• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.645-654
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• 2002

Purposes : This study was conducted to examine nursing effects after using a new method of nasogastric tube feeding with recycled PETE bottle making use of gravity, and to compare with those of bolus method using syringe and pressure. Methods : The data collected from patients with nasogastric tube feeding more than a week at an internal medicine unit of C university hospital located in G-city from January 1st, 1998 through June 30th, 2000. For this nonequivalent control group posttest non-synchronized design, 28 patients were assigned to an experimental group and 35 patients to a control group. The homogeneity of two groups and the dependent variables were tested with use of $x^2-test$ and t-test. Results : The duration of hemostatic use was significantly shorter in the experimental group than control group(t=2.63, p=0.02). Also, the patients with PETE bottle feeding had a lower cost of material(t=3.51, p=0.01) and a lower rate of the time of direct nursing care(t=2.44, p=0.04) than those of control group. But, there was no significant difference between two groups in the length of hospital stay. Conclusion : This results indicates that nasogastric tube feeding with PETE bottle is superior to nasogastric tube feeding with syringe. This findings gave us an evidence to enhance nursing effectiveness in clinical setting.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.42 no.12
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• pp.27-34
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• 2005

We have investigated the correlation between the active-layer uniformity and reliability of InGaN/GaN blue LEDs. According to initial characteristics, the devices are classified into two groups: group I devices of uniform light-emission and group II devices of non-uniform light-emission. The group II devices are more dependent on temperature and we have found two degradation mechanisms through reliability test. One is bulk degradation in which the degradation occurred over the entire chip and another one is edge degradation in which the degradation occurred from the edge of the chip. Bulk degradation caused by the nonradiative defects is found to be faster in group II devices while there is no difference in the rate of the much faster edge degradation, where darkening starts from the n-Ohmic contact edge. Therefore, more uniform active layer, more uniform current spreading, and the passivation of the dry-etched side-wall are essential for the high reliability of InGaN/GaN LEDs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.705-714
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• 2012

Objectives: This study assessed the associations between socio-demographic, health and wellbeing variables (independent variables) and daily smoking, attempts to quit smoking, and agreement with smoking ban (dependent variables). Methods: Data from 3,706 undergraduate students were collected from seven universities in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland using a standardised questionnaire. Results: About 15.8% of the whole sample reported daily smoking, while 12% were occasional smokers. Smoking was significantly more prevalent among males, but the difference was due to a higher rate of occasional smokers. About every second smoker (55%) had attempted to quit smoking. Almost 45% of the whole sample agreed or strongly agreed with implementing a total smoking ban on campus. Daily smoking was more likely among students with not sufficient income, students whose fathers had at least a bachelor degree; and, students who reported binge drinking. Conversely, daily smoking was less likely among students who rated their health as very good/ excellent, those who ate ${\geq}5$ portions of fruit or vegetables, and those who had never taken illicit drugs. Previous attempt/s to quit smoking were more likely among students who have never taken illicit drugs and those who agreed with a total smoking ban; and less likely among those with not sufficient income. Daily smokers were less likely to report quit attempts as compared to occasional smokers. An agreement with smoking ban was more likely among students who rated their health as very good/excellent, those who ate ${\geq}5$ portions of fruit or vegetables daily, and those who had never taken illicit drugs, but less likely among daily smokers. Conclusion: Favourable health practices and positive attitudes towards smoking ban were associated with each other. Interventions would need to comprise multi-component programmes that do not solely focus on smoking prevention/cessation, but also on other health promoting practices as well.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.61-74
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• 2004

In this paper, a contort- and speaker-dependent cepstrum extraction method and a channel normalization method for minimizing the loss of speaker characteristics in the cepstrum were proposed for a robust speaker recognition system over the channel. The proposed extraction method creates a cepstrum based on the pitch synchronous analysis using the inherent pitch of the speaker. Therefore, the cepstrum called the 〃pitch synchronous cepstrum〃 (PSC) represents the impulse response of the vocal tract more accurately in voiced speech. And the PSC can compensate for channel distortion because the pitch is more robust in a channel environment than the spectrum of speech. And the proposed channel normalization method, the 〃formant-broadened pitch synchronous CMS〃 (FBPSCMS), applies the Formant-Broadened CMS to the PSC and improves the accuracy of the intraframe processing. We compared the text-independent closed-set speaker identification on 56 females and 112 males using TIMIT and NTIMIT database, respectively. The results show that pitch synchronous km improves the error reduction rate by up to 7.7% in comparison with conventional short-time cepstrum and the error rates of the FBPSCMS are more stable and lower than those of pole-filtered CMS.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.117-125
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• 2020

This paper aims to investigate FDI attractive factors, which are important to formulate policies to attract Korean direct investment into Vietnam. Based on the literature review and the results of interview with 27 Korean investors in Vietnam, we determined the model of variables attracting Korea's FDI into Vietnam. It is used to assess the impact of attractive factors belonging to three groups of variables to support investment decision; they are macroeconomics variables (including market size factor, labor cost factor, and market openness factor), policies variables (including monetary policy factor and tax rate gap factor), and microeconomics variables (geographic advantage factor representative by location). This research also utilized a relatively new quantitative research method based on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) with the time data chain from 1995 to 2017 of Korean FDI into Vietnam. It analyzes long-term relationships between dependent variables and independent variables. The result of this study indicates that there are three positive factors (low wages, trade openness and government policy) explaining the FDI flows in the long term. The result also shows that incentive tax policy has had a positive impact on Korean FDI, which has satisfied the aim of seeking efficiency of Korean investors.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.31
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• pp.3.1-3.11
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• 2016

Objectives This study was conducted to describe the regional malaria incidence in relation to the geographic and climatic conditions and describe the effect of altitude on the expansion of malaria over the last decade in Papua New Guinea. Methods Malaria incidence was estimated in five provinces from 1996 to 2008 using national health surveillance data. Time trend of malaria incidence was compared with rainfall and minimum/maximum temperature. In the Eastern Highland Province, time trend of malaria incidence over the study period was stratified by altitude. Spatio-temporal pattern of malaria was analyzed. Results Nationwide, malaria incidence was stationary. Regionally, the incidence increased markedly in the highland region (292.0/100000/yr, p =0.021), and remained stationary in the other regions. Seasonality of the malaria incidence was related with rainfall. Decreasing incidence of malaria was associated with decreasing rainfall in the southern coastal region, whereas it was not evident in the northern coastal region. In the Eastern Highland Province, malaria incidence increased in areas below 1700 m, with the rate of increase being steeper at higher altitudes. Conclusions Increasing trend of malaria incidence was prominent in the highland region of Papua New Guinea, while long-term trend was dependent upon baseline level of rainfall in coastal regions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.415.2-415.2
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• 2016

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is one of ways to convert mechanical energy sound, waves, wind, vibrations, and human motions to available electrical energy. The principal mechanism to generate electrical energy is based on contact electrification on material surface and electrostatic induction between electrodes. The performance of TENG are dependent on amount of the input mechanical energy and characteristics of triboelectric materials. Furthermore, the whole TENG system including mechanical structure and electrical system can effect on output performance of TENG. In this work, we investigated the effect of gear train on output performance and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of TENG under a given input energy. We applied the gear train on mechanical structure to improve the contact rate. We measured the output energy under a constant input energy by controlling the size of the working gear. We prepared gears with gear ratios (rin/rw) of 1, 1.7, and 5. Under the constant input energy, the voltage and current from our gear-based TENG system were enhanced up to the maximum of 3.6 times and 4.4 times, respectively. Also, the PCE was increased up to 7 times at input frequency of 1.5 Hz. In order to understand the effect of kinematic design on TENG system, we performed a capacitor experiment with rectification circuit that provide DC voltage and current. Under the input frequency of 4.5 Hz, we obtained a 3 times enhanced rectifying voltage at a gear ratio of 5. The measured capacitor voltage was enhanced up to about 8 fold in using our TENG system. It is attributed that our gear-based TENG system could improve simultaneously the magnitude as well as the generation time of output power, finally enhancing output energy. Therefore, our gear-based TENG system provided an effective way to enhance the PCE of TENGs operating at a given input energy.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.296-304
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the applicability of the Psidium guajava leaf extract as a whitening functional cosmetic material. We measured DPPH radical scavenging activity, intracellular ROS, cytotoxicity in B16F10 melanoma cells and cytoprotective effect on ultraviolet A, in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory effect and melanin biosynthesis inhibitory effect. The antioxidative effect was confirmed through high DPPH radical scavenging activity and intracellular ROS activity inhibition measurement of the Psidium guajava leaf extract. The survival rate of B16F10 melanoma cells was more than 98% at all concentrations, and the cytoprotective effect from ultraviolet ray A was found to increase in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, in vitro tyrosinase activity inhibitory effect of 10% and melanin biosynthesis inhibitory effect of 20% were observed. Through less toxicity for B16F10 melanoma cell, high antioxidant activity, inhibition of tyrosinase activity and melanin biosynthesis inhibitory effect, we confirmed the possibility of developing the Psidium guajava leaf extract as a whitening functional cosmetic material with a safe and excellent whitening effect.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.53-64
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• 2015

This study presents the experimental results of pervious blocks subjected to a series of unique inflow conditions in urban area. The measured properties include the strength, permeability, drainage capacity and runoff, and evaporation for blocks made of two different size of aggregates. Results revealed that the strength satisfies the Korean Standard regardless of aggregate size whereas the immediate runoff occurred for the block with small size aggregate. On the other hand, the block with large aggregates allowed the drainage upon the initial inflow condition, which became hampered to induce the runoff by subsequent inflow. It was attributed to the fact that the capillary water often served as the hydraulic barrier in partially saturated condition. The salient observation indicated that the runoff highly depended on the evaporation and pre-wetting condition as well as the porosity and pore connectivity. The bilinear evaporate rate that makes the degree of saturation vary also had great influence on deterining the time-dependent runoff.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.152-166
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• 2002

Objective : This study was undertaken to determine whether Hominis Placenta(HP) aqua-acupuncture exerts renoprotective effect on diabetic nephropathy induced by streptozotocin(STZ) in rats. Methods : In order to study the renoprotective effect of HP aqua-acupuncture, experimental animals were divided into 5 groups and treated for 2 weeks as follows: control group was injected subcutaneously by saline aqua-acupuncture into Sinsu(BL23) in STZ induced diabetic rats, 5% HP aqua-acupuncture group was injected subcutaneously by 5% HP aqua-acupuncture into Sinsu(BL23) in STZ induced diabetic rats, 10% HP aqua-acupuncture group was injected subcutaneously by 10% HP aqua-acupuncture into Sinsu(BL23) in STZ induced diabetic rats, normal group was injected subcutaneously by saline aqua-acupuncture into Sinsu(BL23) in normal rats, and Captopril group was administrated with captopril at a dose of 50mg/kg in STZ induced diabetic rats. Results : While HP aqua-acupuncture did not reduce any body weight, index of kidney hypertrophy, the plasma glucose concentration and BUN respectively, HP aqua-acupuncture showed lowering urinary albumin excretion rate and serum creatinine as compared with the control group. Gene and protein expressions of $TGF-{\beta}1$ and fibronectin in kidney, one of the extracellular matrix proteins were investigated. There were significant differences in expression levels in HP aqua-acupuncture group as compared with the control group, and $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of HP depressed apoptosis, showing in a dose dependent manner. In the HE staining, HP aqua-acupuncture inhibited the injury of glomerulus and proximal convoluted tubule. Conclusions : HP aqua-acupuncture showed the renoprotective effect possibly through suppressions of $TGF-{\beta}1$ and fibronectin expressions in kidney.