• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.91-101
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• 2012

This study's purpose is to research the antioxidant power of Calaguala (Polypodium leucotomos, PL) as an oral supplement: Calaguala, a native of Central America, is a fern which belongs to the family polypodiaceae protecting the skin from the ultraviolet and active oxygen free radicals. The total 14 volunteers, each female 7 & male 7, were divided into 2 groups, then exposed to UV for 30 min after taking Calaguala and placebo. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was analyzed by taking the blood samples from anticubital vein 3 hours after UV exposure. First, Calaguala siginifcantly decreased the concentration of active oxygen free radicals 4 weeks later. The concentration of active oxygen free radical in PL group declined more than placebo group, when measured 30 min and 3 hours after UV exposure. Second, Calaguala did not significantly increase TAC 4 weeks later, but significantly decreased TAC 3 hours after exposure, when compared with placebo group. Now days, the photo allergy and photo aging caused by air pollution and ozone destruction have drastically increased, and thus the amount of UV radiation reaching the earth's surface increased. The increase of active free oxygen radicals resulted in accelerating the diseases and aging. The first superficial protecting protection by reflection & dispersion and the second body internal protection by taking oral photo antioxidant such as Calaguala should be continuously researched.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.131-145
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• 2019

Korea has set up a radiation emergency planning zone based on the 「Act on Physical Protection and Radiological Emergency」 to protect residents living near nuclear power plants in the event of nuclear disasters. Little research has been conducted on the appropriateness of existing nuclear evacuation facilities because of a general lack of interest in nuclear accidents. This research addresses this gap by analyzing the location adequacy of evacuation facilities in Busan's emergency protection planning area based on vulnerable populations and accessibility analyses. The Gijang-gun which has the greatest risk, shows that only 4.05% of the total urban area was included in the evacuation service area within 5 minutes while only 36.93% of Geumjeong-gu and 37.23% of Haeundae-gu were included in the evacuation-enabled area. In addition, evaluation facilities in the elderly population hotspots were lacking, and there was a wide gap between dongs within the same Gu. Thus, additional evacuation facilities need to be designated and installed considering the spatial equity between areas and safety of both the public and vulnerable populations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.363-363
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• 2008

The development of dry etching process for sapphire wafer with plasma has been key issues for the opto-electric devices. The challenges are increasing control and obtaining low plasma induced-damage because an unwanted scattering of radiation is caused by the spatial disorder of pattern and variation of surface roughness. The plasma-induced damages during plasma etching process can be classified as impurity contamination of residual etch products or bonding disruption in lattice due to charged particle bombardment. Therefor, fine pattern technology with low damaged etching process and high etch rate are urgently needed. Until now, there are a lot of reports on the etching of sapphire wafer with using $Cl_2$/Ar, $BCl_3$/Ar, HBr/Ar and so on [1]. However, the etch behavior of sapphire wafer have investigated with variation of only one parameter while other parameters are fixed. In this study, we investigated the effect of pressure and other parameters on the etch rate and the selectivity. We selected $BCl_3$ as an etch ant because $BCl_3$ plasmas are widely used in etching process of oxide materials. In plasma, the $BCl_3$ molecule can be dissociated into B radical, $B^+$ ion, Cl radical and $Cl^+$ ion. However, the $BCl_3$ molecule can be dissociated into B radical or $B^+$ ion easier than Cl radical or $Cl^+$ ion. First, we evaluated the etch behaviors of sapphire wafer in $BCl_3$/additive gases (Ar, $N_2,Cl_2$) gases. The behavior of etch rate of sapphire substrate was monitored as a function of additive gas ratio to $BCl_3$ based plasma, total flow rate, r.f. power, d.c. bias under different pressures of 5 mTorr, 10 mTorr, 20 mTorr and 30 mTorr. The etch rates of sapphire wafer, $SiO_2$ and PR were measured with using alpha step surface profiler. In order to understand the changes of radicals, volume density of Cl, B radical and BCl molecule were investigated with optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The chemical states of $Al_2O_3$ thin films were studied with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and depth profile anlysis of auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The enhancement of sapphire substrate can be explained by the reactive ion etching mechanism with the competition of the formation of volatile $AlCl_3$, $Al_2Cl_6$ or $BOCl_3$ and the sputter effect by energetic ions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.161-163
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• 2002

The BNCT(Boron Neutron Capture Therapy) facility has been developed in Hanaro(High-flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor), a research reactor of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. A typical tangenial beam port is utilized with this BNCT facility. Thermal neutrons can be penetrated within the limits of the possible maximum instead of being filtered fast neutrons and gamma rays as much as possible using the silicon and bismuth single crystals. In addition to, the liquid nitrogen (LN$_2$) is used to cool down the silicon and bismuth single crystals for the increase of the penetrated thermal neutron flux. Neutron beams for BNCT are shielded using the water shutter. The water shutter was designed and manufactured not to interfere with any other subsystem of Hanaro when the BNCT facility is operated. Also, it is replaced with conventional beam port plug in order to cut off helium gas leakage in the beam port. A circular collimator, composed of $\^$6/Li$_2$CO$_3$ and polyethylene compounds, is installed at the irradiation position. The measured neutron flux with 24 MW reactor power using the Au-198 activation analysis method is 8.3${\times}$10$\^$8/ n/cm$^2$ s at the collimator, exit point of neutron beams. Flatness of neutron beams is proven to ${\pm}$ 6.8% at 97 mm collimator. According to the result of acceptance tests of the water shutter, the filling time of water is about 190 seconds and drainage time of it is about 270 seconds. The radiation leakages in the irradiation room are analyzed to near the background level for neutron and 12 mSv/hr in the maximum for gamma by using BF$_3$ proportional counter and GM counter respectively. Therefore, it is verified that the neutron beams from BNCT facility in Hanaro will be enough to utilize for the purpose of clinical and pre-clinical experiment.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.191-196
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• 2007

An isolate of Ampelomyces quisqualis 94013(AQ94013) was selected as an effective agent for biological control against cucumber powdery mildew. In order to develop mass production technique, six cereal media made with barley, rice, mille and brown rice, sorghumand rice seed were tested. Among them, barley medium was the best for the growth and conidial production of AQ94013. Optimum temperature for the mass production of AQ94013 was $25^{\circ}C$ and followed by $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$. Light radiation inhibited conidial production of AQ94013 since number of conidia formed on barely medium under continuous light or 12 hrs alternative light were much less than cultured in darkness. Tthe conidia produced on the medium at $30^{\circ}C$ maintained the parasitic ability to Sphaerotheca fusca for 30 days. A culture method of AQ94013 in barley liquid medium with adding barely power(40 g/l) in darkness for five days at $25^{\circ}C$using a 30 l-fermenter was very effective for mass production of conidia.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.48-56
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• 2016

A crude oil leakage from a large atmospheric storage tank occurred on 4 April 2014 at 14:50 in Ulsan City, while storing the crude oil in the tank. Emergency Rescue Control Group was deployed in the scene. The company, Fire Service Headquarters and associated agencies got together in Command Post (CP) for discussing an effective corresponding strategy. Many solution plans were drafted in the debate such as power down, stopping the facilities, checking the density of inflammable gas, suppressing oil evaporation, moving the leaked crude oil to a nearby tank and a processing plant and avoiding marine pollution. All the solutions were carried out in cooperation with several agencies and partners. The oil leakage accident was successfully settled up within the process of responding, The Fire Service Headquarters and the company thought that the most important thing was the suppression of oil evaporation and the elimination of ignition source. With Fire Service Headquarters and several agencies' every effort, an explosion and a fire didn't occurred in the scene. This study suggest the improvement of the operating system in Emergency Rescue Control Group in case of petroleum leakage, explosion and fire accidents of atmospheric storage tank, different from a ordinary disaster. Assuming that petroleum leakage in atmospheric storage tank develop the explosion and fire accidents, the spreading speed of the flame and the burning time was experimented and compared with each other. Furthermore, this study concentrates on the effective field response plan prepared for the afterward explosion and fire accidents from petroleum leak in a storage tank, with the database experimented and analyzed in accordance with the angle of radiation in the foam nozzle and the pressure of pumping in a fire engine.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.247-253
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• 2013

The purpose is a comparative evaluation in the DR System according to the dosimetry and image quality of the quantitative and objective via Direct digital radiography, Indirect digital radiography, Image intensifier (Charge Coupled Device type) digital radiography. The experimental method used rando phantom and measured the entrance surface dose. And through using the measured entrance surface dose and then using the PCXMC program were evaluated risk due to irradiation and the effective dose. SNR and NPS and CNR were measured and analyzed by using 21cm acryl phantom. Significance of measured value was evaluated by statistics method. Entrance surface dose, major organ dose, effective dose all of them were measured the lowest rated in direct DR when it is on the basis of direct DR dose, high-dose ratio were measured in I.I DR approximately 1.3 times, indirect DR approximately 2.4 times. Risk in accordance with radiation also was measured same as dose ratio. On the conclusion that SNR measurement result based on direct DR SNR measurements, low-SNR ratio were measured in I.I DR approximately 7.25 times, indirect DR approximately 1.48 times. On the conclusion that CNR measurement result based on direct DR CNR measurements, high-dose ratio were measured in I.I type DR approximately 1.16 tims and low-dose ratio were measured in indirect DR approximately 0.87 times. Therefore Direct DR system using a-selenium sensing element to detect x-ray photon is thought effectively at the examination such as infant to sensitive irradiation and the genital gland. Because quality image is built by low dose. Also when it is necessary that image test requiring many diagnosis information, indirect DR system is thought effectively.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.89-99
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• 1976

The grafting of acrylic acid in aqueous solution to polyvinyl chloride fibers tab been studied in the presence of ferrous, ferric, and cupric salts, The mutual irradiation technique was adopted using a Co-60 source or a Van do Graaff accelerator. The grafting and homopolymerization were suppressed by the cations. Particularly the grafting was suppressed by the cations in the following order of effectiveness : $Cu^{2+}$>$Fe^{2+}$>$Cu^{3+}$. The rate of grafting (in %/hr) was proportional to the 0.76th power of the dose rate over the range from 8.5f $10^3$ rad/hr to $1.4\times10^5$ rad/dr. The apparent activation energy for the grafting was determined to be 6.1 Kcal/mole between $25^{\circ}$ and $75^{\circ}C$ for the mixture of AA-HaO-$(CH_2Cl)_2$, containing Mohr's salt, $4\times10^{-3}$ mole/l. The increase of the grafting was observed when total dose and dose intensity were raised, or when ethylene dichloride as a swelling agent was saturated in the monomer mixture. The grafted polyvinyl chloride fibers showed considerable improvement in moisture regain, heat shrinkage, and melting properties, but tensile properties were not significantly affected by grafting.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.232-232
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• 1999

교류형 플라즈마 방전 표시기(AC Plasma Display Panel, AC PDP)에 사용되는 플라즈마는 그 부피가 너무 작아서 플라즈마에 변화를 일으키지 않고 그 물성을 관측하기란 쉬운일이 아니다. 그래서 주로 PDP 내의 물성을 관측하는 데 시뮬레이션에 의존하게 된다. 그 물성중에 PDP내의 전계 분포에 대한 정보는 방전의 형성 및 소멸에 대한 많은 단서를 제공하고 있다. 특히 AC PDP의 경우, 유전체에 형성되는 벽적하(wall charge)가 방전의 형성 및 PDP 구동에 중요한 역할을 하는데, 이는 PDP 내의 전계 분포를 살펴봄으로써 대략 예측할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 시뮬레이션에 의존하지 않고, 직접 레이저 유도 형광법을 이용하여 AC PDP 내의 전계를 측정하였다. 방전 가스인 헬륨(He)의 에너지 준위는 전계의 크기에 따라 에너지 준위가 변화하여, Rydberg(n$\geq$8) 준위가 여러 개의 준위로 나누어지는 현상이 일어나는데, 이를 Stack 효과라고 한다. 따라서 전계의 세기가 커짐에 따라서 각 준위와 준위 사이 값(splitting)이 커지는데, 이를 이용하면 전계를 측정할 수 있다. 즉, 헬륨 원자를 여기시키는 레이저 파장을 변화시키면서 관측되는 레이저 유도 형광 신호를 관측하면, 준위의 splitting을 관측할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 PDP 내의 전계의 시간적 변화를 관측하였다. 50%, 40kHz의 구형파를 PDP의 두 전극에 가하였을 때, 플라즈마가 켜진 상태뿐만 아니라 플라즈마가 꺼진 후에도 전계에 의한 Splitting 신호가 관측이 되었는데, 전계로 환산하였을 때, 그 값은 대략 수 kV/cm의 값을 갖았는데, 이는 wall charge에 의한 값으로 사료된다.결과로 생각되어진다.플라즈마의 강도값을 입력하여 플라즈마의 radiation을 검출하고, 스퍼터링 공정중 실질적인 in-situ 정보로 이용하였다. PEM을 통하여 In/Sn의 플라즈마 강도변화를 조사하였다. 초기 In/Sn의 플라즈마 강도(intensity)는 강도를 100하여, 산소를 주입한 결과, plasma intensity가 35 줄어들었고, 이때 우수한 ITO 박막을 얻을 수 있었다. Pulsed DC power를 사용하여 아크 현상을 방지하였다. PET 상에 coating 된 ITO 박막의 표면저항과 광투과도는 4-point prove와 spectrophotometer를 이용하여 분석하였고, AES로 박막의 두께에 따른 성분비를 확인하였다. ITO 박막의 광투과도는 산소의 유량과 sputter 된 In/Sn ion의 plasma emission peak에 따라 72%-92%까지 변화하였으며, 저항은 37$\Omega$/$\square$ 이상을 나타내었다. 박막의 Sn/In atomic ratio는 0.12, O/In의 비율은 In2O3의 화학양론적 비율인 1.5보다 작은 1.3을 나타내었다.로 보인다.하면 수평축과 수직축의 분산 장벽의 비에 따라 cluster의 두께비가 달라지는 성장을 볼 수 있었고, 한 축 방향으로의 팔 넓이는 fcc(100) 표면의 경우 동일한 Ed+Ep값에 대응하는 팔 넓이와 거의 동일한 결과가 나타나는 것을 볼 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 비대칭적인 모양을 가지는 성장의 경우도 cluster 밀도, cluster 모양, cluster의 양 축 방향 길이 비, 양 축 방향의 평균 팔 넓이로부터 각 축 방향의 분산 장벽을 얻어낼 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 기대할 수 있는 여러

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.115-121
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• 2012

Sapphire single crystals have been highlighted for epitaxial gallium nitride films in high-power laser and light emitting diode (LED) industries. Among the many crystal growth methods, the Kyropoulos process is an excellent commercial method for growing larger, high-optical-quality sapphire crystals with fewer defects. Because the properties and growth behavior of sapphire crystals are influenced largely by the temperature distribution and convection of molten sapphire during the manufacturing process, accurate predictions of the thermal fields and melt flow behavior are essential to design and optimize the Kyropoulos crystal growth process. In this study, computational fluid dynamic simulations were performed to examine the effects of the crucible geometry aspect ratio on melt convection during Kyropoulos sapphire crystal growth. The results through the evolution of various growth parameters on the temperature and velocity fields and convexity of the crystallization interface based on finite volume element simulations show that lower aspect ratio of the crucible geometry can be helpful for the quality of sapphire single crystal.