• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.177-182
• /
• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Irisin, a newly identified hormone, is associated with energy homeostasis. We investigated whether aged garlic extract (AGE) and exercise training intervention could improve body weight, insulin sensitivity, skeletal muscle fibronectin domain containing protein 5 (FNDC-5) levels, and plasma irisin in high-fat diet (HFD). MATERIALS/METHODS: Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a ND (normal diet, n=5) or HFD (n=28) for 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, all rats were divided into 5 groups for the next 4 weeks: ND, (normal diet, n=5), HFD (high-fat diet, n=7), HFDA (high-fat diet + aged garlic extract, n=7), HFDE (high-fat diet + exercise, n=7), and HFDEA (high-fat diet + exercise + aged garlic extract, n=7). Exercise groups performed treadmill exercises for 15-60 min, 5 days/week, and AGE groups received AGE (2.86 g/kg, orally injected) for 4 weeks. RESULTS: Significant decreases in body weight were observed in the ND, HFDE, and HFDEA groups, as compared with the HFD group. Neither intervention affected the masses of the gastrocnemius muscle or liver. There were no significant differences in glucose levels across the groups. The homeostatic model assessments of insulin resistance were significantly higher in the HFD group, as compared with the ND, HFDA, HFDE, and HFDEA groups. However, skeletal muscle FNDC-5 levels and plasma irisin concentrations were unaffected by AGE or exercise in obese rats. AGE supplementation and exercise training did not affect skeletal muscle FNDC-5 or plasma irisin, which are associated with insulin sensitivity in obese rats. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the protection against HFD-induced increases in body fat/weight and insulin resistance that are provided by AGE supplementation and exercise training may not be mediated by the regulation of FNDC-5 or irisin.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제28권11호
• /
• pp.1883-1895
• /
• 2018

Alcohol dependence is a global public health problem, yet the mechanisms of alcohol dependence are incompletely understood. The traditional view has been that ethanol alters various neurotransmitters and their receptors in the brain and causes the addiction. However, an increasing amount of experimental evidence suggests that gut microbiota also influence brain functions via gut-to-brain interactions, and may therefore induce the development of alcohol use disorders. In this study, a rat model of alcohol dependence and withdrawal was employed, the gut microbiota composition was analyzed by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the metagenome function was predicted by PICRUSt software. The results suggested that chronic alcohol consumption did not significantly alter the diversity and richness of gut microbiota in the jejunum and colon, but rather markedly changed the microbiota composition structure in the colon. The phyla Bacteroidetes and eight genera including Bacteroidales S24-7, Ruminococcaceae, Parabacteroides, Butyricimonas, et al were drastically increased, however the genus Lactobacillus and gauvreauii in the colon were significantly decreased in the alcohol dependence group compared with the withdrawal and control groups. The microbial functional prediction analysis revealed that the proportions of amino acid metabolism, polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis and peroxisome were significantly increased in the AD group. This study demonstrated that chronic alcohol consumption has a dramatic effect on the microbiota composition structure in the colon but few effects on the jejunum. Inducement of colonic microbiota dysbiosis due to alcohol abuse seems to be a factor of alcohol dependence, which suggests that modulating colonic microbiota composition might be a potentially new target for treating alcohol addiction.

• 대한약리학회지
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.63-70
• /
• 1988

문맥 고혈압 동물에서 내장장기의 혈류역동학적 변동으로서 문맥압의 증가와 동반하여 장간의 혈류량 증가와 혈관저항의 감소뿐만 아니라 전신 혈관저항의 감소가 특징적으로 야기된다. 문맥고혈압에 있어서 propranolol이 beta 1과 beta 2 수용체의 봉쇄작용으로 문맥고혈압을 저하시킨다는 점에서 사용되기도 한다. 본 실험에서는 흰쥐에서 문맥을 부분적으로 결찰하여 문맥고혈압을 야기하고 10일 후에 내장장기의 혈류역동학적 변동과 혈관 수축성 약물에 대한 반응성의 변동을 관찰하였다. 동시에 이에 대한 propranolol의 효과도 검토하였다. 문맥 결찰 후에는 비 펄프압의 증가와 동반하여 내장장기의 혈류량과 모세혈관압 증가가 야기되었고 동시에 모세혈관 전 저항(Ra)과 모세혈관 후 저항(Rv)은 저하되었다. Noradrenaline에 대한 Rv의 증가반응, adrenaline에 대한 Ra와 Rv의 증가반응, 및 phenylephrine에 대한 상장간막 동맥압, Ra및 Rv의 증가반응이 특징적으로 문맥결찰군에서 대조군에 비하여 현저히 약화되었다. Propranolol 처치군(PPL-3)에서 장간막 혈류량의 감소가 초래되었고, 문맥결찰군에서 저하된 Ra와 Rv가 propranolol투여로 대조군 수치로 회복되 었다. 이러한 성적의 결과로 문맥 결찰에 의하여 장간막 혈류량 증가와 동반된 Ra와 Rv의 저하는 비 펄프압 증가로 야기된 것으로 추측되며 내장장기 혈류역동학적 및 혈관 반응도의 변동은 장기적인 propranolol 처치로 효과있게 교정되는 점으로 미루어 내장장기의 과혈류역동은 내장장기 혈관의 아드레나린성 수용체의 기능변동과 밀접한 관련이 있다고 사료되었다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제11권5호
• /
• pp.373-380
• /
• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a corn silk extract on improving benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIALS/METHODS: The experimental animals, 6-week-old male Wistar rats, were divided into sham-operated control (Sham) and experimental groups. The experimental group, which underwent orchiectomy and received subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg of testosterone propionate to induce BPH, was divided into a Testo Only group that received only testosterone, a Testo+Fina group that received testosterone and 5 mg/kg finasteride, a Testo+CSE10 group that received testosterone and 10 mg/kg of corn silk extract, and a Testo+CSE100 group that received testosterone and 100 mg/kg of corn silk extract. Prostate weight and concentrations of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), $5{\alpha}$- reductase $2(5{\alpha}-R2)$, and prostate specific antigen (PSA) in serum or prostate tissue were determined. The mRNA expressions of $(5{\alpha}-R2)$ and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in prostate tissue were also measured. RESULTS: Compared to the Sham group, prostate weight was significantly higher in the Testo Only group and decreased significantly in the Testo+Fina, Testo+CSE10, and Testo+CSE100 groups (P < 0.05), results that were consistent with those for serum DHT concentrations. The concentrations of $(5{\alpha}-R2)$ in serum and prostate as well as the mRNA expression of $(5{\alpha}-R2)$ in prostate were significantly lower in the Testo+Fina, Testo+CSE10, and Testo+CSE100 groups than that in the Testo Only group (P < 0.05). Similarly, the concentrations of PSA in serum and prostate were significantly lower in the Testo+Fina, Testo+CSE10, and Testo+CSE100 groups (P < 0.05) than in the Testo Only group. The mRNA expression of PCNA in prostate dose-independently decreased in the Testo+CSE-treated groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: BPH was induced through injection of testosterone, and corn silk extract treatment improved BPH symptoms by inhibiting the mRNA expression of $(5{\alpha}-R2)$ and decreasing the amount of $(5{\alpha}-R2)$, DHT, and PSA in serum and prostate tissue.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제13권6호
• /
• pp.449-454
• /
• 2009

5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a heterotrimeric complex consisting of a catalytic ($\alpha$) and two regulatory ($\beta$ and $\gamma$) subunits. Two isoforms are known for catalytic subunit (${\alpha}1$, ${\alpha}2$) and are encoded by different genes. To assess the metabolic effects of $AMPK{\alpha}1$, we examined the effects of overexpression of adenoviral-mediated $AMPK{\alpha}1$ in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic rats. The Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat is an established animal model of type 2 diabetes that exhibits chronic and slowly progressive hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Thirty five-week-old overt type 2 diabetic rats (n=10) were administered intravenously with Ad.$AMPK{\alpha}1$. AMPK activity was measured by phosphorylation of acetyl CoA carboxlyase (ACC). To investigate the changes of gene expression related glucose and lipid metabolism, quantitative real-time PCR was performed with liver tissues. Overexpression of $AMPK{\alpha}1$ showed that blood glucose concentration was decreased but that glucose tolerance was not completely recovered on 7th day after treatment. Plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased slightly, and hepatic triglyceride content was markedly reduced by decreasing expression of hepatic lipogenic genes. Overexpression of $AMPK{\alpha}1$ markedly improved hepatic steatosis and it may have effective role for improving hepatic lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemic state.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제44권6호
• /
• pp.790-798
• /
• 2020

Background: Beneficial effects of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) on polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) remains unclear. Methods: We examined whether pretreatment (daily from 2 hours before PCOS induction) with KRG extract in water (KRGE; 75 and 150 mg/kg/day, p.o.) could exert a favorable effect in a dehydroepian-drosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS rat model. Results: Pretreatment with KRGE significantly inhibited the elevation of body and ovary weights, the increase in number and size of ovarian cysts, and the elevation of serum testosterone and estradiol levels induced by DHEA. Pretreatment with KRGE also inhibited macrophage infiltration and enhanced mRNA expression levels of chemokines [interleukin (IL)-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6), and inducible nitric oxide synthase in ovaries induced by DHEA. It also prevented the reduction in mRNA expression of growth factors (epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta (EGF, TGF-β)) related to inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell pathway and stimulation of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 pathway. Interestingly, KRGE or representative ginsenosides (Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3(s)) inhibited the activity of inflammatory enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 and iNOS, cytosolic p-IκB, and nuclear p-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells, whereas they increased nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 nuclear translocation. Conclusion: These results provide that KRGE could prevent DHEA-induced PCOS via antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities. Thus, KRGE may be used in preventive and therapeutic strategies for PCOS-like symptoms.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.89-101
• /
• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was find out the therapeutic effects of its exclusive use on the rat with allergic rhinitis. Materials and Methods : Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three group : normal group, control group and sample group. To induce the allergic rhinitis in control group and sample group, rats were sensitized intraperitoneally with 0.1% ovalumin solution 3 times at intervals of 1 week. Then intranasal sensitization was performed by diffusing 0.1% ovalumin solution 3 times at intervals of 2 days. After that time, rats in the sample group were administered by $Yonghyang$($LI_{20}$) subcutaneously to treat the inflammation. Results : 1. The anti-oxidant effects of $Hwangryunhaedok-tang$ extract was dose-dependantly increased. 2. The RAW 264.7 cells were treated with LPS for 1 hours prior to the addition of indicated concentrations ($0.4,-1.0mg/m{\ell}$) of HHT, and the cells were further incubated for 24 hours. The LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression and NO production were dose-dependantly decreased in HHT treated RAW 264.7 cells. 3. The number of eosinophil in HP noticeably decreased than CON and this decrease had probability. The infiltration of eosinophil in HP noticeably decreased than CON. 4. The damaged mucosa as disruption of cilia in respiratory cell and vacant mucose secreting cell were increased CON, but HP same as normal configuration. Decrease of PAS positive cell were shown in CON, but goblet cell occupied with neutral mucous were shown in HP. Decrease of mucosal stress(HSP70). Decrease of perennial sign(PPAR-${\gamma}$). Decrease of icthing and sneezing intricate neurotransmitter-(substance P). 5. The anti-inflammation of HHT pharmacopuncture for AR caused mucosa comes to result as belows. Decrease of pre-inflammation cytokine(TNF-${\alpha}$). Decrease of transcription factor (NF-${\kappa}B$ p65). Decrease of transcription factor inhibitor(p-$I{\kappa}B$). Decrease of inflammation cytokine(iNOS). Conclusions : The results may suggest that administration treatment using $Hwangryunhaedok-tang$ pharmacopucnture decreases the inflammatory response on an animal model with allergic rhinitis.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.111-117
• /
• 2006

An area of current research is investigating the app1ication of human mesenchymal stem cells or hMSCs as a cell-based regenerative therapy. In order to achieve effective bone regeneration, appropriate matrices functioning as cell-carriers must be identified and optimized in terms of function, efficacy and biocompatibility. Two methods of approaching optimization of matrices are to facilitate adhesion of the donor hMSCs and furthermore to facilitate recruitment of host progenitor cells to osteoblastic differentiation. Pleiotrophin is an extracellular matrix protein that was first identified in developing rat brains and believed to be associated with developing neuronal pathways. A recent publication by Imai and colleagues demonstrated that transgenic mice with upregulated pleiotrophin expression developed a greater volume of cortical as well as cancellous bone. The proposed mechanism of action of pleiotrophin is demonstrated here. Through either environmental stresses and/or intracellular regulation, there is an increase in pleiotrophin production. The pleiotrophin is released extracellularly into areas requiring bone deposition. A receptor-mediated process recruits host osteoprogenitor cells into these areas. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the osteoconductive properties of pleiotrophin. We wanted to determine if pleiotrophin coating facilitates cellular adhesion and furthermore if this has any effect on hMSCs derived bone formation in an animal model. The results showed a dose dependent response of cellular adhesion in fibronectin samples, and cellular adhesion was facilitated with increasing pleiotrophin concentrations. Histologic findings taken after 5 weeks implantation in SCID mouse showed no presence of bone formation with only a dense fibrous connective tissue. Possible explanations for the results of the osteogenesis assay include inappropriate cell loading.

• 대한구순구개열학회지
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2001

Disposable blade is widely used for palatal and oral mucosal incision in oral and maxillofadal surgery nowadays, But its design and durability need for improvement, Especially, there are so many hard tissues intraoral area, such as bone and tooth, therefor the sharpness of the surgical blade was easily destroyed, The purpose of this study was to make basic data for developing new design of surgical blade using in oral and maxillofacial area including for the patients who have cleft lip and palate deformities, Some questionnaires about the usefulness of currently used surgical blades were sent to 150 dentists, the 54 of them made a reply, Secondly, The used-once blade and fresh new blade were examined under the scanning electron microscope with the 4000-times magnification, Lastly, the tissue reaction following the surgical incision with a fresh-new and a used blade on rat buccal cheek mucosa and hard palate was evaluated with light microscope with hematoxilin-eosin staining, The time interval from the surgical trauma to taking a sample were 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days, At each time schedule, 2 Sprague-Dawley rats were sacrificed, Many dentists were agreed to need for changing the design of the surgical blades and also demand to improve the durability of the blades, They were also eager to adopt the new design of blade if it was available, The blade used in surgical extraction procedure was heavily damaged in its sharpe edge of number 15 blade, The histological differences were not prominent, but the delayed healing was detected in buccal mucosal defects especially in the surgical group with used blade, There are slight different changes in hard palatal defects between a used and a new blade group, In this study, we could find that there are imperative demanding on improvement of surgical blade design and durability for oral and maxillofadal area, The blade currently using in surgical extraction was easily damaged, The animal model of this study was not perfect for the purpose of this study.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.322-326
• /
• 2009

간 질환 개선용 영양보충제로 시판되고 있는 글루타티온 고함유 Saccharomyces cerevisiae FF-8 효모 균체(FF-8) 급여가 사염화탄소 및 알코올-유발 흰쥐 조직 스트레스에 대하여 억제효과가 있다는 것을보고한 바 있다. 본 실험에서는 글루타티온 고함유 효모 FF-8 급여에 의한 오르트산-유발 지방간에서 각 조직 중 과산화지질 농도와 간 조직 내 미네랄 성분과의 관계를 검토하였다. 체중 증가량은 정상군은 두 실험군에 비해 증가하였으나, 오르트산 급여 실험군들에서는 체중 증가량이 5% 수준에서 유의적으로 감소하였다. 각 조직 중량은 오르트산 급여군에서 간 조직에서 5% 수준에서 유의적으로 증가하였고 FF-8 투여에 의해 다소 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 신장 및 비장에서도 오르트산 급여에 의해 5% 수준에서 유의적으로 감소하였다. 간 조직 중의 과산화지질 농도는 오르트산 급여군에서 5% 수준에서 유의적으로 증가하였고, FF-8 균체 급여군에서 감소하였다. 이때 간 조직 중의 글루타티온 농도도 유사한 경향을 보였다. 천연 항산화 미네랄로 알려진 간 조직 중의 아연 농도는 정상군에 비해 오르트산 유발 지방간에서 감소하였고, FF-8 균체 급여에 의해 다소 증가되는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 실험 결과에서 오르트산-유발 지방간에서 지질과산화 농도의 증가는 간 조직내 천연 항산화 물질인 글로타티온과 아연 농도의 현저한 감소에 기인하였고, 항산화 물질인 글루타티온을 고함유한 S. cerevisiae FF-8 효모 균체 동시 급여에 의해서는 글로타티온과 아연 농도의 증가에 의해 과산화지질 농도가 경감됨으로서 오르트산 유발 산화스트레스를 경감시키는 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다.