by solving the problem and minimizing contact with others in the current situation like the Corona 19 Incident.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.7690-7697
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• 2015

This study is to reveal structural causal relationship of individual factors influencing association member's substantive payment in the economic view which is a critical factor of project implementation and identify its influence through simulation and actual proof analysis. As the results of analysis, the first, association member's substantive payment is decided to allow for the difference between special price for association members and general price and the profit arising between the time of approval of disposal plan and moving in. The second, on analysis of sensitivity of individual factors influencing association member's substantive payment, floor area ratio applied to project has the biggest influence. Association member's payment is also greatly influenced by the subject of cost allocation for establishing infrastructure in project area. The third, this study set up a structure model based on causal relationship among the factors deciding association member's payment and empirically examined influence and path of influence which the individual factors exercise. The result indicates that control elements and regional characteristic elements influence association member's payment through the medium of plan elements.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.6 no.9
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• pp.27-33
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• 1983

This Paper represents time-dependent stochastic variations of common discounted cash flow formulae with explicit consideration given to inflation. The cash flow, the ratio of discounting or compounding, and the rate of inflation are allowed to vary with time in a random fashion in equations for the compound amount of a single payment, present worth of a single payment, amount of an annuity, periodic deposits to accumulate a future amounts, present worth of an annuity and capital recovery And all formulae are derived for the case of discrete random variations.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.293-303
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• 2022

In construction work, it can be difficult to know the exact number of full-time workers, so the accident rate is calculated using the approximate number of full-time workers. In addition, as the accident rate calculation is performed based on the assumption that the number of accidents is proportional to the approximate number of workers, the reliability of the calculation result may be questionable. This study proposed a new indicator for accident level based on the progress payment and the number of injuries. The accident-progress ratio, which can be calculated by simply dividing the number of injuries by progress payment, can replace the existing accident rate index or be used as an auxiliary indicator of the accident level. The correlation coefficient between the number of injuries and the progress payment was higher than that between the number of injuries and the number of construction workers. In addition, over the past 10 years, the accident rate has been increasing, whereas the accident-progress ratio has showed a decreasing tendency. This might leave room for different interpretations of the annual variation in the accident level in the construction industry.