• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2003

Objectives: The development of an useful method for obtaining metaphase chromosomes from a biopsied blastomere would allow differentiation between embryos with balanced and normal chromosome complements in the preimplantation genetic diagnosis for chromosomal translocations. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of microtubule depolymerizing agents (MTDAs) on the blastomeres of mouse and human preimplantation embryos, and to establish an effective method for obtaining metaphase chromosomes of biopsied blastomeres in human early embryos. Materials and Methods: Early embryos (2-4 cell stage) from superovulated mice (ICR strain) were collected and treated with single or mixture MTDAs, such as vinblastine, nocodazole and colcemid. After the treatment of MTDAs for 16 hours, the metaphase aquisition (MA) rates were evaluated by the observation of chromosome status with bis-benzimide or DAPI staining. The optimal condition from the above experiment was applied to human embryos, which were developed from abnormal fertilization (3-pronuclei). Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) with whole chromosome probes was conducted on the human metaphase chromosomes by the MTDAs. Results: In mouse embryos, the effective concentrations of each MTDAs for obtaining metaphase chromosomes were $1.0{\mu}M$ of vinblastine (20.3%), $5.0{\mu}M$ of nocodazole (28.1%) and $1.0{\mu}M$ colcemid (55.6%), respectively. The highest MA rate (91.2%) in the mouse embryos was obtained by a mixture of vinblastine ($1.0{\mu}M$) and nocodazole ($1.0{\mu}M$). In the human embryos, the metaphase chromosomes of blastomeres were obtained in 44 of 113 blastomeres (38.9%) by treatment of the mixture of vinblastine and nocodazole. FISH signals of the metaphase chromosomes were successfully observed in human individual blastomeres. Conclusions: The treatment of a mixture MTDAs for obtaining metaphase chromosomes was an efficient method, and the MA rate was above 90% in the mouse embryos. However, only a relatively small proportions of the blastomeres yielded metaphase chromosomes by the MTDAs in the human embryos. The inconsistent effects of MTDAs may be related to the variation of different species and the poor developmental potency of abnormally fertilized human embryos. We should develop more reliable and efficient methods for obtaining the metaphase chromosomes in the biopsied blastomeres of human preimplantation embryos.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.154-160
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• 1986

In order to develope interspecific fusion of the genus Cellulomonas capable of assimilation cellulose, the optimun conditions for the protoplast formation was investigated to examine the susceptibility of cell wall, between different species of the same genus using scanning electron microscope. The variation in the susceptibilities of Cellulomonas sp. CS 1-1 and C. flavigena to lysozyme treatment were considerably remarkable, although they belong to the same genus. The rate of protoplast formation of CS1-1 was 99.9% being treated with lysozyme $(100{\mu}g/ml)$ for 30 minute and that of C. flavigena was about 80% being treated at the concentration of $600{\mu}g/ml$ of lysozyme for 6 hours. The susceptibility of cell wall to the lysozyme treatment on protoplast formation of the strain, CS1-1 seems not to be depend on the cultural periods of cells. On the contrary, that of C. flavigena was considerably depend on the periods. Cells of C. flavigena at mid exponential phase could be more efficiently converted to protoplast cells than those at late exponential phase be done. The rate of the protoplast formation was 95%, when cells of C. flavigena at mid exponential phase were treated with lysozyme $600{\mu}g/ml$ for 6 hours and observed by SEM. In the evalution of protoplast formation of the CS1-1 results of counting method in plate after osmotic shock treatment were similar to the results of the direct observation method by means of SEM. But in the case of C. flavigena the latter method was much more reliable than the former, because the differences between the number of spheroplasts and protoplasts were not able to figure out on conuting the number of protoplast after osmotic shock tretment.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.799-813
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• 2020

Fatigue cracks of rib-to-deck (RD) joints have been frequently observed in the orthotropic steel decks (OSD) using conventional U-ribs (CU). Thickened edge U-rib (TEU) is proposed to enhance the fatigue strength of RD joints, and its effectiveness has been proved through fatigue tests. In-depth full-scale tests are further carried out to investigate both the fatigue strength and fractography of RD joints. Based on the test result, the mean fatigue strength of TEU specimens is 21% and 17% higher than that of CU specimens in terms of nominal and hot spot stress, respectively. Meanwhile, the development of fatigue cracks has been measured using the strain gauges installed along the welded joint. It is found that such the crack remains almost in semi-elliptical shape during the initiation and propagation. For the further application of TEUs, the design curve under the specific survival rate is required for the RD joints using TEUs. Since the fatigue strength of welded joints is highly scattered, the design curves derived by using the limited test data only are not reliable enough to be used as the reference. On this ground, an experiment-numerical hybrid approach is employed. Basing on the fatigue test, a probabilistic assessment model has been established to predict the fatigue strength of RD joints. In the model, the randomness in material properties, initial flaws and local geometries has been taken into consideration. The multiple-site initiation and coalescence of fatigue cracks are also considered to improve the accuracy. Validation of the model has been rigorously conducted using the test data. By extending the validated model, large-scale databases of fatigue life could be generated in a short period. Through the regression analysis on the generated database, design curves of the RD joint have been derived under the 95% survival rate. As the result, FAT 85 and FAT 110 curves with the power index m of 2.89 are recommended in the fatigue evaluation on the RD joint using TEUs in terms of nominal stress and hot spot stress respectively. Meanwhile, FAT 70 and FAT 90 curves with m of 2.92 are suggested in the evaluation on the RD joint using CUs in terms of nominal stress and hot spot stress, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.2119-2128
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• 2017

Citrinin (CIT) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi belonging to the Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Monascus spp. This toxin has been detected in many agricultural products. In this study, a strain Y3 with the ability to eliminate CIT was screened and identified as Cryptococcus podzolicus, based on the sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region. Neither uptake of CIT by cells nor adsorption by cell wall was involved in CIT elimination by Cryptococcus podzolicus Y3. The extracellular metabolites of Cryptococcus podzolicus Y3 stimulated by CIT or not showed no degradation for CIT. It indicated that CIT elimination was attributed to the degradation of intracellular enzyme(s). The degradation of CIT by C. podzolicus Y3 was dependent on the type of media, yeast concentration, temperature, pH, and initial concentration of CIT. Most of the CIT was degraded by C. podzolicus Y3 in NYDB medium at 42 h but not in PDB medium. The degradation rate of CIT was the highest (94%) when the concentration of C. podzolicus Y3 was $1{\times}10^8cells/ml$. The quantity of CIT degradation was highest at $28^{\circ}C$, and there was no degradation observed at 3$5^{\circ}C$. The study also showed that acidic condition (pH 4.0) was the most favorable for CIT degradation by C. podzolicus Y3. The degradation rate of CIT increased to 98% as the concentration of CIT was increased to $20{\mu}g/ml$. The toxicity of CIT degradation product(s) toward HEK293 was much lower than that of CIT.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.97-105
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• 2016

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate traffic accident patients who were admitted to Korean and Western medicine hospital. Methods According to the medicine record from Dong-eui university, 908 traffic accident patients who were admitted to Korean medicine hospital and Western medicine hospital from 1st January 2011 to 31th July 2016 were analyzed. We classified the patients' sex, age, classification of diseases, hospitalization. Results 1. According to age and sex, the rate of male was 35.4%, and that of female was 64.6% in Korean medicine hospital. However, the rate of male was 46.6%, and that of female was 53.4% in Western medicine hospital. 2. According to admission procedures, the most patients (93.3%) went through out-patient department in Korean medicine hospital and 53.5% of patients went through emergency room in Western medicine hospital. 3. According to principal diagnosis, 'sprain and strain of neck level' was 65.4 percentage Korean medicine hospital and 'intracranial injury' was 63.2 percentage in Western medicine hospital. 4. There was no statistical significant in hospitalization periods between male and female in Korean medicine hospital. However, hospitalization periods of female were longer than that of male in Western medicine hospital. 5. There was no correlation between age and hospitalization period in both Korean and Western medicine hospital. 6. Average hospitalization period of Korean medicine hospital patients were shorter than that of Western medicine hospital patients. 7. According to automobile insurance review organization, hospitalization periods were not significantly different in both Korean and Western medicine hospital. Conclusions It is concluded that there is difference of characteristics between inpatients who were admitted to Korean and Western medicine hospital due to traffic accident.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.2 s.49
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• pp.187-200
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• 1995

To estimate the characteristics of Korean Ni-Ti alloy orthodontic wire, this study investigated compositions, tensile properties, bending properties, heat treatment effects, and ion releasing degrees, and compared these characteristics to those of the imported Ni-Ti alloy wire. The results obtained are as follows ; 1. Ti and -Ni elements in ORTHOLLOY were in a range showing superelasticity, and there was a little difference in the Ni and Ti contents of ORTHOLLOY as compared with those of SENTALLOY. 2. The results of the tensile test concerning ORTHOLLOY exhibited a superelastic effect, indicating an area of a definite amount of stress in spite of the changes in the range from $2\%\;to\;8\%$ in the strain rate. 3. ORTHOLLOY presented higher load values than SENTALLOY in the same deflection values when the wire was tested in three-point bending. A load range displaying a superelastic effect was 80-l00g, 140-l80g, and 130-200g respectively, in wire diameters of 0.014', 0.016', and 0.018' 4. By heat treatments at $400^{\circ}C$ and at $500^{\circ}C$, a load range showing the effect of superelasticitly was lessened by the duration of the heat treatment time. The superelastic effect was destroyed as a result of the 10 minutes heat treatment at $600^{\circ}C$. 5. The quantity of the Ni ion released from ORTHOLLOY, tended to be greater than the amount of released Ni ion in SENTALLOY. The Co ion released was very little(<0.01ppm) in SENTALLOY and ORTHOLLOY irrespective of the lapse of time. Released Ni ions on the 1st day were at the maximum, and the releasing rate showed plateaus after three days. 6. The surface morphology of SENTALLOY was relatively regular irrespective of the lapse of rime, and the corrosion tendency was not observed. However, the surface morphology of ORTHOLLOY was rather irregular and shelved fitting corrosion after immersion.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.145-150
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• 2003

In the intestinal mucosa, mast cells are thought to be responsible for the expulsion of parasites. We investigated the relationship of worm expulsion and mast cells in C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice infected with Echinostoma hortense. In addition, we examined whether the worm recovery rate was associated with the strain of mice, and whether a toluidine stain and immunohistochemistry using the c-kit antibody was effective in the detection of mast cells. In order to investigate the mucosal immune response of C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice, each mouse was infected orally with 30 E. hortense metacercariae. Then, the number of mucosal mast cells and worm recovery rates was observed in experimentally infected mouse strains between 1 week and 8 weeks post infection (PI). Mucosal mast cells were increased in 3 weeks P.I. in C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice. On the other hand, only mucosal goblet cells and worm recovery rates correlated in C3H/HeN mice (P=0.0482). Worm recoveries in C3H/HeN mice were 65.7$\pm$5.6, 53.3$\pm$5.4 and 6.7$\pm$0.6 in week 1, 2, and 3 P.I. and strongly decreased in week 3 P.I. Worm recoveries in BALB/c mice were 23.0$\pm$2.5, 10.0$\pm$1.0, and 6.7$\pm$0.6% in week 1, 2, and 3 P.I. and gradually decreased from week 1 P.I. to week 3 P.I. Worm recoveries in C3H/HeN mice were significantly higher than in BALB/c mice (P<0.00l). The number of mast cells in C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice using the anti-c-kit antibody reached to a peak in week 3 P.I. and recovered as normal level in week 5 P.I. and 6 P.I. The number in E. hortense-infected C3H/HeN mice (P=0.0015) was higher than in E. hortense-infected BALB/c mice (P=0.01) compared with the control group. There were significant differences in the number of mast cells among regions of the intestine in in C3H/HeN mice (P<0.05) but not in BALB/c mice (P>0.05). Immunohistochemistry using the anti-c-kit antibody was significant method as an examination of the number of mast cells (P=0.0002). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that mast cells play an important role in worm recovery, and immunohistochemistry using the anti-c-kit antibody was superior to toluidine stain as an examination of mast cells.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is for fundamental research of meditation smart wear for physical and mental healing, and researching method for monitoring phase of meditation through textile by measuring the number of abdominal respiration when meditating. For this purpose, the research implemented Single Wall Carbon Nano-Tube (SWCNT) based strain gauges type textile sensor, considered reliability and validity of respiratory sensing, and analyzed efficiency of respiratory sensing based on body parts comparatively. The first preliminary experiment was to evaluate the performance of textile sensor through abdominal model dummy which open and shut of 5 cm repeatedly for 2 minutes at the rate of 0.1Hz in order to simulate abdominal respiration. It concluded signal efficiency between reference sensor(BIOPAC) and textile respiratory sensor appears statistically significant (p<0.001). The second experiment were conducted with 4 subjects doing abdominal respiration under same conditions, and after comparing the signal values between two sensors from 4 attached locations(around center and sides of omphali and phren), center of omphali and sides of phren were selected as suitable location for measuring meditational breathing as they showed large and stable signals. In result, this research aimed for implementing of the textile sensor for sensing meditational breathing of long respiration cycle, review of reliability and validity for sensing number of meditational respiration with the sensor and consideration of sensing efficiency by sensing location on body parts.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.96-104
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• 1981

(1) The flow data of f (stress) and ${\dot{s}$ (strain rate) for Fe and Ti alloys were plotted in the form of f vs. -ln ${\dot{s}$ by using the literature values. (2) The plot showed two distinct patterns A and B; Pattern A is a straight line with a negative slope, and Pattern B is a curve of concave upward. (3) According to Kim and Ree's generalized theory of plastic deformation, pattern A & B belong to Case 1 and 2, respectively; in Case 1, only one kind of flow units acts in the deformation, and in Case 2, two kinds flow units act, and stress is expressed by $f={X_1f_1}+{X_2f_2}$where $f_1\;and\;f_2$ are the stresses acting on the flow units of kind 1 and 2, respectively, and $X_1,\;X_2$ are the fractions of the surface area occupied by the two kinds of flow units; $f_j=(1/{\alpha}_j) sinh^{-1}\;{\beta}_j{{\dot{s}}\;(j=1\;or\;2)$, where $1/{\alpha}_j\;and\;{\beta}_j$ are proportional to the shear modulus and relaxation time, respectively. (4) We found that grain-boundary flow units only act in the deformation of Fe and Ti alloys whereas dislocation flow units do not show any appreciable contribution. (5) The deformations of Fe and Ti alloys belong generally to pattern A (Case 1) and B (Case 2), respectively. (6) By applying the equations, f=$(1/{\alpha}_{g1}) sinh^-1({\beta}_{g1}{\dot{s}}$) and $f=(X_{g1}/{\alpha}_{g1})sinh^{-1}({\beta}_{g1}{\dot{s}})+ (X_{g2}/{\alpha}_{g2})\;shih^{-1}({\beta}_{g2}{\dot{s}})$ to the flow data of Fe and Ti alloys, the parametric values of $x_{gj}/{\alpha}_{gj}\;and\;{\beta}_{gs}(j=1\;or\;2)$ were determined, here the subscript g signifies a grain-boundary flow unit. (7) From the values of ($({\beta}_gj)^{-1}$) at different temperatures, the activation enthalpy ${\Delta}H_{gj}^{\neq}$ of deformation due to flow unit gj was determined, ($({\beta}_gj)^{-1}$) being proportional to , the jumping frequency (the rate constant) of flow unit gj. The ${\Delta}H_{gj}\;^{\neq}$ agreed very well with ${\Delta}H_{gj}\;^{\neq}$ (self-diff) of the element j whose diffusion in the sample is a critical step for the deformation as proposed by Kim-Ree's theory (Refer to Tables 3 and 4). (8) The fact, ${\Delta}H_{gj}\;^{\neq}={\Delta}H_{j}\;^{\neq}$ (self-diff), justifies the Kim-Ree theory and their method for determining activation enthalpies for deformation. (9) A linear relation between ${\beta}^{-1}$ and carbon content [C] in hot-rolled steel was observed, i.e., In ${\beta}^{-1}$ = -50.2 [C] - 40.3. This equation explains very well the experimental facts observed with regard to the deformation of hot-rolled steel..

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.880-886
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• 2005

Using carotenoid genes of Erwinia herbicola, metabolic engineering was carried out for lycopene production with the pAC-LYCO4 plasmid, which was composed of a chromosomal DNA fragment of E. herbicola containing the crtE, crtB, and crtI genes under the control of the tetracycline promoter and the ipi gene of Haematococcus pluvialis with the trc promoter. Plasmid pAC-LYCm4 was constructed for efficient expression of the four exogenous genes using a strong RBS sequence and the same tetracycline promoter. The optimized expression construct of pAC-LYCm4 increased Iycopene production three times as compared with pAC-LYCO4. pAC-LYCm5 containing ispA behind the four exogenous genes was constructed. There was no significant difference in Iycopene production and cell growth between pAC-LYCm4 and pAC-LYCm5. FPP synthase encoded by ispA was not rate-limiting for Iycopene production. Each gene of crtE, crtB, crtI, and ipi was overexpressed, using pBAD-crtE, pBAD-crtIB, and pBAD-ipiHPI, in addition to their expression from pAC-LYCm4. However, there was no increase oflycopene production with the additional overexpression of each exogenous gene. The four exogenous genes appeared to be not rate-limiting in cells harboring pAC-LYCm4. When pDdxs, pBAD24 containing dxs, was introduced into cells harboring lycopene synthetic plasmids, lycopene production of pAC-LYCO4, pAC-LYCm4, and pAC-LYCm5 was increased by 4.7-, 2.2-, and 2.2-fold, respectively. Lycopene production of pBAD-DXm4 containing crtE, crtB, crtI, ipi, and dxs was 5.2 mg/g dry cell weight with $0.2\%$ arabinose, which was 8.7-fold higher than that of the initial strain with pAC-LYC04. Therefore, the present study showed that proper regulation of a metabolically engineered pathway is important for Iycopene production.