• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.29-39
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• 1986

To investigate the effect of presurfacing, both 25mm rough and pre surfaced oak boards (Quercus grosseserrata BI.) were dried in the same dry kiln condition. Drying curves, drying strains and drying defects of rough and presurfaced boards were compared. The results obatained are as follows. 1. Average drying rate of rough and presurfaced boards from green to 10% M.C. was 0.276%/hr. and 0.284%/hr., respectively. 2. At the early stage of drying, in case of rough boards, maximum tensile strain of outer slices was $-24.2{\times}10^{-4}$mm/mm and maximum compressive strain of innermost slices was $13.0{\times}10^{-4}$mm/mm, and in case of pre surfaced boards, maximum tensile strain of outer slices was $-14.5{\times}10^{-4}$mm/mm and maximum compressive strain of innermost slices was $28.1{\times}10^{-4}$mm/mm. And in both cases, stress reversal occurred at about 40% M.C.. 3. Maximum surface checking appeared at about 40% M.C.. Of the 10 rough boards. 6 hoards contained surface checks, but presurfaced boards did not contained surface checks after drying. And the results of end checking were similar to those of surface checking. But, honeycomb was not found in both cases. 4. Board shrinkage. warp and casehardening of presurfaced boards were similar to those of rough boards. But, collapse of prsurfaced boards was less than that of rough boards.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.1135-1156
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• 2014

The ratcheting effect greatly challenges the design of piping components. With the assistance of the quasi-three point bending apparatus, ratcheting and the ratcheting boundary of pressurized straight Z2CND18.12N stainless steel pipe under bending loading and vertical displacement control were studied experimentally. The characteristics of progressive inelastic deformation in axial and hoop directions of the Z2CND18.12N stainless steel pipes were investigated. The experiment results show that the ratcheting strain occurs mainly in the hoop direction while there is less ratcheting strain in the axial direction. The characteristics of the bending ratcheting behavior of the pressure pipes were derived and compared under load control and displacement control, respectively. The results show that the cyclic bending loading and the internal pressure affect the ratcheting behavior of the pressurized straight pipe significantly under load control. In the meantime, the ratcheting characteristics are also highly associated with the cyclic displacement and the internal pressure under displacement control. All these factors affect not only the saturation of the ratcheting strain but the ratcheting strain rate. A series of multi-step bending ratcheting experiments were conducted under both control modes. It was found that the hardening effect of Z2CND18.12N stainless steel pipe under previous cyclic loadings no matter with high or low displacement amplitudes is significant, and the prior loading histories greatly retard the ratcheting strain and its rate under subsequent loadings. Finally, the ratcheting boundaries of the pressurized straight Z2CND18.12N stainless steel pipe were determined and compared based on KTA/ASME, RCC-MR and the experimental results.

• Computational Structural Engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.241-250
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• 1997

The strain localization of concrete is a phenomenon such that the deformation of concrete is localized in finite region along with softening behavior. The objective of this paper is to develop a plasticity and damage algorithm for the finite element analysis of the strain-localization in concrete. In this paper, concrete member under strain localization is modeled with localized zone and non-localized zone. For modeling of the localized zone in concrete under strain localization, a general Drucker-Prager failure criterion by which the nonlinear strain softening behavior of concrete after peak-stress can be considered is introduced in a thermodynamic formulation of the classical plasticity model. The return-mapping algorithm is used for the integration of the elasto-plastic rate equation and the consistent tangent modulus is also derived. For the modeling of non-localized zone in concrete under strain localization, a consistent nonlinear elastic-damage algorithm is developed by modifying the free energy in thermodynamics. Using finite element program implemented with the developed algorithm, strain localization behaviors for concrete specimens under compression are simulated.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.80-87
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• 2008

This paper investigated into the impact characteristics of the stainless sheet with thickness of 0.7 mm on the stretching boundary condition through three-dimensional finite element analysis. High speed tensile tests were carried out to obtain strain-stress relationships with the effects of the strain rate. The FE analysis was performed by the ABAQUS explicit code. In order to improve an accuracy of the FE analysis, the hyper-elastic model and the damping factor were introduced. Through the comparison of the results of the FE analyses and those of the impact tests, a proper FE model was obtained. The results of the FE analyses showed that the absorption rate of energy maintains almost 82.5-83.5% irrespective of the impact energy level and the diameter of the impact head. From the results of FE analyses, variations of stress, strain, dissipation energy, strain energy density, and local deformation characteristics in the stainless sheet during the collision and the rebound of the impact head were quantitatively examined. In addition, it was shown that the fracture of the specimen occurs when the plastic strain is 0.42 and the maximum value of the plastic dissipation energy of the specimen is nearly 1.83 J.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.429-435
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine the biomechanical effect of wearing carbon nanotube-based insole on cushioning and muscle tuning during drop landing. Twenty male university students(age: $21.2{\pm}1.5yrs$, height: $175.4{\pm}4.7cm$, weight: $70.2{\pm}5.8kg$) who have no musculoskeletal disorder were recruited as the subjects. Average axial strain, average shear strain, inversion angle, linear velocity, angular velocity, vertical GRF and loading rate were determined for each trial. For each dependent variable, a one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) with repeated measures was performed to test if significant difference existed among different three conditions(p<.05). The results showed that Average axial strain of line 4 was significantly less in CNT compared with EVA and PU during IP phase. The average shear strain was less in CNT compared with EVA and PU during other phases. The inversion angle was increased in CNT compared with EVA and PU during all phase. In linear velocity, angular velocity, vertical GRF and loading rate, there were no significant difference between the three groups. This result seems that fine particle of carbon nanotube couldn't make geometric form which can absolve impact force by increasing density through eliminating voids of forms. Thus, searching for methods that keep voids of forms may play a pivotal role in developing of insole. This has led to suggestions of the need for further biomechanical analysis to these factors.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.168-176
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• 1998

Hot workability of the AA5083 alloy ws investigated by torsion test at temperature ranges of $350{\sim}520^{\circ}C$ and strain rates of 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0/sec. The flow stress and hot ductility of the AA5083 alloy as a function of deformation variables such as temperature and train rate were studied. The microstructural evolution of the AA5083 alloy was studied in relation to Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z=exp( /RT) Also the hot restoration mechanism of the AA5083 alloy was small when Z val-ues were higher than $1.73{\times}1016/sec(370^{\circ}C,\;0.5/sec)$ In addition the difference microstructures during hot deformation. It was found that the increase of flow curves and deformed microstructures during hot deformation. It was found that the increase of flow stress of the AA5083 alloy was small when Z val-ues were higher than $1.73{\times}1016/sec(370^{\circ}C.\;0.5/sec)$. However under the low Z values less than $1.73{\times}1016/sec(370^{\circ}C,\;0.5/sec)$ the flow stress increase with increasing the Z values. The large dispersoid particles in the matrix grain decreased the flow strain of the AA5083 alloy because it caused the stress concentration during hot deformation.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.250-260
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• 2020

The purpose of the present study was to explore the most effective body region and cooling temperature to alleviate heat strain of workers in hot environments. We developed liquid cooling hood, vest, sleeves and socks and applied the water temperatures of 10, 15, 20, and 25℃ through the liquid cooling garments in a hot and humid environment (33℃ air temperature and 70% RH air humidity). A healthy young male participated in a total of 16 experimental trials (four cooling garments × four cooling temperatures) with the following protocol: 10-min rest, 40-min exercise on a treadmill and 10-min recovery. The results showed that rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, and ratings of perceived exertion during exercise; heart rate and diastolic blood pressure during recovery; and total sweat rate were lower for the vest condition than other garment conditions(p < .05). However, there was no differences in mean skin temperature among the four cooling garments when we compared the values converted by covering area(%BSA). When we classified the results by cooling temperature, there were no consistent differences in thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses among the four temperatures, but 25℃ water temperature was evaluated as being the most ineffective cooling temperature in terms of subjective responses. In conclusion, the results indicated that wearing cooling vest with < 20℃ cooling temperature can alleviate heat strain of workers in hot and humid environments. If the peripheral body regions are cooled with liquid cooling garments, larger cooling area with lower cooling temperature than 10℃ would be effective to reduce heat strain of workers. Further studies with a vaild number of subjects are required.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.191-197
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• 1987

It has been well known that the fracture mechanics can be applied to large through crack growth. But the growth rate of small surface cracks initiated from a small defect under rotary bending fatigue tests can not be treated as a function of stress intensity factor range. In this paper, to investigate the growth behavior of surface small fatigue cracks in the view-point of both fracture mechanics and strength of materials, the fatigue test has been carried out on two kinds of plain carbon steels with a small surface defect. Applying the concept of the cyclic strain intensity factor range .DELTA. $K_{\epsilon}$/$_{t}$ to the analysis of small surface fatigue crack growth, it is found that the relationship between cyclic strain intensity factor range and crack growth rate shows linear relation on logarithmic coordinates regardless of defect sizes and two kinds of carbon steels.s.s.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.528-535
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• 2011

In the present, the formation of shear band under a simple shear deformation is investigated using a rate-independent elastic-plastic constitutive relations. Moreover, the strain gradient terms are incorporated to obtain a non-local plastic constitutive relation, which in turn represented using combined two-back stress hardening model. Then, the continuum damage model is also included to the proposed model. The post-localization behavior are studied by introducing a small imperfection in a work piece. The strain gradient affects the shear localization significantly such that the intensity of shear band decreases as the strain gradient coefficient increases when the J2 flow theory is employed.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.363-375
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• 2015

This research investigated the effects of diameter and material of energy frame on the impact velocity or strain rate of Strain Energy Frame Impact Machine (SEFIM). The impact speed of SEFIM have been clearly affected by changing the diameter and material of the energy frame. The reduced diameter of the energy frame clearly increased the impact velocity owing to the higher strain at the moment of coupler breakage. And, titanium alloy energy frame produced the fastest speed of impact among three materials including steel, aluminum and titanium alloys because titanium alloy has faster wave velocity than steel. But, aluminium energy frame was broken during impact tests. In addition, the tensile stress versus strain response of high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites at higher and wider strain rates between 10 and 72 /sec was successfully obtained by using four different energy frames.