• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.236-250
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• 2016

This study was conducted to provide baseline data regarding functional cosmetics so that Inula. based cosmetics can increase its competitiveness in the market as well as to understand current trends to enable anticipation of demands for future product development. For this research, general consumers over the age of 20 residing in Seoul and the Gyeonggi district were surveyed. The results show consumers preferred serum-type products among various types of cosmetics, and that they purchased these once every 1-3 months. Consumers also preferred these products in less than 10-30ml capacity, and at costs of less than 30,000-50,000 KRW. For whitening, functional cosmetics consumers also preferred the serum type, in less than 30-50ml capacity and priced less than 30,000-50,000 KRW. Consumers preferred to purchase functional cosmetics in single units. The major purchasing location, with a high preference rate, was cosmetic stores, and the major sources of information, also with high preference rates, were 'experienced reviews from family, friends and acquaintances' and 'TV advertisements'. Respondents selected 'over 50,000 KRW' the most for all items when responding to 'Purchase Intent for Functional Cosmetics containing Inula', and responded that they were willing to pay 10%-30% more for functional cosmetics containing Inula compared to standard functional cosmetics. These results show that businesses in the cosmetics industry need to take consumer demand into account when developing new functional cosmetic products, as well as establish plans to create specialized spaces that provide better quality service and increase word of mouth effect through better utilization of various types of offline media, social media, and blogs. The study also shows a need for businesses to develop products fully utilizing the Inula flower, which has been shown to be effective as a natural skin whitener, wrinkle reducer and skin moisturizer, to appeal to the increasing number of customers interested in health and beauty.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.239-244
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• 2007

In order to investigate the effect of fluorine ion in the $Li_{1-x}FeO_2Li_xMnO_2$ (Mn/(Mn + Fe) = 0.8) cathode material, it was synthesized $Li_{1-x}FeO_{2-y}F_y-Li_xMnO_2$ (Mn/(Mn + Fe) = 0.8, $0.05{\le}y{\le}0.15$) cathode materials at $350^{\circ}C$ for 10hrs using solid-state method. $Li_{1-x}FeO_{2-y}F_y-Li_xMnO_2$ (Mn/(Mn + Fe) = 0.8, $0.0{\le}y{\le}0.1$ was composed many large needle-like particles of about $1-1.5\;{\mu}m$ and small particles of about 50-100 nm, which were distributed among the larger particles. However, $Li_{1-x}FeO_{1.85}F_{0.15}-Li_xMnO_2$ material showed slightly different particle morphology. The particles of $Li_{1-x}FeO_{1.85}F_{0.15}-Li_xMnO_2$ were suddenly increased and started to be a spherical type of particle shape. $Li/Li_{1-x}FeO_{1.9}F_{0.1}-Li_xMnO_2$ cell showed a high initial discharge capacity of 163 mAh/g and a high cycle retention rate of 95% after 50 cycles. The initial discharge capacity of $Li/Li_{1-x}FeO_{2-y}F_y-Li_xMnO_2$ ($0.05{\le}y{\le}0.15$) cells increased according to the increase of F content. However, the cycleability of this cell was very rapidly decreased when the substituted fluorine content is over 0.1. We suggested that too large amount of F ion fail to substitute into the $Li_{1-x}FeO_2-Li_xMnO_2$ structure, which resulted in the severe decline of battery performance.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.301-310
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• 2023

Ferrihydrite is an iron oxide mineral that is easily found in the natural environment, including acid mine drainage, and has a low crystallinity and high specific surface area, resulting in high reactivity with other ions, and can remove environmentally hazardous substances. However, because ferrihydrite is a metastable mineral, there is a possibility of releasing adsorbed ions by phase transformation to other minerals having low surface area and high crystallinity. In this study, the adsorption characteristics of arsenate, chromate, and selenate on ferrihydrite and the oxyanion removal efficiency of ferrihydrite were studied considering mineral phase transformation. At both pH 4 and 8, the adsorption of oxyanions used in the study were in good agreement with both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models except for selenate at pH 8. Due to the difference in surface charge according to pH, at pH 4 a higher amount of ions were adsorbed than at pH 8. The adsorption amount were in the order of arsenate, chromate, and selenate. These different adsorption models and adsorption amounts were due to different adsorption mechanisms for each oxyanions on the surface of ferrihydrite. These adsorption characteristics were closely related to changes in the mineral phase. At pH 4, a phase transformation to goethite or hematite was observed, but only a phase transformation to hematite was observed at pH 8. Among the oxyanion species on ferrihydrite, arsenate showed the highest adsorption capacity and hardly caused phase transformation during the experimental period after adsorption. Contrary to this, chromate and selenate showed faster mineral phase transformation than arsenate, and selenate had the lowest retardation effect among the three oxyanions. Ferrihydrite can effectively remove arsenate due to its high adsorption capacity and low phase transformation rate. However, the removal efficiency for other two oxyanions were low by the low adsorption amount and additional mineral phase transformation. For chromate, the efficient removal is expected only at low concentrations in low pH environments.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.945-954
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• 2018

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (${\omega}3$-fatty acid) have been found to possess anticancer properties in a variety of cancer cell lines and animal models, but their effects in human tongue squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) remain unclear. This study was designed to examine the effect of ${\omega}3$-fatty acid desaturase (fat-1) gene expression on invasion and tumorigenicity in human tongue SCC cells and the molecular mechanism of its action. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) treatment inhibited in vitro invasion in a dose-dependent manner. In zymography, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and Matrix metallopeptidase-2 (MMP-2) activities were reduced, and MMP-9 and MMP-2 promoter activities were inhibited by the DHA treatment. In addition, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promoter reporter activities were inhibited in SCC-4 and SCC-9 cells after the DHA treatment. To investigate the effect of a high level of endogenous ${\omega}3$ fatty acids, a stable SCC-9 cell line expressing the ${\omega}3$-desaturase gene (fSCC-9sc) was generated. The growth rate and colony-forming capacity of fSCC-9sc were remarkably decreased as compared with those of fSCC-9cc. Likewise, the tumor size and volume of fSCC-9sc implanted into nude mice were significantly inhibited, with increases in the cell death index. Furthermore, a transwell chamber invasion assay showed a reduction in cell invasion of the fSCC-9sc lines when compared with that of the fSCC-9cc line. These findings suggested that fat-1 gene expression inhibited tumorigenicity, as well as invasion in human tongue SCC cells. Thus, utilization of ${\omega}3$ fatty acids may represent a promising therapeutic approach for chemoprevention and the treatment of human tongue SCCs.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.891-896
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• 2008

Total phenolics and flavonoids, and the antioxidant capacity of plum cultivar wines (Prunus salicina L. cv. Soldam and P. salicina L. cv. Formosa) were determined using spectrophotometric methods. The total phenolic and flavanoid contents of Soldam wine were $478.4\;{\pm}\;5.6\;mg$ GAE and $202.4\;{\pm}\;7.5\;mg$ CE per L,respectively, and in Formosa wine were $200.6\;{\pm}\;7.5\;mg$ GAE and $64.4\;{\pm}\;6.8\;mg$ CE per L, respectively. Neutral and acidic phenolics in Soldam wine were extracted with ethyl acetate and 0.01 N HCl, respectively. In the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, neutral phenolics (64.5 EDA%) had $3{\sim}4$ times higher antioxidant activity than acidic phenolics (21.5 EDA%) and other related phenolic compounds such as chlorogenic acid (15.5 EDA%) and quercetin (24.6 EDA%) at a concentration of $100\;{\mu}g/mL$. The antiviral activities of neutral and acidic phenolics in Soldam wine were investigated in vitro using a virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay. Results showed that neutral and acidic phenolics at concentrations of $100\;{\mu}g/mL$ inhibited porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) replication at rates of 78.12% and 58.37%, respectively. The inhibition rate of 10 g/mL neutral phenolics (69.42%) was higher than that of ribavirin as an antiviral reagent (57.86%). At concentrations of $100\;{\mu}g/mL$ or less, neutral and acidic phenolics of Soldam wine had no cytotoxic effect against vero cells.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.104-113
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• 1991

This experiment was conducted to find the effect of calcium salts on the inhibition of 'Campbell Early' grape(Vitis labruscana B.) berry absicission induced by ethephon. Ethylene evolution, berry abscission rate, and fruit quality were examined. Several mineral contents were determinded in the berries and morphological changes of cells in abscission zone were also studied. 1. Calcium acetate($4.4-8.8g/{\ell}$) and calcium hydroxide($2.2-8.8g/{\ell}$) completely inhibited berry abscission when applied with ethephon 1,000 ppm while calcium chloride was less effective. 2. Ethylene evolution in the berries treated with ethephon alone reached to maximum peak one day after application. However, that peak in the treatment of ethephon with calcium acetate occurred 3 hours after application. 3. No decrease of ethylene production capacity was observed in the ethephon solution even when held up to 36 hours after preparation but the effect on berry abscission was significantly reduced. In contrast, ethylene production of the solution prepared with calcium acetate was greatly decreased along with the increase of holding time. The effect of calcium acetate in aged solution on the inhibition of berry abscission was not altered. 4. There were no differences in mineral contents such as Ca, Mg, and K between the berries sprayed with ethephon 500 ppm or not. Additional calcium accumulation was not found in the skin, flesh, and petiole of clusters sprayed with 3 kinds of calcium salts (1.5 g net Ca per liter) respectively when analyzed 2 weeks before maturity. 5. Ethephon (1,000 ppm) alone induced the development of abscission layer in petiole but those applied with calcium acetate (0.05 M) did not develop any distinct abscission layer 3days after treatment.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.655-666
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• 2005

This study was performed to measure physicochemical and textural characteristics, and shelf-life effect of low-fat functional sausages(LFFSs) manufactured with sodium lactate(SL, 3.3%), lac pigment and various molecular weights(MWs) of chitosan (Low=1.5 kDa, Med=30-50 kDa and High=200 kDa) during storage at 15$^{\circ}C$ for 18 days. LFFSs had 73.7-76.0% moisture, lower than 3% fat and 14-15% protein, respectively. pH values were 6.05-6.44 and the control(150 ppm, $NaNO_2$) was the lowest among LFFSs (p<0.05). Increasing storage time decreased pH values, but no differences in pH values were observed up to 6 days of storage (p>0.05). LFFSs containing SL and low MW of chitosan improved water holding capacity (WHC) and different from those with SL and medium-MW chitosan. WHC was decreased with increased storage time and differences of WHC were observed from 18 days of storage. The addition of chitosan reduced both lightness and redness values, as compared to 150 ppm sodium nitrite(SN), and increased storage time decreased yellowness(p<0.05), especially at 12 days of storage. LFFSs with SL and medium-MW chitosan increased most textural properties compared to the control(p<0.05). The addition of SN of 150 ppm in LFFSs retarded microbial growth for E. coli 0157:H7, while those with SL tended to have an antimicrobial effect for Listeria monocytogenes(LM). The growth rate of LM was delayed by addition of various MW of chitosans in LFFSs, especially high MW chitosan, as compared to LFFSs containing SL alone. These results indicated that the functional, textural and antimicrobial effects of LFFSs were improved by addition SL and various MW of chitosan combinations. In addition, 0.05% lac pigment improved the cure color of LFFSs similar to those of 150 ppm SN.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2007

This study was carried out to develop the modified cyclone dust collector in windowless broiler building measuring 12 m wide, 46 m long, with a side wall height of 3 m and a capacity of 12,800 birds. Ventilation rate in windowless broiler building was $0.014{\sim}0.015\;and\;0.158{\sim}0.181cmm$ in second weeks and fifth weeks of age, respectively. Ammonia concentration was $13{\sim}16\;and\;20{\sim}24\;ppm$ in first and second weeks of age, respectively. Amount of dust collected in dust collector each week was 104.1, 274.7 and 388.6g in first, second and third weeks of age. But it was decreased from fourth weeks of age because of the increased ventilation rate. Total suspended particulate(TSP) of polluted air was $3,111.7{\sim}8,745.2{\mu}g/m^3$, but it was decreased to $530.8{\sim}2,264.4{\mu}g/m^3$ when it passed through the dust collector. Collecting efficiency was $54.2{\sim}82.9%$ in TSP. But collecting efficiency of Particulate matter smaller than $1{\mu}g$ (PM1.0) was $7.6{\sim}33.8%$, and lower than TSP. TSP concentration in control broiler house was 1,387.6 and $4,210.1{\mu}g/m^3$ in first and fourth weeks of age, respectively. But it was decreased to 876.3 and $2,535.3{\mu}g/m^3$ in broiler house operated dust collector in first and fourth weeks of age, respectively. Dust collecting efficiency for TSP was $36.8{\sim}39.8%$, and it was decreased to $11.4{\sim}39.8%$ in smaller dust size.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.483-509
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• 1999

Biodegradable barrier membrane has been demonstrated to have guided bone regeneration capacity on the animal study. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of cultured calvarial cell inoculated on the biodegradable barrier membrane for the regeneration of the artificial bone defect. In this experiment 35 Sprague-Dawley male rats(mean BW 150gm) were used. 30 rats were divided into 3 groups. In group I, defects were covered periosteum without membrane. In group II, defects were repaired using biodegradable barrier membrane. In group III, the defects were repaired using biodegradable barrier membrane seeded with cultured calvarial cell. Every surgical procedure were performed under the general anesthesia by using with intravenous injection of Pentobarbital sodium(30mg/Kg). After anesthesia, 5 rats were sacrificed by decapitation to obtain the calvaria for bone cell culture. Calvarial cells were cultured with Dulbecco's Modified Essential Medium contained with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum under the conventional conditions. The number of cell inoculated on the membrane were $1{\times}10^6$ Cells/ml. The membrane were inserted on the artificial bone defect after 3 days of culture. A single 3-mm diameter full-thickness artificial calvarial defect was made in each animal by using with bone trephine drill. After the every surgical intervention of animal, all of the animals were sacrificed at 1, 2, 3 weeks after surgery by using of perfusion technique. For obtaining histological section, tissues were fixed in 2.5% Glutaraldehyde (0.1M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2) and Karnovsky's fixative solution, and decalcified with 0.1M disodium ethylene diaminetetraacetate for 3 weeks. Tissue embeding was performed in paraffin and cut parallel to the surface of calvaria. Section in 7${\mu}m$ thickness of tissue was done and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin. All the specimens were observed under the light microscopy. The following results were obtained. 1 . During the whole period of experiment, fibrous connective tissue was revealed at 1week after surgery which meant rapid soft tissue recovery. The healing rate of defected area into new bone formation of the test group was observed more rapid tendency than other two groups. 2 . The sequence of healing rate of bone defected area was as follows ； test group, positive control, negative control group. 3 . During the experiment, an osteoclastic cell around preexisted bone was not found. New bone formation was originated from the periphery of the remaing bone wall, and gradually extended into central portion of the bone defect. 4 . The biodegradable barrier membrane was observed favorable biocompatibility during this experimental period without any other noticeable foreign body reaction. And mineralization in the newly formed osteoid tissue revealed relatively more rapid than other group since early stage of the healing process. Conclusively, the cultured bone cell inoculated onto the biodegradable barrier membrane may have an important role of regeneration of artificial bone defects of alveolar bone. This study thus demonstrates a tissue-engineering the approach to the repair of bone defects, which may have clinical applications in clinical fields of the dentistry including periodontics.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.997-1006
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• 2009

Organic removal efficiency and methane production rate, a feasibility of power generation from biogas, and the optimum conditions for membrane operation were evaluated for the pilot scale (5 tons/day) two-phase anaerobic digestion coupled with ultra filtration (TPADUF) system fed with garbage leachate. The TPADUF system is consisted of a thermophilic acidogenic reactor, a mesophilic methanogenic reactor, and an UF membrane. When garbage leachate with 150 g/L of TCOD was fed to the TPADUF up to organic loading rate (OLR) of 11.1 g COD/L/d, the effluent TCOD was lower than 6 g/L and the average removal efficiencies of TCOD and SCOD were higher than 95%. The methane composition of the gas was 65%, and the methane yield was 39 $m^3/m^3$ garbage leachatefed, 260 $m^3$/tons $COD_{added}$, or 270 $m^3$/tons $COD_{removed}$, even there was some gas leak. The power production per consumed gas was 0.96 kWh/$m^3$ gas or 1.49 kWh/$m^3$ methane. This lower power production efficiency mainly due to the small capacity of gas engine (15 kW class). The membrane was operated at the average flux of 10 L/$m^2$/hr. When the flux decreased, washing with water and chemical (NaOCl) was conducted to restore the flux. In the TPADUF system, optimum pH could be maintained without alkali addition by recycling the membrane concentrate or mixed liquor of the methanogenic digester to the acidogenic reactor. Also, partial production of methane in the acidogenic reactor had a positive effect on lowering the OLR of the methanogenic reactor.