• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 1968

For the effective control of Syphilis, many investigators have developed a more rapid, simple and economical screening serological test which is adequately sensitive and specific. To fulfill the requirements of a more rapid serologic test for syphlis, a substitute for the conventional serum specimen was needed since considerable time and labor are involved in the processing of blood to serum. Burdon suggested the use of plasma in the serologic tests for syphilis as a substitute for serum. He noticed that plasma was more sensitive than serum in the Kline and Kahn tests, and attributed this to the presence of more antibody-like substance, "reagin" in plasma than in serum. However, to make plasma sufficiently sensitive, it was necessary to inactivate plasma by heating at a temperature of $56^{\circ}C$ for about 30 minutes. Heating of plasma resulted in the precipitation of fibrinogen which made centrifugation necessary to obtain dear plasma. Since the chief disadvantage to the use of unheated plasma(or serum) was a reduction in sensitivity of results-which probably was due to a labile factor such as complement-Portnoy et al began to consider rapid chemical methods of inactivation of plasma(or serum). They experienced that choline chloirde was shown to be anticomplementary which suggested its use as an inactivating agent for unheated plasma(or serum). In 1959 Portnoy et al reported the Rapid Plasma Reagin(RPR) Test for syphilis which is a more rapid, economical and simple. But still this test has many disadvantages as a rapid performing, field and office procedure, because it requires the usual laboratory equipments such as centrifuge, rotating machine, microscope etc. To substitute these disadvantages of the RPR test, in 1962, Portnoy et al developed the Rapid Plasma Reagin(RPR) card test for syphilis, which has the following advantages: a) Simplicity and rapidity of performance, b) Requires no laboratory equipments, c) Stable antigen suspension, d) Adequate sensitivity and specificity. This RPR card test can be used as a rapidly performing and screening test in field investigation, outpatient clinics, small laboratories and hospitals doing limited syphilis serology, and predonor in blood bank. Private clinic which has limited laboratory equipment and technic for syphilis serology can also use this RPR card test as a tool in the rapid diagnosis of syphilis. It was thought that this RPR card test is a useful tool in Korea for private physician and mass survey for syphilis diagnosis. But Portnoy patented the reagents needed for the performing the RPR card test. Therefore authors developed newly the reagents and according to Portnoy's method evaluated the newly developed. RPR card test compared with the VDRL, Kolmer CF, and RPCF tests. The RPR card and VDRL tests were performed plasma and serum from the total 1,132 cases. Among these 1,131 cases, 521 were syphilis suspected laboratory specimens, and 611 were syphilis unsuspected healthy young men. After screening with these two tests, the RPR card and VDRL tests, reactive specimens to the above one or both tests were retested by the Kolmer CF and RPCF tests.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.562-570
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• 2019

Objectives: Rapid Intervention Crews (RIC) are indispensable for rescuing firefighters who are lost or trapped. They are included in Disaster Scene Standard Operating Procedures. This study was conducted to examine the use of RIC at emergency scenes in South Korea. Methods: We conducted a nationwide survey of 4,913 firefighters in South Korea. The firefighters' experiences of use of RICs were assessed by asking, "How often are RICs available at fires?" Results: A full 40.8% of firefighters answered that they 'never' have RICs available at fires. Another 8.4% responded that they 'always' have RICs available, which is much lower than the rate among US firefighters (19.9%). RICs are available more often for firefighters in the capital area than for firefighters outside the capital area (13.4% vs. 5.1%, p<0.001). The larger the jurisdiction served, the more likely the firefighters were to have RICs available (p<0.001). Conclusions: These results imply that firefighters in South Korea are at risk. It is necessary to recruit personnel to improve the use of RICs and to explicitly include RICs in SOPs, training, and business plans.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.426-431
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• 2011

The quality of performance evaluation on engineering consultants that provide design-related technical services is difficult to be measured, and only a handful of papers discussed the quality during the design stage. Although design cost is relatively far less than construction cost for a project, the decisions made in the design phase have a significant impact on the final products of the project, especially for large public construction projects. Therefore, this research focuses on reviewing and then establishing a performance evaluation framework for the consulting firms that execute detailed design and provide technical services for the Taipei Rapid Transit Systems (TRTS). By interviewing experts, this study first established a set of indicators to evaluate these firms' performance. Then, those indicators were incorporated into the four aspects of balanced scorecard (BSC) to establish the architecture of the evaluation mechanism. The weight of each indicator was calculated by analytic hierarchy process (AHP) from a survey conducted among experts. The results showed that the top-three indicators were quantity take-off, functions conformity, and budgeting. The framework of performance evaluation established by this study can be applied to measure service performance during the design stage. It not only facilitates the monitoring of consulting firms, but also helps to reduce unnecessary change orders and disputes during the construction stage.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.307-312
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• 2007

Seawater intrusion in estuarine regions is an important issue in protecting groundwater against salinity increase as well as in protecting construction materials against corrosion. For example, drain water ejected during accelerated consolidation for the improvement of soft ground can cause damages to farm land because the drain water from seawater intrusion zones contains salinity. In this study, we have employed correlation analysis between resistivity value and salinity of in situ pore water. The correlation analysis indicates that resistivity and salinity are in exponential relationship with good correlation. Therefore we suggest that rapid estimation of spatial distribution of NaCl is possible using resistivity data.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.160-166
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• 2021

Due to rapid environmental-change pharmaceutical industry, sales strategy for sales survival of pharmaceutical company is necessary. In accordance with the rapid development of medicine and advancement of efforts to secure the market, competition among pharmaceutical companies make an effort to achieve their goals. However, due to various negative influence of inside and outside, this field is getting a difficult occupation. Even when securing and training new employees with quite a bit of expense and time, the rate of surviving employees over 1 year is decreasing. For this, the researcher suggested major research result through actual investigation by utilizing survey technique, and a plan to enhance pharmaceutical company salespersons' core competence and raise sales achievement. As the research result, company culture strongly influences salespersons' sales ability. We defined the formation of organizational culture, which influences communication culture where smooth communication is made in the company, also, definite and exact evaluation in promoting work, and trust formation between upper and lower organization, is important, which should be reflected in the company field.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2013

This study is to solve this problem, as the center of China in the east started the investigation. In eastern China : rapid economic growth, Population is concentrated, Migration of rural population to large cities. So I chose this as the survey area. Including central and eastern China : Shandong Province, Jiangsu Province, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Anhui Province, Jiangxi Province and Shanghai. Research studies as a whole is divided into three main parts: The first is the basic situation of rural housing survey. Including : housing age, wall materials, roof form, house equipment, housing composition, etc. Then home for further investigation of these houses exist in the main room on the device and the joint space problems. Finally, to address these issues, the survey specifically classified as a pure compound the family home and two cases. Through interviews, to understand the survey requirements for housing improvement. Finally, comparison summary, conclusion.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.202-203
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• 2020

Unlike price calculation by cost accounting, which categorizes costs into material costs, labor costs, and miscellaneous expenses to determine the construction budget price, construction cost calculation based on Construction Standard Unit Prices utilizes unit prices extracted from market prices of items from projects already completed to estimate costs of similar construction projects. Although unit price information is collected through construction site surveys to revise these construction standard unit prices every year, but due to the limitations of the site survey method, it is difficult to quickly implement the rapid changes in the construction methods and market prices. As such, an important issue that arose was the identification of work items whose prices need urgent revision. This study conducted research on factors that need to be considered when developing online survey system for monitoring construction site market prices. This study is expected to enhance convenience for users, and provide an efficient data collection and management system for administrators.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1521-1531
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• 2011

This study was carried out to determine the characteristics of the marine environment, including nutritional content, in order to clearly understand the outbreaks of Gonyaulax polygramma in the southern coastal areas in August, 2009. Samples were collected at 13 sites and water temperature and salinity were measured using a CTD. Field surveys were twice: the first between August 5-7, the second between August 22-24. The cell density of G. polygramma was 6,500-10,000 cells $ml^{-1}$ during the $1^{st}$ survey, whereas during the $2^{nd}$ survey the range of the cells was recorded from 8,000 to 12,500 cells $ml^{-1}$. Cochlodinium polykrikoides ranged from 0 to 105 cells $l^{-1}$ during the field survey. In water environments, the majority stations during the $1^{st}$ survey showed a nearly homogeneous water column below $1^{\circ}C$ in temperature, as well as similar profiles of salinity. However, the stratification between the surface and bottom was observed in the $2^{nd}$ survey. Regarding nutrients, Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN) in the surface ranged from 0.144 to 0.236 mg $l^{-1}$ during the $1^{st}$ survey, and 0.082-0.228 mg $l^{-1}$ during the $2^{nd}$ survey. DIP (Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus) did not show any difference in concentration between the $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ survey. During August of 2009, the wind speed in the southern waters remained at around ${\leq}2\;m\;s^{-1}$ for about 60% of time, and there was very little precipitation during the month. Irradiance of ${\geq}10$ hr was shown in the late of August. It is thought that a low level of DIN and salinity play an important role as an essential factor for rapid growth, wide distribution and longer duration of red tide in G. polygramma.

• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.119-131
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• 2017

For the Rapid detection of small hive beetle (SHB; Aethina tumida) and for the mass-survey against SHB invasion, SHB-specific ultra-rapid PCR system was developed. Three different pairs of Aethina tumida-specific primers were deduced from cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in mitochondrial DNA of SHB. Using optimized SHB-specific ultra-rapid PCR, $2.1{\times}10^1$ molecules of COI gene belonged to SHB could be detected specifically and quantitatively within 18 minutes 40 seconds. For the purpose of the application in apiary field, a DNA extraction method from bee debris was separatedly developed. When $10^5$ SHB-specific COI molecules (1/1000 body of SHB larvae) are existed in 1g of bee debris, it could be verified inner 10 minutes as qualitative and quantitative manner. SHB-specific ultra-rapid PCR we proposed would be expected to apply widely, either in apiary field or laboratory, for the rapid detections and the control against SHB-invasion.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.585-595
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• 2014

The temporal trends of the prioritized toxic water pollutants generated and discharged from the industrial facilities in the Geum-River basin, Korea were analyzed with the results of the nationwide Water Pollution Source Survey conducted in 2001 - 2012. The statistical results indicated rapid increase in the volume of raw toxic wastewaters whereas the amount of each toxic pollutant kept fluctuating for 12 years. Serious discrepancies in the survey data of the same type of industries demonstrated a low reliability of the survey result, which stemmed from several error factors. A unit-load for each type of industrial facility was devised to estimate the amount of prioritized toxic water pollutant based on the total volume of industrial wastewater generated from the same type of industrial facilities. The supplementary measures with an effective permit issuance policy and adding survey parameters of terminal wastewater treatment plants to use them as references to the Water Pollution Source Survey were suggested as means to minimize the errors associated with the false reports from the industries.