• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.115-121
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• 2005

Using a general Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model strain, continuous ethanol fermentation was carried out in a stirred tank bioreactor with a working volume of 1,500 mL. Three different gravity media containing glucose of 120, 200 and 280 g/L, respectively, supplemented with 5 g/L yeast extract and 3 g/L peptone, were fed into the fermentor at different dilution rates. Although complete steady states developed for low gravity medium containing 120 g/L glucose, quasi-steady states and oscillations of the fermented parameters, including residual glucose, ethanol and biomass were observed when high gravity medium containing 200 g/L glucose and very high gravity medium containing 280 g/L glucose were fed at the designated dilution rate of $0.027\;h^{-1}$. The observed quasi-steady states that incorporated these steady states, quasi-steady states and oscillations were proposed as these oscillations were of relatively short periods of time and their averages fluctuated up and down almost symmetrically. The continuous kinetic models that combined both the substrate and product inhibitions were developed and correlated for these observed quasi-steady states.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.5-12
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• 2016

Purpose: Quasi-steady state simulations have played a pivoting role to expand the user group of simulation to design engineers and architects in Korea. Initially they are introduced in the market as a building energy performance rating tool. In domestic practice, however, quasi-steady state simulations seem to be regarded as a de facto simulation only available for energy retrofit. Selection of ECMs and economic feasibility analysis are being decided through these tools, which implies that running these tools has become a norm step of the Investment-grade Audit. Method: This study aims at identifying issues and problems with the current practice via test cases, analyzing the reasons and opportunities, and then eventually suggesting proper uses of quasi-steady state and dynamic simulations. Result: The functionality of quasi-steady state simulations is more optimized to the rating. If they are to used for energy retrofits, their off-the-shelf functions also need to be expanded for customization and detailed reports. Yet their roles may be limited only to the go/no go decision; because their algorithms are still weak at precisely estimating energy and load savings that are required for making investment decisions compared to detailed simulations.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.107-120
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• 2005

The quasi-steady approaches to simulate the wind induced vibrations of inclined cables, especially on the rain-wind induced vibration, have been tried by many researchers. However, the steady wind force coefficients used in those methods include only the effects of water rivulet, but not the axial flow effects. The problem is the direct application of the conventional techniques to the inclined cable aerodynamics. Therefore, in this study, the method to implement the axial flow effects in the quasi-steady theory is considered and its applicability to the inclined cable aerodynamics is investigated. Then, it becomes clear that the perforated splitter plate in the wake of non-yawed circular cylinder can include the effects of axial flow in the steady wind force coefficients for inclined cables to a certain extent. Using the lateral force coefficients measured in this study, the quasi-steady theory may explain the wind induced instabilities of the inclined cables only in the relatively high reduced wind velocity region. When the Scruton number is less than around 40, the high speed vortex-induced vibration occurs around the onset wind velocity region of the galloping, and then, the quasi-steady approach cannot be applied for estimating the response of wind-induced vibration of inclined cable.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.385-407
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• 2012

Bridge hanger vibrations have been reported under icy conditions. In this paper, the results from a series of static and dynamic wind tunnel tests on a circular cylinder representing a bridge hanger with simulated thin ice accretions are presented. The experiments focus on ice accretions produced for wind perpendicular to the cylinder at velocities below 30 m/s and for temperatures between $-5^{\circ}C$ and $-1^{\circ}C$. Aerodynamic drag, lift and moment coefficients are obtained from the static tests, whilst mean and fluctuating responses are obtained from the dynamic tests. The influence of varying surface roughness is also examined. The static force coefficients are used to predict parameter regions where aerodynamic instability of the iced bridge hanger might be expected to occur, through use of an adapted theoretical 3-DOF quasi-steady galloping instability model, which accounts for sectional axial rotation. A comparison between the 3-DOF model and the instabilities found through two degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) dynamic tests is presented. It is shown that, although there is good agreement between the instabilities found through use of the quasi-steady theory and the dynamic tests, discrepancies exist-indicating the possible inability of quasi-steady theory to fully predict these vibrational instabilities.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.109-120
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• 2022

The force coefficients of rotating plates in the acceleration stage will vary with rotation rate from 0 to stable rotation rate w₀, which are important for quasi-steady theory of plate-like windborne debris to simulate the trajectory. In this paper, a wind tunnel experiment is carried out to study the effects of geometry and the Reynolds number on the variations of mean force coefficients of rotating plates. The rotational lift coefficients are sensitive to both geometry effect and Reynolds number effect, while the rotational drag and moment coefficients are only sensitive to geometry effect. In addition, new empirical formulas for the rotational lift coefficient and moment coefficients are proposed. Its accuracy is verified by comparing the predicted results with existing test data. Based on the experimental data of rotating plates, a new rotational force model for quasi-steady theory, which can be applied to a wider scope, is proposed to calculate the trajectory of plate-like windborne debris. The results show that the new model provides a better match with the tested trajectories than previous quasi-steady theories.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.373-388
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• 2005

Quasi-steady approaches have been often adopted to model wind forces on moving cylinders in cross-flow and to study instability conditions of rigid cylinders supported by visco-elastic devices. Recently, much attention has been devoted to the experimental study of inclined and/or yawed circular cylinders detecting dynamical phenomena such as galloping-like instability, but, at the present state-of-the-art, no mathematical model is able to recognize or predict satisfactorily this behaviour. The present paper presents a generalization of the quasi-steady approach for the definition of the flow-induced forces on yawed and inclined circular cylinders. The proposed model is able to replicate experimental behaviour and to predict the galloping instability observed during a series of recent wind-tunnel tests.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.1454-1459
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• 2024

Researchers have applied theoretical and CFD models for years to analyze the fluidelastic instability (FEI) of tube arrays in steam generators and other heat exchangers. The accuracy of each approach has typically been evaluated using the discrepancy between the experimental critical flow velocity and the predicted value. In the best cases, the predicted critical flow velocity was within an order of magnitude comparable to the measured one. This paper revisits the quasi-steady approach for damping controlled FEI in a normal triangular array with a pitch ratio of P/d = 1.375. The method addresses the fluidelastic frequency at the stability threshold as an input parameter for the approach. The excellent agreement between the estimated stability thresholds and the equivalent experimental results suggests that the fluidelastic frequency must be included in the quasi-steady analysis, which requires minimal computing time and experimental data. In addition, the model allows a simple time delay analysis regarding flow convective and viscous effects.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.686-692
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• 2010

This paper analyzes the effect of the STATCOM on the improvement of the Fault Ride Through (FRT) capability of the fixed speed wind turbines(FSWTs). The steady-state models of the wind farm components, such as induction generator, capacitor bank, and the STATCOM, are developed based on the simplified equivalent circuit. Especially, the STATCOM is modeled as a controllable current source and a method that analytically determines the magnitude of the injection current is developed. For the quasi-steady-state(QSS) analysis, the steady-state model of the generator and STATCOM are merged with the dynamic model of drive train. The QSS simulation with the STATCOM shows that the STATCOM can enhance the FRT performance by improving the $W_r-T_e$ characteristics of the FSWTs.

• 호남수학학술지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.521-536
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• 2020

The object of the present paper is to study of Almost Quasi-Yamabe solitons and gradient almost quasi-Yamabe solitons on an Lorentzian concircular structure manifolds briefly say (LCS)_n-manifolds under infinitesimal CL-transformations and obtained sufficient conditions for such solitons to be expanding, steady and shrinking. Also we obtained a necessary and sufficient condition of an almost quasi-Yamabe soliton with respect to the CL-connection to be an almost quasi-Yamabe soliton on (LCS)_n-manifolds with respect to Levi-Civita connection. Finally, we construct an example of steady almost quasi-Yamabe soliton on 3-dimensional (LCS)_n-manifolds.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.117-125
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• 2006

In the present study the unsteady forces acting on the pitching foils such as a flat plate, NACA0010, NACA0020, NACA65-0910 and BTE have been measured by using a six-axis sensor in a circulating water tunnel at a low Reynolds number region. The unsteady characteristics of the dynamic drag and lift have been compared to the quasi-steady ones which are measured under the stationary condition. The pitching motion is available for keeping the lift higher after the separation occurs. Especially, the characteristics of the dynamic lift are quite different from the quasi-steady one at high pitching frequency regions. As the pitching frequency deceases, the amplitude of the dynamic lift becomes closer to the quasi-steady one. However, the phase remains different between the steady and unsteady conditions even at low pitching frequencies. On the other hand, the dynamic drag is governed strongly by the angle of attack.