• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.71-83
• /
• 1994

This paper deals with the improvement of the synthesized speech quality and naturality in the Korean TTS(Text-to-Speech) system. We had extracted the parameters(table2) such as its amplitude, duration and pitch period in a syllable through the analysis of speech waveforms(table1) in the time domain and synthesized syllables using them. To the frequencies of the Korean pronunciation large vocabulary dictionary we had synthesized speeches selected 229 syllables such as V types are 19, CV types are 80. VC types are 30 and CVC types are 100. According to the 4 Korean syllable types from the data format dictionary(table3) we had tested each 15 syllables with the objective MOS(Mean Opinion Score) evaluation method about the 4 items i.e., intelligibility, clearness, loudness, and naturality after selecting random group without the knowledge of them. As the results of experiments the qualities of them are very clear and we can control the prosodic elements such as durations, accents and pitch periods (fig9, 10, 11, 12).

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.97-103
• /
• 2006

Phosphoinositides are critical regulators of ion channel and transporter activity. There are multiple isomers of biologically active phosphoinositides in the plasma membrane and the different lipid species are non-randomly distributed. However, the mechanism by which cells impose selectivity and directionality on lipid movements and so generate a non-random lipid distribution remains unclear. In the present study we investigated which structural elements of phosphoinositides are responsible for their subcellular location and movement. We incubated phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PI(4)P) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate ($PI(4,5)P_2$) with short or long acyl chains in CHO and HEK cells. We show that phosphate number and acyl chain length determine cellular location and translocation movement. In CHO cells, $PI(4,5)P_2$ with a long acyl chain was released into the cytosol easily because of a low partition coefficient whereas long chain PI was released more slowly because of a high partition coefficient. In HEK cells, the cellular location and translocation movement of PI were similar to those of PI in CHO cells, whereas those of $PI(4,5)P_2$ were different; some mechanism restricted the translocation movement of $PI(4,5)P_2$, and this is in good agreement with the extremely low lateral diffusion of $PI(4,5)P_2$. In contrast to the dependence on the number of phosphates of the phospholipid head group of long acyl chain analogs, short acyl chain phospholipids easily undergo translocation movement regardless of cell type and number of phosphates in the lipid headgroup.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
• /
• 1999.10a
• /
• pp.97-110
• /
• 1999

The new stick make-up product was studied by using a gel, which is a viscous complex formed with clay minerals, vitamins A and I and fluorinated liquid polymer with a 1500 molecular weight. The gel cannot be obtained with any random combination of clay minerals and the ingredients described above. It takes the sequential manufacturing method as follows to get this kind of gel. Firstly, clay minerals and liquid polymers have ·to be pre-mixed in order to saturate the liquid polymers with the clay minerals. Then tile on-processed gel has to be finely crystallized. The clay minerals, which are the core elements for this gel, were used as a function of Binder & Buffer and liquid polymer was mixed together for the deterioration of the surface tension of each component and to from a functional film in the gel. This liquid polymer was combined with clay minerals because it is not miscible with most oils and solvents. Waxes have a function of keeping a solid status in the stick. We reduced the usage of waxes by putting clay minerals as buffer in the proportion of 0.5 : 1 with oil phase. Ceramide takes care of the skin when used regularly and maintains the skin’s moisture. Vitamins A and I contribute to preventing skin’aging by the activation of skin cells. We could get the stable viscous gel, which has about 80% oil phase using clay minerals and liquid polymer, The crystal 1 me structures of gel were surface-chemical1y-analyzed using SEM and Image Analyzer and were thermodynamically analyzed using DSC, Surface tension test and softness were done by Rheometer. In the end, these characteristics were verified by consumer panel tests in Seoul, Baegeon and Pusan in Korea and Hokkaido, Oska and Miyazaki in Japan with correlation to the climate.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.37-43
• /
• 2010

In this paper, a reliability-based design optimization is developed for the topology design of linear structures using a performance measure approach. Spatial domain is discretized using three dimensional Reissner-Mindlin plate elements and design variable is taken as the material property of each element. A continuum based adjoint variable method is employed for the efficient computation of sensitivity with respect to the design and random variables. The performance measure approach of RBDO is employed to evaluate the probabilistic constraints. The topology optimizationproblem is formulated to have probabilistic displacement constraints. The uncertainties such as material property and external loads are considered. Numerical examples show that the developed topology optimization method could effectively yield a reliable design, comparing with the other methods such as deterministic, safety factor, and worst case approaches.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.300-307
• /
• 2006

Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis (Chinese cabbage) is an economically important crop and a model plant for studies on polyploidization and phenotypic evolution. To gain an insight into the structure of the B. rapa genome we analyzed 12,017 BAC-end sequences for the presence of transposable elements (TEs), SSRs, centromeric satellite repeats and genes, and similarity to the closely related genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. TEs were estimated to occupy 14% of the genome, with 12.3% of the genome represented by retrotransposons. It was estimated that the B. rapa genome contains 43,000 genes, 1.6 times greater than the genome of A. thaliana. A number of centromeric satellite sequences, representing variations of a 176-bp consensus sequence, were identified. This sequence has undergone rapid evolution within the B. rapa genome and has diverged among the related species of Brassicaceae. A study of SSRs demonstrated a non-random distribution with a greater abundance within predicted intergenic regions. Our results provide an initial characterization of the genome of B. rapa and provide the basis for detailed analysis through whole-genome sequencing.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.43 no.11 s.294
• /
• pp.688-692
• /
• 2006

Ferroelectric lanthanides-substituted $Bi_4Ti_3O_{12}$ $(Bi_{4-x}Ln_xTi_3O_{12}, BLnT)$ thin films approximately 200 nm in thickness were deposited by metal organic chemical vapor deposition onto Pt(111)/Ti/SiO$_2$/Si(100) substrates. Many researchers reported that the lanthanides substitution for Bi in the pseudo-perovskite layer caused the distortion of TiO$_6$ octahedron in the a-b plane accompanied with a shift of the octahedron along the a-axis. In this study, the effect of lanthanides (Ln=Pr, Eu, Gd, Dy)-substitution and crystallization temperature on their ferroelectric properties of bismuth titanate $(Bi_4Ti_3O_{12}, BIT)$ thin films were investigated. As BLnT thin films were substituted to lanthanide elements (Pr, Eu, Gd, Dy) with a smaller ionic radius, the remnant polarization (2P$_r$) values had a tendency to increase and made an exception of the Eu-substituted case because $Bi_{4-x}Eu_xTi_3O_{12}$ (BET) thin films had the smaller grain sizes than the others. In this study, we confirmed that better ferroelectric properties can be expected for films composed of larger grains in bismuth layered peroskite materials. The crystallinity of the thin films was improved and the average grain size increased as the crystallization temperature,increased from 600 to 720$^{\circ}C$. Moreover, the BLnT thin film capacitor is characterized by well-saturated polarization-electric field (P-E) curves with an increase in annealing temperature. The BLnT thin films exhibited no significant degradation of switching charge for at least up to $1.0\times10^{11}$ switching cycles at a frequency of 1 MHz. From these results, we can suggest that the BLnT thin films are the suitable dielectric materials for ferroelectric random access memory applications.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
• /
• v.31 no.7
• /
• pp.41-52
• /
• 2003

In this paper, three-dimensional thermo-mechanical properties of carbon-phenolic 8-hamess satin weave composites were predicted considering geometric parameters of microstructures. The effective properties were calculated by a series of numerical experiments based on unit cell analysis. The microstructural details were modeled through macro-elements, and the periodic boundary conditions were derived for corresponding un it cell types. The Monte Carlo method was employed to consider the random phase shift between the layers, and the results were investigated on the effect of the geometric parameters of shift, number of layers and waviness ratios. Experimental tests were also performed and the results were compared.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 1994.06a
• /
• pp.977-983
• /
• 1994

In this paper we have evaluated the synthetic speech quality by the proposed TD-PCULI speech synthesis method. For the synthesis we have extracted parameters from the Korean monosyllables through the analysis of speech waveforms in the time domain. We have constructed the Korean data format dictionary for the synthesis-by-rule depending upon the frequencies of the Korean pronunciation large vocabulary dictionary, in which V type syllables are 19, CV type's are 80, VC type's are 30 and CVC type's are 100. And using them we have synthesized various Korean monosyllables, words and sentences. We have tested each 10 syllables selected according to the 4 Korean syllable types with the objective MOS(Mean Opinion Score) evluation method about the 4 items i.e., intelligibility, clearness, loudness, and naturality after selecting random group without the knowledge of them. And also we have tested the possibility to modify a duration and F0 into another forms with changing a duration (i.e., 150msec, 300msec, 500msec, 700msec and 1sec) and a central fundamental frequency(i.e., 80Hz, 118Hz, 140Hz, 170Hz, and 200Hz). As the results of experiments the noises occurred in the course of synthesizing the speech by the rules are removed to be a very clear level and we can find that the prosodic elements can be controled as a good condition.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.11 no.11
• /
• pp.2158-2165
• /
• 2007

In this paper, a Modified Fuzzy C-Means algorithm with Gaussian Weights(MFCM_GW) is presented for nonlinear blind channel equalization. The proposed algorithm searches the optimal channel output states of a nonlinear channel from the received symbols, based on the Bayesian likelihood fitness function and Gaussian weighted partition matrix instead of a conventional Euclidean distance measure. Next, the desired channel states of a nonlinear channel are constructed with the elements of estimated channel output states, and placed at the center of a Radial Basis Function(RBF) equalizer to reconstruct transmitted symbols. In the simulations, binary signals are generated at random with Gaussian noise. The performance of the proposed method is compared with those of a simplex genetic algorithm(GA), a hybrid genetic algorithm(GA merged with simulated annealing(SA): GASA), and a previously developed version of MFCM. It is shown that a relatively high accuracy and fast search speed has been achieved.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.23 no.7
• /
• pp.875-880
• /
• 2019

A RC4 stream cipher is widely used for security applications such as IEEE 802.11 WEP, IEEE 802.11i TKIP and so on, because it can be simply implemented to dedicated circuits and achieve a high-speed encryption. RC4 is also used for systems with limited resources like IoT, but there are performance limitations. RC4 consists of two stages, KSA and PRGA. KSA performs initialization and randomization of S-box and K-box and PRGA produces cipher texts using the randomized S-box. In this paper, we initialize the S-box and K-box in the randomization of the KSA stage to reduce the initialization delay. In the randomization, we use clusters to process swap operation between elements of S-box in parallel and can generate two cipher texts per clock. The proposed RC4 cipher hardware can initialize S-box and K-box without any delay and achieves about 2 times to 6 times improvement in KSA randomization and key stream generation.