• Journal of KIISE
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.887-892
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• 2017

Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a technology that controls computer and transmits intention by measuring and analyzing electroencephalogram (EEG) signals generated in multi-channel during mental work. At this time, optimal EEG channel selection is necessary not only for convenience and speed of BCI but also for improvement in accuracy. The optimal channel is obtained by removing duplicate(redundant) channels or noisy channels. This paper propose a dual filter-based channel selection method to select the optimal EEG channel. The proposed method first removes duplicate channels using Spearman's rank correlation to eliminate redundancy between channels. Then, using F score, the relevance between channels and class labels is obtained, and only the top m channels are then selected. The proposed method can provide good classification accuracy by using features obtained from channels that are associated with class labels and have no duplicates. The proposed channel selection method greatly reduces the number of channels required while improving the average classification accuracy.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.9 no.spc3
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• pp.277-286
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• 2006

This study evaluates how much D/H and enclosed effects are closely related with each other centering around the spaces of cities in Japan. The partial ranks of the degree of angle in D/H and of the enclosure of the real spaces which the experimenter feels are measured through the method of partial rank correlation analysis on the sane objects. The result shows that all 42 samples(0.49), 25 interior space samples(0.63), and 17 exterior samples(0.59) are analysed to be less correlated. Seen above, there is limit to explaining modern spaces with the degree of angle in D/H. The result reveals that the space structure of modem cities consists of a lot more complex elements, so it is not suitable to evaluate the spaces of cities with the past theories of D/H and enclosed effect. Therefore, to evaluate the enclosed effect, a new evaluation model and a study of influential elements of city spaces and enclosed effect should be developed.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.176-187
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• 2013

Background: In 2006 Emergency Medical Services Index (EMSI), which summarizes the performance of regional emergency medical services system, was developed. This study assesses the performance of the EMSI to help determine whether EMSI can be used as evaluation tool. Methods: To build a composite score of the EMSI from predefined 24 indicators, 3 normalized values were calculated for each indicator, the normalized values of each indicator were weighted using 4 weighting methods, and the weighted values were aggregated into the final composite score using 2 aggregation schemes. The performance of EMSI was evaluated using 3 criteria: discrimination, construct validity, and sensitivity. Discrimination was the proportion of regions that did not include the overall median rank in the 5th to 95th percentiles rank interval, which was calculated from Monte Carlo simulation. Construct validity was a correlation among the alternative EMSIs. Sensitivity of EMSIs was evaluated by total shift of quartile membership and changes of 5th to 95th percentile intervals. Results: The total discrimination performance of the EMSI was 50.0%. Correlation coefficients between EMSIs using standardized values and those using rescaled values ranged from 0.621 to 0.997. Variation of the quartile membership of regions ranged from 0.0% to 75.0%. The total change in the 5th to 95th percentile intervals ranged from -19 to +17 places. Conclusion: The results suggested that the EMSI could be used as a tool for evaluating quality of regional EMS system and for identifying the areas for quality improvement.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.174-184
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• 2010

Objectives: This study shows the issues that should be considered when applying standardized rates using Community Health Survey(CHS) data. Methods: We analyzed 2008 CHS data. In order to obtain the reliability of standardized rates, we calculated z-score and rank correlation coefficients between direct standardized rate and indirect standardized rate for 31 major indices. Especially, we assessed the change of correlations according to population composition (age and sex), and characteristics of the index. We used Mantel-Haenszel chi-square to quantify the difference of population composition. Results: Among 31 major indices, 29 indices' z-score and rank correlation coefficients were over 0.9. However, regions with larger differences in population composition showed lower reliability. Low reliability was also observed for the indices specific to subgroups with small denominator such as 'permanent lesion from stroke', and the index with large regional variations in age-related differences such as 'obtaining health examinations'. Conclusions: Standardized rates may have low reliability, if comparison is made between areas with extremely large differences in population composition, or for indicies with large regional variations in age-related differences. Therefore, the special features of standardized rates should be considered when health state are compared among areas.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.235-242
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• 2019

The present paper aims to examine how prospective teachers' experience of creating UCC materials affects their teaching expertise and creativity. The group of subjects consists of a group of 19 students majoring in Japanese under the teacher certificate curriculum at N University located in Cheonan. The collected data was analyzed using a set of statistical methods including frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test using SPSS WIN 21.0. It was found that there was a positive correlation between their UCC experiences and their teaching subject expertise/creativity. It was also found that the former exerted a statistically significant effect on the latter. The results of the current research might suggest that teachers' teaching methods in the field are very important. It is hopeful that innovative teaching methods and activities will be introduced and expanded in the filed to produce more effective education.The Korea Convergence Society.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.1925-1929
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• 2014

Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), which contributes to lymphatic metastasis (LM) in malignant disease, is one of the most important factors involved in physical and pathological lymphangiogenesis. Some VEGF-C related factors such as sine oculis homeobox homolog (SIX) 1, contactin (CNTN) 1 and dual specificity phosphatase (DUSP) 6 have been extensively studied in malignancies, but their expression levels and associations have still to be elucidated in stomach cancer. Methods: We detected their expression levels in 30 paired stomach cancer tissues using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). The expression and clinical significance of each factor was analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank sum test. The correlation among all the factors was performed by Spearman rank correlation analysis. Results: The results suggest that VEGF-C and CNTN1 are significantly correlated with tumor size, SIX1 with the age and CNTN1 also with the cTNM stage. There are significant correlations of expression levels among VEGF-C, SIX1, CNTN1 and DUSP6. Conclusions: There exists an important regulatory crosstalk involving SIX1, VEGF-C, CNTN1 and DUSP6 in stomach cancer.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.115-121
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• 1999

The effect of storage temperature and time on the contents of metal (Pb, Sn and Fe), vitamin C, color and pH was studied for canned pineapple juice (PJ) and pineapple slice (PS) which were stored for 120 hours at 5 and 2$0^{\circ}C$ and analyzed at 24 hours intervals. The results are as follows; 1. The metal contents of PJ and PS were in the rank of 24<48<72<96<120 hours by storage time at 5 and 2$0^{\circ}C$. These contents were increased to 44.1%/24 hrs of Ph, 18.0%/24 hrs of Sn, 34.6%/24 hrs of Fe but decreased to 6.0%/24 hrs of vitamin C in PJ and PS during 120 hrs. Storage times were correlation to contents of metal and pH but was not correlation to vitamin C contents. These were increased to 37.7%/24 hrs of Pb, 18.8%/24 hrs of Sn, 34.6%/24 hrs of Fe, but decreased to 6.0%/24 hrs of vitamin C. 2. These were increased to 10.6% of Pb, 3.7% of Sn, 11.3% of Fe in PJ and to 33.7% of Pb, 4.8% of Sn, 37.6% of Fe in PS at 2$0^{\circ}C$ than 5$^{\circ}C$ but vitamin C contents were decreased to 8.2% in PJ and 2.7% in PS at 2$0^{\circ}C$ than 5$^{\circ}C$. This fact suggests that more attention be paid in handling canned PJ and PS after opening in order to avoid the decreasing vitamin C and the hazard from Pb, Sn, Fe. 3. Changing factors in Pb, Sn, Fe and vatiamin C content were in the rank of storage temperature$0^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.18-34
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• 1999

Nurse's caring behaviors are essential to help patients cope with their health problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of nurse's caring behaviors as perceived by staff nurses and patients. The subjects were 295 staff nurses and 340 patients from five medical centers in Taegu. Data collection was done from Dec. 10, 1997 to Jan. 31, 1998. The tool for this study was a 7 point Likert type scale with 27 earing behaviors developed by Lee(1996). Cronbach alpha of the tool was .9701 in staff nurses and .9618 in patients. Data were analyzed with SAS using t-test, ANOVA and Spearman rank correlation program. The results are as follows : 1. The a verage score of perceived importance of nurse's taring behaviors for the 27 items was 5.65 in staff nurses and 4.97 in patients. 2. The most important caring behaviors perceived by the nurses was 'Nurse gives painless and cautious injection and treatment for patients' and for the patients, 'Nurse gives hygienic treatment and nursing care'. 3. The caring behavior which showed a significant difference between the ranks of perceived importance by staff nurses and patients was 'to treat the patient with tenderness and friendship'. 4. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the ranks of importance perceived by staff nurses and patients was 0.8302. With the results of this study, the staff nurses could be recognized to have much enthusiasm and passion about caring. It is suggested that nurses let the public know about the nurses' caring roles. In the future, research to investigate the actual practice of nurses' caring behavior is necessary.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.149-159
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the validity of a food frequency questionnaire for Korean adolescents (FFQ-A) which could be used in clinical and epidemiological studies of the lifestyle and health of young people. The FFQ-A was designed to reflect the eating pattern of Korean adolescents, and was based on the 1998 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey Reports. The FFQ-A had 25 (food categories. A total of 125 subjects (aged 13 to 15 years) was recruited from a randomly chosen middle school in a middle-income neighborhood in Anyang, South Korea. Each subject completed a FFQ-A, as well as a three-day dietary record. Data from 117 subjects (boys 47, girls 70) was used in the final analyses. Data on the nutrients was analyzed to estimate the Pearson correlations, Spearman rank-order correlations and agreement with categories. The validity of the FFQ-A was assessed relative to a three-day dietary record. The Pearson correlation coefficients for all the subjects were 0.94, 0.87, 0.77, 0.79, 0.49 and 0.68 for energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, calcium, and iron, respectively. Similarly the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients were 0.94, 0.85, 0.79, 0.81, 0.46, and 0.77 for energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, calcium and iron, respectively. The Kappa values for energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, calcium, and iron were 0.88, 0.67, 0.63, 0.67, 0.26, and 0.59, respectively. The percentage for misclassification of the lowest quartile into the highest quartile or vice versa ranged from 0% (energy, carbohydrate, or fat) to 16.7% (Vitamin C). Therefore the FFQ-A has a reasonable ability to assess the energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat intakes as estimated from a three-day dietary record of Korean adolescents. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(2) : 142∼159, 2003)

• Journal of Korean Dental Hygiene Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2023

Background: This study was conducted to verify the effectiveness of geriatric dental hygiene education by developing and operating an industrial demand-based curriculum for geriatric dental hygiene. Methods: Wilcoxon signed rank test was performed to verify the before-and-after differences in major competency achievement, geriatric dental hygiene awareness, and class satisfaction according to industrial demandbased field-oriented practical education, and Spearman's correlation analysis was performed to confirm the association between each factor(p<0.05). Results: In the case of major competency achievement, 'communication competence with the older adults' was significantly improved(p=0.031) after conducting industrial demand-based field-oriented practical training. Conclusion: It is believed that the understanding of the older adults and the practical skills for oral care of the older adults can be further developed when the learners are provided with a practical curriculum that can be used in the geriatric industrial field.