• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.341-346
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• 1999

In general cases, compared with glass electrode, FET type electrolyte sensors have many advantages. But the drift, memory effect and the poor reproducibility of the FET type electrolyte sensor cause the decrease of the reliability in the measurement system. To improve the reliability, an ion-measuring system using FET type electrolyte sensor array with 8 sensors has been developed. Developed system employed the electronic switchs to connect a signal detecting circuit with 8 sensor array and the system can measure ion concentration of 4 different type electrolyte($H^+$, $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$). The signal processing algorithm with insertion sorting method was adopted to enhance the reliability. We measured 3 different ion($H^+$, $Na^+$, $K^+$) to evaluate the performance of developed system. The results show that the designed signal processing algorithm can reduce the error range in comparison with a simple arithmetic mean and the developed system has a good reliability over the previous single channel sensor system.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.257-263
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• 2015

This study was conducted to assess the potential of using NIRS to accurately determine the chemical composition and fermentation parameters in fresh coarse sorghum and sudangrass silage. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been increasingly used as a rapid and accurate method to analyze the quality of cereals and dried animal forage. However, silage analysis by NIRS has a limitation in analyzing dried and ground samples in farm-scale applications because the fermentative products are lost during the drying process. Fresh coarse silage samples were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range of 680~2500 nm, and the optical data were obtained as log 1/Reflectance (log 1/R). The spectral data were regressed, using partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with first and second order derivatization, with a scatter correction procedure (standard normal variate and detrend (SNV&D)) to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected on the basis of minimizing the standard error of cross validation (SECV). The results of this study showed that NIRS predicted the chemical constituents with a high degree of accuracy (i.e. the correlation coefficient of cross validation ($R^2{_{cv}}$) ranged from 0.86~0.96), except for crude ash which had an $R^2{_{cv}}$ of 0.68. Comparison of the mathematical treatments for raw spectra showed that the second-order derivatization procedure produced the best result for all the treatments, except for neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The best mathematical treatment for moisture, acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP) and pH was 2,16,16 respectively while the best mathematical treatment for crude ash, lactic acid and total acid was 2,8,8 respectively. The calibrations of fermentation products produced poorer calibrations (RPD < 2.5) with acetic and butyric acid. The pH, lactic acid and total acids were predicted with considerable accuracy at $R^2{_{cv}}$ 0.72~0.77. This study indicated that NIRS calibrations based on fresh coarse sorghum and sudangrass silage spectra have the capability of assessing the forage quality control

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.350-357
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• 2017

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a rapid and accurate method for analyzing the quality of cereals, and dried animal forage. However, one limitation of this method is its inability to measure fermentation parameters in dried and ground samples because they are volatile, and therefore, respectively lost during the drying process. In order to overcome this limitation, in this study, fresh coarse haylage was used to test the potential of NIRS to accurately determine chemical composition and fermentation parameters. Fresh coarse Italian ryegrass haylage samples were scanned at 1 nm intervals over a wavelength range of 680 to 2500 nm, and optical data were recorded as log 1/reflectance. Spectral data, together with first- and second-order derivatives, were analyzed using partial least squares (PLS) multivariate regressions; scatter correction procedures (standard normal variate and detrend) were used in order to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. Optimum calibrations were selected based on their low standard error of cross validation (SECV) values. Further, ratio of performance deviation, obtained by dividing the standard deviation of reference values by SECV values, was used to evaluate the reliability of predictive models. Our results showed that the NIRS method can predict chemical constituents accurately (correlation coefficient of cross validation, $R_{cv}^2$, ranged from 0.76 to 0.97); the exception to this result was crude ash ($R_{cv}^2=0.49$ and RPD = 2.09). Comparison of mathematical treatments for raw spectra showed that second-order derivatives yielded better predictions than first-order derivatives. The best mathematical treatment for DM, ADF, and NDF, respectively was 2, 16, 16, whereas the best mathematical treatment for CP and crude ash, respectively was 2, 8, 8. The calibration models for fermentation parameters had low predictive accuracy for acetic, propionic, and butyric acids (RPD < 2.5). However, pH, and lactic and total acids were predicted with considerable accuracy ($R_{cv}^2$ 0.73 to 0.78; RPD values exceeded 2.5), and the best mathematical treatment for them was 1, 8, 8. Our findings show that, when fresh haylage is used, NIRS-based calibrations are reliable for the prediction of haylage characteristics, and therefore useful for the assessment of the forage quality.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.3-14
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• 2015

As buildings in the downtown area, such as the complex building connected to the skyscraper and the underground facility, have become large and complex, the range of target domain of the space information service is rapidly expanding to the interior space; it is considered that this change will create various demands of service such as the indoor geospatial information base safety, the management of facility, and the interior navigation in the future, along with spread of mobile devices and development of IT technology. As for the indoor geospatial information, however, there is no certification standard of the established indoor geospatial information data quality, so preparing the certification standard is urgent. Thus, this study reviewed foreign and domestic research cases and prepared measures for quality verification of the indoor geospatial information to conduct a verification test of the Yeongdeungpo Station indoor geospatial information, established in 2014. As a result, through the verification test of the method and standard of the indoor geospatial information quality certification suggested by this research, it was identified that the uniform and higher quality data could be classified, and the types of error high frequently occurring could be investigated. These results are expected to be utilized as the basic data for establishing quality certification system for the indoor geospatial information in the future.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2010

This study has examined experimentally the Beer's law which is a precondition for quantitative electron tomography. We used carbon support film and latex spheres, which have similar absorption coefficients with biological samples, as the test samples to take a tilt-series of images for electron tomography. First, the 3D information of carbon film and latex spheres was obtained by electron tomography. Then, the regression analysis on the relationship between the intensities of the incident and the transmitted beams in a tilt series was carried out to examine the Beer's law. The regression results with RMS error of 0.976 show the linear intensity variations of the transmitted beam as the tilt angles were increased. In addition, the relative absorption coefficients of carbon support film and latex spheres calculated experimentally through the Beer's law were 1.71 (5) and 2.67 (6)/${\mu}m$, respectively. The absorption coefficients remained constant within a full tilt range. Therefore, it is expected that quantitative electron tomography could be performed for biological samples by applying Beer's law provided the exact intensity of incident beam can be obtained under the thoroughly controlled experimental conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.305-317
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• 2003

Underwater shape and hook depth in tuna longline gear are important factors to decide fishing performance. It also should be considered that management and analysis of hooked rate data from hooked fish species and sizes, and each fishing would be used as a reference data in the future fishing. In this research, after analyzing underwater shape of tuna longline gear by current direction and speed using simulation, experiments were executed in flume tank to verify accuracy of the analysis. Also using the depth of each hook from the simulation, a database system was setup to process the data of bait and hooked fish species. The results were as follows；1. When the attack angle and the shortening rate are fixed, a decrease of the hook depth is proportion to an increase of current speed. 2. When the shortening rate and current speed are fixed, a decrease of hook depth is proportion to an increase of attack angle. 3. When the attack angle and velocity of flow are fixed, a decrease of hook depth is proportion to an increase of shortening rate 4. As a result of comparison between the underwater shape by simulation and that by model gear, the result of the simulation was very close to that of model gear within $$ {\pm}3%$$ 3% error range. 5. In this research, hooked rate database system using hook depth of simulation can analyze the species and size of fish by the parameter; bait. hook depth, so It could be helpful to manage and analyze the hooked data on the field.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.83-97
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• 2008

Objectives : We investigated the effects of distilled Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture on autonomic nervous system with the Heart Rate Variability(HRV) in adult man. as well as we tried to observe how distilled Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture on the balance of the autonomic nervous system. Methods : We investigated on 58 healthy volunteers consisted of 28 subjects in experiment(distilled Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture) group and 30 subjects in control(Normal Saline) group. Study form was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. 28 subjects in experiment group were injected distilled Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture at $GB_{21}$(Kyonjong) and 30 subjects in control group were injected Normal Saline at $G_{21}$(Kyonjong). except of 2 subjects(in control group) who can't be measured and 6 subjects(2 in experiment group and 4 in control group) who move or make unforceable error during measuring. Finally 26 subject in experiment group and 24 subject in control group are studied. We measured HRV by PolyG-I on 7 times : before and after injection per 5 minutes during 30 minutes. The SPSS 10.0 for windows was used to analyze the data and the paired t-test(in group) and Student t-test(between two groups) were used to verify the result. Results : 1. After distilled Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture injection, Mean HRV is significantly low only for first 5 minute, SDNN is significantly high after 5 minute, Complexity is significantly low only from 20 minute to 25 minute. HRV index is significantly high for first 5minute and from 10 minute to after 10 minute. 2. HRV index of distilled Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture Group significantly increased from 25 minute to 30 minute, and pNN50 of Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture Group significantly decreased from 20 minute to 30 minute compared with those of Normal Saline group. 3. After distilled Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture injection, Ln(TP) and Ln(VLF) are significantly high after injection. Normalized LF is significantly high from 5 minute to 20 minute and from 25 minute and 30 minute. Normalized HF is significantly low from 5minute to 20 minute and from 25 minute and 30 minute. 4. Ln(TP) and Ln(VLF) of distilled Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture Group significantly increased from 20 minute to 25 minute compared with those of Normal Saline group. Conclusions : The results suggest that Rehmannia glutinosa Herbal Acupuncture in healthy adult man tend to activate the autonomic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system compared to Normal Saline within normal range.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.403-408
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• 2002

For stimulating the in vivo secretion of IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) which is well known to promote the various physiological actions in human body, the natural herbal extract, YGF251 (young growth factor 251), was developed and evaluated for its effect as IGF-1 secretagogue in this study. The clinical study was peformed as double blind test, and 31 adult female and male volunteers between the age of 40 and 70 were investigated for their changes of concentration of IGF-1 , insulin level, weight, blood pressure, and liver and kidney functions. As the result of paired sample test on the change of the concentration of IGF-1, in YGF251 treated group, it was 245.6 ng/mL before dosing. The concentration of IGF-1 was increased to 269.3 ng/mL after a month and to 275.6 ng/mL after two months, and both were statistically significant (p〈0.05). While in control group, the concentration of IGF-1 was 280.0 ng/mL before dosing, but decreased to 239.2 ng/mL after a month and to 230.2 ng/mL after two months, and both were also statistically significant (p〈0.05). In YGF251 treated group, the concentration of insulin in blood increased about 2 times after a month dosing as an average level, but in control group, it showed a decrease of 36% compared with before dosing. And there were little changes regarding to the measured weight and blood pressure. Various measured data in order to observe the alteration in liver and kidney functions by the administration of YGF251 showed a little change within measuring error range.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.25-34
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• 2005

The governing design point of shallow foundation is not its bearing capacity but its settlemen and N-value by the SPT is one of the key parameters for settlement estimation. However, if the N-value is more than 50/30, such as 50/10 or 50/20, the N-vlaues are not blow count of 30cm depth penetration. In these cases, the estimated settlements have big difference with the measured values because the applied maximum N value for the settlement estimation is 50. Therefore, in this study, the modified method for N-value estimation is suggested. The settlements by four methods, which are based on Elastic Theory with application of modified N-value, are compared with the Origina Plate Load Test data. The same comparision was carried out with another seven Empirical Methods. The result of this study showed that the error range of settlement is decreased from 260.4~2136.5% to 20.3~272.7%. Among four methods which are based on Elastic Theory, the original method by Elastic Theory is the most accurate with the application of modified N-value. Among Empirical Methods, Terzaghi-Peck's(1948, 1967) modified method 1 is the most accurate with the application of modified N-value. The differences between the original method by Elastic Theory and Terzaghi-Peck's(1948, 1967) modified method 1 are neglectable.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.96-102
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• 2012

International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has revised its recommendations concerning the tissue reaction to ionizing radiation in accordance with consideration of the detriment arising from non-cancer effects of radiation on health based on recent epidemiological basis. Particularly, for the lens of the eye, the threshold in absorbed dose revised to be 0.5 Gy, for occupational exposure in planned exposure situation the commission recommended "An equivalent dose limit for the lens of the eye of 20 mSv in a year, averaged over defined periods of 5 years, with no single year exceeding 50 mSv." To monitor the radiation exposure of radiation worker, TLD is typically provided and the lens of eye dose can be assessed by run of dose calculation algorithm with TL element response data. This study is to assess equivalent dose of the lens of eye using the Harshaw TLD system and its two different dose calculation algorithms. The result provides the Harshaw TLD system showed the assessment of the lens of eye dose with 48.84% error range.