• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.43-52
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• 2003

The incidence of cervical cancer has been gradually decreased since 1990, now it ranks the fourth most common carcinoma among Korean women in 2001. If squamous cell carcinomas in situ are included, the cervical cancer is still the most frequent tumor in Korean women. However, cervical cancer mortality in Korea has been decreased over the last 10 years in large part attributable to the introduction of the Papanicolaou test (Pap. test). The guidelines for the early detection of cervical cancer recommend women aged 30 and more to lake biennial screening with Pap. lest. According to the screening data of National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC), 4,425 women (0.94%) showed an abnormal Pap among 473,395 cases tested in 2001; dysplasia was in 3,953 (0.84%) women, in situ carcinoma in 357 (0.075%) women, and invasive carcinoma in 115 (0.024%) women. The detection rates of abnormal Pap. were 4.21% in Korean Society for Cytopathology(KSC-2001), 1.37% (ASCUS : 0.26%, AGUS : 0.03%, LSIL : 0.45%, HSIL : 0.55%, Carcinoma 0.09%) in health check-up and 5.41% (ASCUS : 1.89%, AGUS . : 0.69%, LSIL : 1.39%, HSIL : 0.84%, Carcinoma : 0.64%) of patients in out-patient clinic without having history of cervical neoplasia at Hanyang University Hospital in 2002 Low rate of cervical cancer screening (34%) in Korea is mainly due to the lack of information for the Row income people regarding national cancer screening program. More adenuate budget by government and more man-power for precise screening, new guideline and system for management of the cervical cancer patients are required.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.189-200
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• 2021

Purpose: We aimed to provide effective emergency medical services (EMS) response strategies for coping with high acuity patients during the pandemic by analyzing the influence of the COVID-19 and social distancing on EMS. Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we analyzed the distribution of high acuity patients transported by Daejeon 1-1-9 EMS during the COVID-19 pandemic period, between February 1, 2020 and October 31, 2020 and the same period in 2019, as well as the level 3 social distancing enforced period, between July 27, 2020 and October 31, 2020. Results: The EMS dispatches decreased by 17% during the observed COVID-19 pandemic period compared to the same period in 2019. The number of cases with cardiac arrest and positive prehospital stroke scale rose by (p<.001). Patients with cardiac arrest, trauma, and positive prehospital stroke scale increased by during the level 3 social distancing period. Conclusion: Unlike the decreased EMS call volume and patient transports during the COVID-19 pandemic, cardiac arrest cases and the severity of high acuity patients tended to increase. We suggest that EMS systems should contrive a response strategy considering the collateral effect of major epidemics on the incidence rate of high acuity patients.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.31-49
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate discomforts and sexual life and to identify the relation between the discomforts and sexual life with low back pain. The data were collected from March 2 through July 31, 2001. Four hundred forty-two questionnaires were returned (response rate=88.0%). Analysis of the data was done with SPSS PC+ and use descriptive statistics, $x^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA. regression. The statistics shows that over than 80% of the adults experienced lumbago at least one time in their life, and Back pain is known as one of the most common complaints made by the patients of all ages in the general hospital or local medical clinics throughout. However, in certain case it leads to a chronic condition which can cause a great deal of problems in management and in financial burden to individuals and society. The result of this study was summarized as follows: 1) It appeared that regarding the distribution of gender, male was the higher(63.6%) then that of female, the portion of forties was 28.5%. Sitting for long time was 23.1% in men and 21.7% in women. Unknown reason including sexual behaviour was 12.9% in men and 15.5% in women. Patients treated medicine and physical therapy were 36.4%. In level of educational background, the rate of high school was 31.0%, technical college was 28.5%. The highest proportion by occupation was 18.3% of office workers, occupation posture was 41.9% of sitting. 2) Men(26.0%) and most of women(34.8%) were not satisfied in the explanation satisfaction rate of sex life concerned disease. 23.8% in men and 23.6% in women considered flexibility of waist good. Man(33.3%) and most of woman(35.0%) considered that Health education is necessary. 32.7% in men and 27.3% in women did't mind educator is whoever. Preventing of lower back pain(LBP) and proper Health education of sex life are demanded in daily life. 3) 58.0% of man and 64.0% of woman mostly had a posture which is man over woman. 28.5% in men and 27.8% in women considered that proper information finding of LBP and sex life was very few and few. 37.7% in men and 42.7% in women have acquired information about sex life flung their friends. 4) The number of sex life was decreased from 2.96 0.98 to 2.61 1.63 and also the time of sex life was decreased from 3.65 1.89 to 226 1.64. The satisfaction rate of sex life changed from 3.60 0.86 to 2.77 1.10. In the number of sex life, The non correct group was 2.62 1.91 and the correct group was higher in 2.68 1.65. In the time of sex life, The non correct group was 2.02 1.47 and the correct group was higher in 229 1.65. The satisfaction rate of sex life was 2.76 0.86 in non correct group and 2.88 1.10 in correct group. So there was a difference. 5) In the satisfaction rate of sex life, Men who have a lower back pain were higher than women and no attack group was higher than attack group. As they had many sex life, the satisfaction rate was higher significantly in statistics. As the time of sex life was short, the satisfaction rate was lower significantly in statistics. As the age was low, the demand rate of Health education was high and as means of patient who had a lower back pain was high, the demand rate of Health education was high. As the patient who had a lower back pain had a long married life, the demand rate of Health education was high and as education level was high, the demand rate of Health education was high. It is necessary to provide patients with conservative treatment, educational teaching, and training to prevent further injuries in the future. In general, it is important to educate the public how to prevent back injuries and how to treat themselves in an onset period to prevent further injuries sliding into a chronic state. Sexuality is an integral part of normal and healthy relationships, but patients are unable to enjoy sex because they are riot able to get into a comfortable position due to back pain. Many conditions of the spine can make certain positions uncomfortable. Health educator should make the education program of the discomforts and the sexual pattern for low back pain in workplace and/or hospital. Further study Is needed on how to integrate the educational program on sexuality into the total rehabilitation program.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 1991

Recently a non-electronic, disposable and portable infusor(Baxter infusor with patient control module, Baxter health care Co., Deerfield IL 60015 USA: BI $\bar{c}$ PCM) has been developed that will deliver both a continuous drug infusion as well as allow the patient to deliver extra doses of medication on a demand basis under predetermined limitation of analgesics. Patients may also not require as high analgesic dose rate to control pain when the acceptable and tolerable level of pain relief can be maintained by this device. From April l99l, we have used a total l93 units of BI $\bar{c}$ PCM. These units consisting of two components which one made by a balloon reservoir(capacity 65 ml, flow rate 0.5 ml/hr) to store medication and to regulate the pump power(490 torr), and another two PCMs to regulate additional analgesic administration by patients demand at intervals of 1S minutes and 60 minutes. The dose administered to the patient can be varied by changing the concentration of the infusate within the balloon reservoir. These devices were utilized for the pain control of 44 patients. These patients were divided into two groups. Twenty seven cases had cancer pain and 17 cases had non-cancer pain. The Touhy needle(No. l8 G.) tip was inserted into the epidural space and was used to guide the catheter to the spinal nerve level corresponding to the most painful area. The device was connected to the opposite site of the catheter tip and was filled with 60 ml of mixture solution such as 0.5% bupivacaine 15 ml, morphine HCl 10 mg, trazodone 10 ml, Tridol 3 ml and normal saline 31 ml were administed as the initial dose. When the initial dose was less effective, the next dose could be varied by increasing the concentration of bupivacaine, by adding more morphine (5~10 mg), and by reducing the volume of normal saline. Using these modules of drug self administration, we experienced the following: 1) Improvement of patient's self titration of analgesic requirement was provided. 2) The patients anxiety with pain recurrence resulting from delays in administering pain control medication was decreased significantly. 3) The working load accompanying with the single bolus injection as the usual method was reduced remarkably. 4) There was urinary retention in 5 cases and pruritus in 4 eases which developed as side effects but respiratory depression and vomiting was not encountered in a single case.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.42-57
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• 2014

Objective: The objective of this research was to develop a guideline for more effective use of physical restraint on patients in the intensive care unit and training the nurses on it and applying it on clinical practice to assess its effectiveness. Method: This research analyzed the before and after effect of the development of a guideline for physical restraint by dividing the category into nurse and patient. In the case of nurse, a comparison of knowledge and nursing service regarding the use of physical restraint from before the training on physical restraint guideline(Jan. 2011) and after the training on physical restraint guideline(Dec. 2011) was made. In the case of patient, a comparison of physical restraint usage rate and average usage time, the number of unplanned extubation cases were compared from before the use of physical restraint (Jan.~Apr. 2011) and after the use of physical restraint (Sep.~Dec. 2011) were made. Result: After the training on the physical restraint guideline, the knowledge of the nurse and the nursing practice showed notable improvement by (p<0.000) and (p<0.048) respectively and in patient, physical restraint usage rate and average time of usage decreased by (p<0.001) and (p<0.001) respectively. And despite the decrease in the number of cases in which the physical restraint was used, the number of unplanned extubation cases remained the same. Conclusion: Physical restraint guideline training and guideline usage can be stated to have brought out positive effect in both the nurse and patient. In order to maintain such positive effects, continuous training is necessary and continuous revaluation is necessary, regarding knowledge and nursing practices.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.213-219
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to evaluate shielding effect of radiation protector for interventional radiologists in procedures by measuring inside and outside of radiation protector. In this study, we measured the radiation dose of 4 interventional radiologists during TACE and PTBD procedure for 4 month(2005.05-2005.09). Absorbed dose were measured by TLD placed underneath and over radiation protector such as Goggle, Thyroid protector, Apron and placed on the 4th finger of Hand. In addition, we measured background radiation dose in the control room using TLD. During TACE procedure, using 0.07 mmPb Goggle decreased average 53.8% of radiation dose rate in continuous fluoroscopic mode and decreased average 77.6% of radiation dose rate in pulse fluoroscopic mode. Using 0.5 mmPb Thyroid protector decreased average 88.9% of radiation dose rate in continuous fluoroscopic mode and decreased average 92.8% in pulse fluoroscopic mode. During PTBD procedure, using 0.07 mmPb Goggle decreased radiation dose rate average 62.7%, 87.9% by 0.5 mmPb Thyroid protector, 90.5% by 0.5 mmPb Apron. The average fluoroscopic time of PTBD was 6.14 min. shorter than TACE procedure, but radiation exposure dose rate of PTBD was 3 times higher in total body dose, and 40 times higher in hand dose rate than TACE. Interventional radiologists must wear thicker protector recommended over 0.5 mmPb. Also, they must use lead Goggle during interventional procedure. Abdomen dose decreased average 38.4% by drawing a lead curtain under the patient's table, therefore, they must draw a lead curtain to shield scattering ray. Radiation exposure dose decreased average 59.0% by using pulse fluoroscopic mode. So radiologists would better use pulse fluoroscopic mode than continuous fluoroscopic mode to decrease exposure dose.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.489-497
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• 2011

Objectives : Based on data collected from patients who suffered from dental caries during the period between 1990 and 2008, the number of patients and their trends were analyzed as a source of evidence to conduct the oral health plan. Methods : A population of sample design for patient survey data was derived from computerized data saved at medical institutions accredited by National Health Insurance Corporation. Large institutions such as dental hospitals were included for the complete enumeration test, while the rest of medical institutions, for example, dental clinic, relatively small institutions, were used for the sample survey. Most of patients with dental caries were outpatients and their disease was treated at the dental hospital or dental clinic in general, therefore, main analysis was carried out at those institutions. Results : The rate of patients who suffered the dental caries has decreased to 56.8% in 2008 from 78.5% in 1990. The rate of patients who visited the dental hospital for treatment has increased to 4.8% in 2008 from 0.5% in 1990, whereas the percentage of those who visited the dental clinic has fallen to 97.9% from 99.5% during the same period. The ratio by age, in the meantime, it showed that patients aged 40s has increased to 13.5% in 2008 from 7.2% in 1990, and the number also has risen in 50s from 5.6% in 1990 to 9.9% in 2008. However, the number of children aged 0 to 9 who visited hospital for treatment of dental caries has fallen to 17.0% in 2008 from 33.9% in 1990. Conclusions : By figuring out the trends of patients with the dental caries during the period between 1990 and 2008, fundamental data for the oral health policy have been collected. As a result, the necessity of a new medical treatment system for managing the dental caries in terms of patient ages as well as the oral health policy and campaign was taken into consideration.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.49-55
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• 2003

Background and Objectives : Traditionally incision and drainage is considered to be standard treatment of deep neck infection. But antibiotics and diagnostic technique are developed recently, there are reports that conservative therapy could be as successful as open surgical drainage. The purposes of this study has been to assess clinical feature between surgical therapy group and conservative therapy group through statistical analysis. Materials and Methods : A retrospective study was performed on 46 cases of deep neck space abscess, which were confirmed CT, in patients admitted from January 1999 to June 2002. Result : About 80% of all are treated with conservative therapy. Erythrocyte sediment rate, volume of abscess and duration of hospitalization of conservative therapy group are decreased than those of surgical therapy group. Conclusions : Conservative therapy is expected to be effective on treatment of early stage, small sized deep neck infection. But its complication can lead to serious condition of patient it should be done under meticulous observation.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.407-408
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• 2021

Extraction of impacted third molars is a routine procedure performed by oral and maxillofacial surgeons. However, extractions in middle-aged or elderly individuals are not easy, and there are several factors that need to be considered. These factors include decreased healing potential and the risk of complications increasing with age. In addition, third molars can often be fully or deeply impacted in middle-aged individuals, and pathologic changes, such as cysts, caries, or periodontitis of the adjacent second molar, can develop. Furthermore, the rate of ankylosis and systemic disease increases after middle age. It is considered that these factors acting alone or in combination increase the difficulty of extraction.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 1984

After open heart surgery, the patient must be carefully observed and adequately managed for his survival. This report reviewed 10 cases of ventricular septal defect and 12 mitral valvular diseases as hemodynamics early after open heart surgery. For postoperative 24 hours, clinical status was evaluated for left atrial pressure, central venous pressure,DP[LAP-CVP], peak systolic pressure, heart rate, urine amount, and other clinical findings. Especially, on postoperative fourth hour, cardiac output was most decreased, when the changes of monitoring were compared with two groups with or without using cardiotonics. Finally, we concluded as followings; 1.Postoperatively, variation of CVP was noted in VSD, but mitral valvular disease was more variable change of LAP. 2.DP was 1.3\ulcorner.4 cmH2O in VSD, and 6.4\ulcorner.2 cmH2O in mitral valvular disease. 3.Parameter using cardiotonic was CVP in VSD, and LAP in mitral valvular disease.