• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.22 no.12
• /
• pp.2187-2195
• /
• 2000

A water treatment system using membrane separation technology can provide stable effluent quality and its maintenance is relatively easy comparing to the conventional water treatment system. In addition, the membrane filtration system is very compact such that it can replace existing water treatment processes of coagulation/sedimentation/filtration by only one process. However, a major problem associated with membrane filtration is flux decline with operating time due to concentration polarization and fouling, so a systematic study on evaluation of long-term filtration performance is necessary. A membrane filtration system using tubular type ultrafiltration membranes with MWCO of 30.000 Da was constructed for this study and it had been operated in a feed-and-discontinuous bleed mode. Flux was stabilized after operation of 1.500 hours and maintaining above 25 LMH until 4.000 hours. Contaminants causing SS and turbidity were almost completely removed while the $UV_{260}$ and DOC removals were 55% and 49%, respectively. A simple mass balance equation was developed to predict maximum concentrations of SS, turbidity, $UV_{260}$ and DOC in a operation cycle. For SS and turbidity the measured max, concentrations in each cycle agree well with the predicted values while the measured max, concentrations of $UV_{260}$ and DOC were 59% and 37% of the predicted values, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.34 no.12
• /
• pp.821-827
• /
• 2012

Air drying is a technology to dry sludge at the ejector and multi cyclone as intaking and blowing air from outside. So, this technology has a weak point that operating fluctuation is large according to an outside conditions as well as energy consumption is also large due to open loop structure. This is to develop the closed-loop air drying system to be built the dehumidifier consisted of condenser, cooler and compressor at rear side of separator of air dryer, as a way to solve some problem. Air is circulation by the method of blowing-drying-dehumidifying-blowing within this system. It is analyzed that an air circulated at closed-loop air drying equipment contains the energy of 50% more compared with open-loop air drying and is operated regularly because of quality maintenance of air to dry sludge. And also it is analyzed that the cost of drying sludge of 1 ton by closed-loop air drying equipment is lower about 35% than conventional equipment. Therefore, this is evaluated by useful drying technology to face an unexpected climatic conditions due to regular operation as well as low energy consumption.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.38 no.9
• /
• pp.765-776
• /
• 2005

The purposes of this study were to a) examine IC (intellectual capital) circumstance of CFMC (contract foodservice management company), b) identify the correlation between IC of CFMC, c) analyze the cause and effect of IC in the viewpoint of contractor, client, and customer. The questionnaires of IC measurement were handed out to 108 CfHCs, there composing of main office employees, foodservice managers, customers, and clients of 207 school, 38 hospital, and 86 business/industry foodservices. The statistical data analysis was completed using SPSS Win (ver 12.0) for descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, simple linear regression analysis. First, CFMCs had operational experience for an average of 8 years and 8 months, and served an average of 38,540 meals a day. Most of the respondent companies operated 'food supply/distribution($50\%$)', 'catering ($46.7\%$)', and restaurant business ($43.3\%$)' except for institutional foodservice and managed an average of 66 clients for the contract period of 2 years and 3 months. Second, there was positive correlation between $\ulcorner$sales of foodservice$\lrcorner$ and 'market ability', $\ulcorner$client satisfaction$\lrcorner$ and necessary intellectual capital for managing branch/chain foodservice office, and $\ulcorner$customer satisfaction$\lrcorner$ and $\ulcorner$renewal and development$\lrcorner$, 'market ability', 'infrastructure support for foodservice operation', 'employee satisfaction', respectively. Finally, the result of the cause and effect analysis on CFMCs, clients, and customers was positively influenced by 'client satisfaction' with 'customer satisfaction', 'infrastructure support for foodservice operation' and 'customer satisfaction' with 'employee satisfaction', and 'infrastructure support for foodservice operation'. In conclusion, if CFMCs were to perform a routine checkups by utilizing CFMC's IC measuring tool, improvements in CFMC operational capacities as well as foodservice quality can be noted. Additionally, CFMCS can satisfy their client-customer relationship by employing internal marketing thechniques for employee, a more efficient infrastructure support system, and construc tive infrastructure utilization. Therefore, CFMCs can show significant improvement in their sales and foodservice quali-ty though continuous maintenance of the client and customer satisfaction.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.47 no.10
• /
• pp.973-983
• /
• 2014

This study focused on the selection of appropriate plant species of VFS (vegetative fiter strips) and the assessment of VFS effects for reducing NPS (non-point source) pollution from uplands. The experimental field was constructed with 1 control and 6 treated plots in the upland area of $1,500m^2$ with 5% slope which is located in Gunwi-gun, Gyeongbuk province. Six vegetation including Chufa, Common crabgrass, Barnyard grass, Turf grass, Tall fescue, Kenturky bluegrass, were applied to install VFS systems during the study period from June 2011 to Dec. 2012. The results of this study showed that 6.1~77.8% in runoff and 15.6~90.3% in TS, 49.9~96.6% in T-P, and 6.7~91.1% in T-N were reduced from the VFS treated plots. Generally high reduction effects were observed from TS, T-P, T-N, and SS, while BOD, TOC, and $NO_3^-$ showed low reductions. The best vegetation type was Turf grass showing higher reduction effects of NPS pollutions and having relatively easier maintenance efforts compared to other vegetations selected in this study. Based on these results, VFS technique found to be an effective management practice for reducing agricultural NPS pollutions in Korean upland conditions. Further study needs to be performed through various field experiments with long term monitoring in order to develop a design manual of VFS system for practical applications.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.293-301
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study is to figure out visitor's attitudes for trail facilities in Gayasan National Park in order to provide the basic information for effective installation and maintenance of trail facilities. The questionnaire survey on two trails were conducted to 227 visitors on the way back home after using the trails. The use characteristics of two trails were a little different from each other, and the conditions of two trails were rated relatively high both in quantity and quality. By the evaluation of 5 types of trail facilities in Haein trail and 4 types in Baegun trail, The responses were noticeably positive about wood deck, log steps with stones and wood steps in Haein trail and about deck-type wood steps and log fences in Baegun trail from the point of three aspects; harmony with nature, resources conservation and user convenience. On the other hand it seems necessary to replace the steel steps of both trails with eco-friendly materials. So, from now on it is necessary for introducing the trail facilities in National Parks to apply the eco-friendly materials extensively and to upgrade the design aspects comprehensively of harmony with nature, resources conservation and user convenience

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.43-49
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study is to study the standardization of the core business process in the chemical manufacturing industry and to establish a production information management system for the purpose of establishing the production information management system that can achieve mid -To be applied. The development methodology for the standardization of the chemical manufacturing information system is applied to the production information management system development methodology (PSDM) that was developed and developed by the Agency for Technology and Information Promotion of Small and Medium Enterprises. The standardization target is the system structure, It is a core business process that becomes a skeleton during construction. In this study, the chemical manufacturing SMEs and related professional IT companies who want to build the production information management system can apply the standardized core business process more effectively to build the system more effectively, and provide ease of installation and reliability to the system, In order to maximize the utilization of processes, follow-up education training and maintenance measures are suggested. Applying the results of this study, it is possible to eliminate the unreasonable elements of the production process, improve the quality of production product, and reduce production cost.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.18-37
• /
• 1989

This study was done in order to analyze the factors which influenced the performance level of community health practitioners' task. Interview survey was done during the period from August to October, 1986. Interviewee were 166 CHPs among total of 217 CHPs in Kyonggi province area. Multiple stepwise regression and canonical correlation analysis were used to identify major factors influenced to perform community health practitioners' task. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. General characteristics of CHPs 1) Personal characteristics The average age of CHPs was 37.8 years and their marital status was $77.6\%$ of married, educational back-ground was $65.3\%$ of junior college graduation. Their job career was $38.6\%$ of between 1-3 years, $33.3\%$ of between 3-5 years, $22.2\%$ of less than 1 years. Most of CHPs$(62.8\%)$ were fully satisfied with their job, $33.3\%$ were moderately, and $3.8\%$ were not satisfied. 2) Working environmental condition Only $31.7%$ of CHPs were satisfied with their working condition of primary health post, $26.6\%$ were not satisfied. Half of CHPs$(52.5\%)$ replied having good cooperation with health center, $10.1\%$ replied bad. Cooperation with health subcenter was good in $32.9\%$, and bad in $21.9%$. Cooperation with private health institutions was good in $34.2\%$, bad in $21.6%$. 2. Performance level of community health practitioners' task Among a total of 52 contents of their functions medical history taking. physical examination, referral of diagnostic laboratory work-up($(86.4\%)$, health assessment of pregnant women$(82.1\%)$, development of health information system$(79.4\%)$, supervision of health workers $(78.4\%)$, follow-up of family planning acceptors$(77.3\%)$, and follow-up of family planning acceptors' side effects$(77.3\%)$ were actively performed. Diagnosis of pregnancy$(62.1\%)$, sampling of drinking water for quality test$(52.5\%)$, making list of equipment' & supplies $(51.5\%)$, evaluation of primary health post activities $(37.6\%)$, organization of village health workers$(32.4\%)$ and management of village health workers $(30.1\%)$ were poorly performed. 3. Stepwise multiple regression analysis of job function The factors which influenced the performance level of community health practitioners' function were age, marital status, educational level, job career, job satisfaction, satisfaction of working environment of primary health post, cooperation of health center, cooperation of health center, cooperation of private health instiutions in orders. These 9 variables were able to explain job function from $25.7\%$ of program planning to $6.7\%$ of management of common disease. 4. Canonical correlation analysis between the performance of function and general characteristics of CHPs. Cooperation of private health institutions was found to be the factor influencing task performance of community organization, management of primary health post, technical supervision of health personnels. Job satisfaction of CHPs was also found to be the factor influencing task performance of family planning, management of common disease and maintenance of health information system.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
• /
• v.21 no.6
• /
• pp.13-17
• /
• 2020

In the era of the fourth industrial revolution, drones are being used in various civil engineering fields. Currently, the construction and maintenance of slopes are generally managed by manpower. This method has a risk of safety accidents, and it is difficult to accurately evaluate the slope because it is difficult to secure the vision. In this paper, the effects of RTK and GCP on the 3D model of the slope were studied by using digital images taken by the drone. GNSS coordinates were measured for nine points to compare the quality of the slope 3D model, three points of which were used as the check points and the remaining points were used as GCPs. When making the 3D model of the slope using high-accuracy geotagging images using RTK, it was found that the error at the check point decreases as the number of GCP increases. Even if GNSS was used, it was found that the error at the check points of the 3D slope model was not significant when the GCPs were applied. However, it was found that even if high-accuracy geotagging images are used using the RTK module, a significant error occur when the 3D slope model is created without applying GCPs. Therefore, it can be stated that GCP must be applied to create the 3D slope model in which information about the height as well as plane information is important.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.303-315
• /
• 2004

The success and failure of dental implants depends on various factors such as patient's systemic status, quantity and quality of surrounding bone, presence or absence of marginal infection and mechanical loading condition. The measurement of crestal bone changes around the implants is implemental to evaluate the success and long-term prognosis of the implant. This study was to evaluate the cumulative survival rate of the implants which had been placed in the Department of Periodontics, Chonnam National University Hospital between 1992 and 2003, and to observe the crestal bone loss around the implants which had at least 2 consecutive periapical radiographs after connecting the transmucosal abutment. The radiographs were scanned and digitalized, and the crestal bone levels on the mesial and distal surface of implants were measured using Image analyzer (Image Pro Plus, Media Cybernetics, USA), immediately after implant placement, at 2nd surgery, and 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and every year thereafter. Any bone loss was not observed during the period between the 1stand 2nd surgery, and the bone loss was 0.86 ${\pm}$ 0.92 mm for the first year of loading after connecting the transmucosal abutment. After 1 year of loading, annual bone loss was 0.1 ${\pm}$ 0.27 mm, and total bone loss was 0.90 ${\pm}$ 0.80 mm (during the average follow-up periods of 22.5 ${\pm}$ 25.6 Mos), The implant, with smooth surface, in the mandible, and with the fixed bridge prosthesis showed greater bone loss, compared to those, with the rough surface, in the maxilla and with single crown. In systemically diseased patients (including DM or osteoporosis), the greater bone loss was observed. The cumulative survival rate among 432 implants was 94.10% for 7 years. Among 15 failed implants, 9 implants were removed due to mobility from disintegration of bone-implant interface. From this results, crestal bone loss around the implants were greatest during 1 year after transmucosal abutment connection, and various factors could affect peri-implant bone loss. To prevent and predict the bone loss around the implants and improve the prognosis, further comprehensive maintenance and follow-up schedules are required.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.368-380
• /
• 1990

A central issue in the development of nursing practice is to describe the phenomenon with which nursing is concerned. To identify the health problems which can be diagnosed and managed by the nurse is the first step to organize and ensure the development of nursing science. Therefore the academic world has been discussing the application of the nursing diagnosis in nursing practice as a means of improving quality of care. The objectives of this study were to develop a standardized nursing care plan for ten selected nursing diagnoses to form a database for computerized nursing service. The research approach used in the study was (1) the selection of the ten nursing diagnoses which occur most frequently on medical-surgical wards, (2) the development of a standardized nursing care plan for the ten selected nursing diagnoses, (3) application of the plan to hospitalize patients and evaluation of the content validity by the nurses, and (4) evaluation of the clinical effects after the use of the standardized nursing care plans. The subjects were 56 nurses and 395 hospitalized patients on two medical and two surgical unit. The results of this study were as follows ; 1) The ten selected nursing diagnoses for the development of the standardized nursing care plans were “PAIN, SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ALTERED HEALTH MAINTENANCE, ALTERATION IN NUTRITION, ANXIETY, CONSTIPATION, ALTERED PATTERNS OF URINARY ELIMINATION, DISTURBANCE IN BODY IMAGE, POTENTIAL FOR ACTIVITY INTOLERANCE AND ACTIVITY INTOLERANCE”. 2. The developed standardized nursing care plans included the nursing diagnosis, definition, defining characteristics, etiologic or related factors that contribute to the condition, recording pattern, desired outcomes and nursing orders (nursing interventions). 3. The plan was used with hospitalized patients on medical - surgical wards to test for content validity. The patient's satisfaction with the nursing care and nurses' job satisfaction were investigated to evaluate the clinical effects after the use of the standardized nursing care plans. A comparison of patient satisfaction with nursing care before and after the introduction of the standardized nursing care plans showed a statistically significant higher level of satisfaction with the standardized care plans. There was no difference in the level of job satisfaction expressed by the nursing staff before and after the standardized nursing care plans were introduced. However, when opinions about the use of the standardized nursing care plans were examined it was found that there was a positive effect on clarity in defining the nursing problems, determining nursing cost, more feasible goal setting, effective and systematic nursing records and indications for nursing research. The results of this study suggest that in order to increase the use of nursing diagnoses in the clinical area, it would be effective to select some wards as a pilot project, give the nurses training in the use of nursing diagnosis and develop and use the standardized nursing care plans. In addition to the ten diagnosis used in this study it is recommended that continual development of nursing diagnoses be done using diagnoses that are appropriate to Korea and testing them for validity through standardized care plans.