• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.175-184
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• 1998

1998년에 고리 1호기로부터 교체될 증기발생기의 선량율을 계산하기 위하여 Smear 오염검사 결과와 튜브 손상원인을 규명하기 위하여 인출하였던 증기발생기 튜브의 선량을 측정결과로부터 증기발생기 내부의 방사성핵종 재고량을 평가하였다. 방사성 핵종 재고량을 토대로 QAD-CG 컴퓨터 코드를 이용하여 증기발생기 표면의 접촉 선량율과 1 m 이격 선량율을 계산하였는데, 접촉 선량율은 Channel Head의 하부에서 최저인 11.5 mR/hr를 나타냈으며, Shell Barrel의 중간 지점에서 최대값인 37.7 mR/hr를 나타냈다. 한편 접촉 선량율과 1 m 이격 선량율은 증기발생기의 크기로 인해 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다 또한 증기발생기의 차폐가 필요할 경우 요구되는 기본적인 데이터를 마련하기 위하여 납과 탄소강의 차폐 특성을 비교해 보았다. 납을 차폐체로 사용할 경우 2 mm 두께만으로도 증기발생기 Shell Barrel 중간 지점에서의 표면 선량율이 37.7 mR/hr에서 15.7 mR/hr로 감소되었다. 그러나 탄소강의 경우에는 차폐체의 두께를 2 cm로 증가시킨다고 하더라도 차폐효과가 매우 낮았다. 이러한 차폐효과 차이는 저에너지 광자에 대한 납과 탄소강의 감쇄효과 차이와 축적인자 차이 때문에 발생되는 것으로 추정된다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2009

Previous studies on the effects of speaking rate on voice onset time (VOT) of stops in English, French, Icelandic, and Thai indicate that speaking rate asymmetrically affects VOT values. That is, pre-voiced and long-lag stops vary due to the rate factor more than short-lag stops do. One suggested explanation for this asymmetry is that it is due to the necessity of maintaining phonetic contrasts among the stop categories. Since pre-voiced and long-lag stops represent the ends of the VOT scale, they encompass broad swathes of that range and consequently allow for large variations. On the other hand, the VOT variations of short-lag stops may result in overlap with the VOTs of long-lag stops. This study aimed to explore the effects of speaking rate on the VOTs of Korean stops and see whether Korean fortis and lenis stops are limited in the degrees of variation as a function of rates due to the existence of stops with larger VOT values, lenis and aspirated stops respectively. Conversely, aspirated stops were expected to show more variation since there are no other categories with longer VOTs. Fortis, lenis, and aspirated stops in /CVn/ words (C = bilabial or velar stop, V = /i/ or /a/) were examined in isolation, and at normal and fast rates in a carrier sentence. Speaking rates were controlled by alternating words or sentences on a computer screen at intervals of two seconds for the isolation- and normal-rate conditions and one second for the fast-rate condition. This study found that while the VOTs of fortis stops did not change significantly, those of lenis and aspirated stops showed considerable changes as a function of speaking rates. Also, overlap between lenis and aspirated stops occurred considerably at all speaking rates. These phenomena were interpreted to relate to the fact that VOT contrasts between lenis and aspirated stops in Korean are currently being collapsed. Large variations of lenis stops as a function of rates seem to occur due to a weak motivation to limit the degree of variations for the purpose of maintaining phonetic contrasts. The significant overlap between lenis and aspirated stops at all rates was interpreted to occur because the VOT merger between the two categories became considerably fixed. Also the percentage of correctly-classified VOTs by optimal-boundary values between lenis and aspirated stops turned out to be lower than in previously-studied languages. This was interpreted to be further evidence that VOTs are losing their role in contrasting the two stop categories in Korean.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2007

1. Objectives Sasang Contitutional Medicine, a part of the traditional Korean medical lore, treats illness through a constitutional typing system that categorizespeople into four constitutional types. A few of the important criteria for differentiating the constitutional types are external appearances, inner state of mind, and pathological patterns. We had been developing a 3D Automatic Face Recognition Apparatus (3D-AFRA) in order to evaluate the external appearances with more objectivity. This apparatus provides a 3D image and numerical data on facial configuration, and this study aims to evaluate the mechanical accuracy of the 3D-AFRA hardware. 2. Methods Several objects of different shapes (cube, cylinder, cone, pyramid) were each scanned 10 times using the 3D Automatic Face Recognition Apparatus (3D-AFRA). The results were then compared and analyzed with data retrieved through a laser scanner known for its high accuracy. The error rates were analyzed for each grid point of facial contour scanned with Rapidform2006 (Rapidform2006 is a 3D scanning software that collects grid point data for contours of various products and products and product parts through 3D scanners and other 3D measuring devices; the grid point data thusly acquired is then used to reconstruct highly precise polygon and curvature models). 3. Results and Conclusions The average error rate was 0.22mm for the cube, 0.22mm for the cylinder, 0.125mm for the cone, and 0.172mm for the pyramid. The visual data comparing error rates for measurement figures retrieved with Rapidform2006 is shown in $Fig.3{\sim}Fig.6$. Blue tendency indicates smaller error rates, while red indicates greater error rates The protruding corners of the cube display red, indicating greater error rates. The cylinder shows greater error rates on the edges. The pyramid displays greater error rates on the base surface and around the vertex. The cone also shows greater error around the protruding edge.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.124-130
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 질소비료의 종류 및 처리량 차이가 바위돌꽃의 뿌리 수량 및 유효성분인 salidroside의 함량변화에 미치는 영향을 구명하여 고품질의 바위돌꽃을 생산할 수 있는 최적의 시비조건을 확립하고자 하였다. 요소비료와 유안비료 모두 48kg N/10 a까지는 처리량이 증가할수록 바위돌꽃 뿌리의 건물 생산량이 증가하는 경향이었으나, 그 이상의 처리량부터는 오히려 건물 생산량이 감소하였다. 요소비료와 유안비료 모두 화학비료 성분 처리량 48-8-20-10-10 kg/10a에서 가장 높은 salidroside 함량을 나타내었다. 곡선회귀 방정식에 기준한 요소와 유안비료의 적정 시비량은 45-8-20-10-10 kg/10 a로 나타났으나, 요소비료와 유안비료의 처리후 토양중 질소 축척과 토양 산성화, 식물체로의 질소 흡수이행량, 바위돌꽃 뿌리의 건물생산량 그리고 바위돌꽃 뿌리에 함유되어 있는 약리성분인 salidroside의 함량 등 제반사항을 고려하였을 때, 요소비료는 질소성분량으로 40 kg/10 a, 유안비료는 질소성분량으로 35 kg/10 a가 합리적일 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.165-180
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• 2007

Dental Implants have been proved to be successful prosthetic modality in edentulous patients for 10 years. However, there are few reports on the survival of implant according to location in molar regions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the $4{\sim}5$ years' cumulative survival rate and the cause of failure of dental implants in different locations for maxillary and mandibular molars. Among the implants placed in molar regions in Gwangju Mir Dental Hospital from Jan. 2001 to Jun. 2002, 473 implants from 166 patients(age range; $26{\sim}75$) were followed and evaluated retrospectively for the causes of failure. We included 417 implants in 126 periodontally compromised patients, 56 implants in 40 periodontal healthy patients, and 205 maxillary and 268 mandibular molar implants. Implant survival rates by various subject factors, surgical factors, fixture factors, and prosthetic factors at each location were compared using Chi-square test and Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival analysis was done for follow-up(FU) periods. The overall failure rate at 5 years was 1O.2%(subject level) and 5.5%(implant level). The overall survival rates of implants during the FU periods were 94.5% with 91.3% in maxillary first molar, 91.1% in maxillary second molar, 99.2% in mandibular first molar and 94,8% in mandibular second molar regions. The survival rates differed significantly between both jaws and among different implant locations(p<0.05), whereas the survival rates of functionally loaded implants were similar in different locations. The survival rates were not different according to gender, age, previous periodontal status, surgery stage, bone graft type, or the prosthetic type. The overall survival rate was low in dental implant of too wide diameter(${\geq}5.75$ mm) and the survival rate was significantly lower for wider implant diameter(p

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2012

본 연구는 1963년도에 식재된 낙엽송, 소나무, 리기테다소나무 조림지를 대상으로 셀룰로오스 분해와 토양 환경인자 사이의 관계를 구명하기 위해 수행하였다. 셀룰로오스 분해에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 토양온도, 토양 수분함량, 토양 pH, 토양 이산화탄소 방출량을 2006년 7월부터 10월까지 4개월 동안 측정하였다. 셀룰로오스 분해율은 리기테다소나무($6.5mg\;g^{-1}\;day^{-1}$), 소나무($6.2mg\;g^{-1}\;day^{-1}$), 낙엽송($6.1mg\;g^{-1}\;day^{-1}$) 순이었으나 수종간 유의적인 차이는 없었다(P > 0.05). 셀룰로오스 분해율은 20cm 깊이의 토양 온도와 양의 상관(소나무: r = 0.77, P < 0.05; 리기테다소나무: r = 0.59, P < 0.05; 낙엽송: r = 0.48, P < 0.05)을 보였으나, 토양 pH와는 음의 상관(소나무: r = -0.63, P < 0.05; 리기테다소나무: r = -0.47, P < 0.05; 낙엽송: r = -0.43, P < 0.05)이 있었다. 토양이산화탄소방출량과 셀룰로오스 분해율은 소나무(r = 0.46, P < 0.05), 낙엽송(r = 0.37, P < 0.05), 토양 수분함량과 셀룰로오스 분해율은 소나무(r = 0.53, P < 0.05)와 유의적인 양의 상관(P < 0.05)이 있었다. 본 연구 결과에 따르면 셀룰로오스 분해는 각기 다른 침엽 수종으로부터 발생하는 토양 환경요인에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 1997

The studies were carried out to investigate the effects of co-culture with cumulus cells and oviduct epithelial cells on the in vitro fertilization and cleavage rate of bovine follicular cocytes and to determine the optimum thawing temperature and equilibration time on in vitro developmental rate of frozen bovine embryos. The ovaries were obtained from slaughtered Korean native cows. The follicular oocytes were cultured in TGM-199 medium containing 10 IU /ml의 PM SG, 10 IU /ml의 hCG, ip g/ml의 $\beta$-estradiol and 10% FCS for 24~48 hrs in incubator with 5% $CO_2$ in air at 38.5$^{\circ}C$. The bovine embryos following dehydration by cryoprotective agents and a various concentration of sucrose were directly plunged into liquld nitrogen and thawed in 3$0^{\circ}C$ water. Survival rate was defined as developmental rate on in vitro culture or FDA-test. The results are sunanarized as followes :1. The in vitro fertilization and in vitro developmental rates of bovine oocytes co-cultured with cumulus cells in TCM499 medium were 75.0~76.8% and 17.3~27.6%, respect-ively. And in-vitro fertilization rates of cumulus-enclosed oocytes(55.4%)were significantly(p<0.05) higher than cumulus-denuded oocytes (23.1%). 2. The in vitro fertilization and in vitro developmental rates of bovine oocytes co-cultured with l$\times$ l04cells /ml, 1 x l06cells /ml, lx l08cells /ml and 1 x l015cells /ml oviduct epithelial cells in TCM-199 medium were 74.5~77.8% and 15.7~21.20 respectively.3. The in-vitro fertilization and in vitro developmental rates of bovine oocytes cocultured in '1CM-199 media containing PMSG, hCG, PMSG+hCG. PMSG+$\beta$-estradiol, hCG+$\beta$-estradiol 0 to 40 hrs after insemination were 74.0~77.4% and l8.9~23.l%, re-spectiv ely.4.The survival rates of bovine embryos thawed after rapid freezing in the freezing medium containing a various concentration of sucrose added 1.5M and 2.OM glycerol,DMSO and propanediol were 23.5~31.4% and 20.6~34.l%, respectively. 5. The temperature thawed at 3$0^{\circ}C$ after rapid freezing of bovine embryos resulted in a significantly higher embryos survival rate than did at 2$0^{\circ}C$ and 35$^{\circ}C$.6. The equilibration time on the survival rates of bovine embryos was attained after short period of time(2.5~5 min.) in the freezing medium higher than long period of time (10~20min.). (Key words : bovine embryos, co-culture, freezing, in vitro development)

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2001

A study of fluoride effects on teeth of school children was conducted in order to determine the usefulness of fluoride for preventing dental caries. Nine hundred and thirty six(936) elementary school children were selected from Chongju where children drank fluoridated water. Eight hundred and thirty six(836) from Seoul where children applied fluoride topically, and eight hundred and three(803) from Kumi where the children drank non fluoridated water(control). DMFs of school children were compared by the sources of fluoride. This study was conducted from May 1, through June 15, 2000. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The DMF rate of male school children topically applying fluoride was 51.4%, that of female children was 56.1%, and that of both males and females was 54.0%, The DMF rate of male children of control group was 72.4%, that of females was 77.5% and that of both males and females was 74.8%. 2. The DMF rate of male children drinking fluoridated tap water was 56.1%, that of females was 54.1%, and that of both males and females was 55.5%. The rates of control group were 72.4% for males, 77.5% for females and 74.8% for male and female children respectively. 3. The difference of DMF rates between the group of children who drank fluoridated water and applied fluoride topically, and control group was statistically significant. 4. The difference of DMF rates between the children who drank fluoridated water and the children who applied fluoride topically were not statistically significant. 5. The difference of DMFT rates between 5th graders who applied fluoride topically and the 5th graders of control group was not statistically significant. However, the difference of DMFT rates of the 6th graders who applied fluoride topically and the same graders of control group were statistically significant. The difference of DMF rates between 5th and 6th graders who drank fluoridated tap water and the same graders of control group was statistically significant. 6. The difference of DMFT rates between children drinking fluoridated tap water and children applying fluoride topically was statistically significant.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.147-153
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• 2015

목적: 본 연구는 신생아중환자실에 입원한 환자에서 혈액 배양 오염률을 조사하고, 오염유무에 따른 임상적 특성을 비교하고자 하였다. 방법: 고신대학교복음병원 신생아중환자실에 입원한 환자들을 대상으로 시행한 830건의 혈액 배양 검사 결과에 대해 분석하였다. 혈액 배양 오염률과 채혈부위별 오염률을 조사하였고, 말초혈액 배양 시 오염 유무에 따른 임상적인 특성을 비교하기 위해 의무기록을 조사하였다. 결과: 연구기간 중 오염률은 3.6%였다. 채혈 부위별 오염률은 말초정맥 15.6%, 말초동맥 2.6%, 배꼽동맥 도관 0%였다. 실명제가 시행되지 않았던 기간의 오염률은 2.7% (4/149), 시행 기간에는 4.4% (25/573)로 오염률의 차이가 없었다(P=0.484). 시술자별 오염률은 0-11.1%로 시술자간 차이가 있었다(P=0.038). 채혈 시 몸무게가 1,000 g 미만인 경우 오염률이 유의하게 높았다(P<0.001). 결론: 몸무게가 적은 미숙아에서 혈액 배양 오염률이 더 높을 수 있으므로 채혈 방법에 주의가 필요하며, 오염률이 높은 시술자를 관리해야 한다. 신생아에서 혈액 배양 오염률을 감소시킬 수 있는 인자들을 파악하고 실제 임상에서 적용하기 위한 전향적이고, 체계적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.91-115
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• 2022

본 연구는 상업 젠트리피케이션 지역에서 기존 상인(초기진입상인)과 후기진입상인간의 생존율 차이에 대해 비교·분석하였다. 2000년 무렵부터 젠트리피케이션이 진행되어온 홍대 일대 상업지역을 실험군 지역으로 정하고 마포구 내 그 외 상업지역을 대조군 지역으로 설정하여 초기 및 후기진입 상인 간의 생존율 차이를 업종별로 검토하였다. 아울러, 프랜차이즈업과 비프랜차이즈업의 소유구조에 따라 실험군과 대조군 지역에서 생존율의 차이 유무에 대해서도 분석하였다. 분석결과, 홍대 젠트리피케이션 지역에서는 요식업, 카페및베이커리업, 유흥업 전반에 걸쳐 기존 상인의 생존율이 후기진입상인에 비해 낮은 것으로 밝혀져 '기존상인 이탈현상' 가설을 증명하였다. 반면 대조군 지역에서는 두 그룹간 생존율 차이는 크지 않았으며 근린상업의 경우 기존 상인의 생존율이 후기진입상인보다 높은 것으로 확인되어, 젠트리피케이션 상권과는 확실하게 대별되었다. 프랜차이즈점의 경우 홍대 앞 상권이나 대조군 상권에서 모두 비프랜차이즈 업체보다 생존율이 높음을 확인할 수 있었다. 다만, 프랜차이즈점만을 비교할 경우 영업 3년차까지는 홍대 앞 상권에 위치한 프랜차이즈점이 생존확률이 더 높았지만, 영업 3년 이후에는 대조군 상권에 위치한 프랜차이즈점의 생존확률이 더 높은 결과를 보인다. 이는 프랜차이즈의 이점이 시장 변화가 급속한 젠트리피케이션 환경에서 오랫동안 유지될 수 없음을 암시하고 있다. 본 연구는 젠트리피케이션 지역에서 기존 상인의 이탈과 생존환경의 불리함에 대한 다양한 가설 및 일화적 스토리를 보다 체계적이고 정량적으로 검증하였다.