• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.557-565
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• 2010

Recently, regulations on toxic compounds in aquatic environment have been strengthened in korea due to the increasing public awareness of the water quality. Typically, these regulations include introduction of emerging toxic compounds and stricter effluent limitations for the already regulated compounds. However, too strict regulations may cause excessive burden on the industry. Therefore it is also important to assess the economic impacts when the new effluent limitation guidelines are introduced. The estimation of the additional cost for the wastewater dischargers to meet the new guidelines are based on the selected treatment technology to handle the hazardous substances and the regulatory levels for effluent limitations. To explore the procedures for cost estimation in enforcing new effluent limitations, a case study was performed specially for 1,4-dichlorobenzene. The pollutants of concern are surveyed for different industrial categories and various treatment technologies. For a given pollutant, the general performances of the treatment technologies are surveyed and a representative technology is selected. For a given technology, the capital cost and annual Operation and Maintenance (O&M) cost was calculated. The calculation of baseline costs to operate ordinary treatment technologies is also important. The ratio between the cost for introducing new treatment process and the baseline cost required for conventional technology was used to evaluate the economic impact on the industry. For 1,4-dichlorobenzene, steam stripping and activated carbon processes were selected as the specific treatment technologies. The cost effects to the regulation of the compound were found to be 6.4% and 14.5% increase in capital cost and O&M cost, respectively, at the flow rate over $2,000m^3/d$ for the categories of synthetic resin and other plastics manufacturing industry. For the case of petrochemical basic compounds manufacturing industry, the cost increases were 5.8% and 12.4%, respectively. It was suggested that cost effect analysis to evaluate the economic impacts of new effluent limitations on the industry is crucial to establish more balanced and reasonable effluent limitations to manage the industrial wastewater containing emerging toxic compounds in the wastewater.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.35-47
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• 2008

The low flow analysis is an important part in water resources engineering. Also, the results of low flow frequency analysis can be used for design of reservoir storage, water supply planning and design, waste-load allocation, and maintenance of quantity and quality of water for irrigation and wild life conservation. Especially, for identification of the uncertainty in frequency analysis, the Bayesian approach is applied and compared with conventional methodologies in at-site low flow frequency analysis. In the first manuscript, the theoretical background for the Bayesian MCMC (Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo) method and Metropolis-Hasting algorithm are studied. Two types of the prior distribution, a non-data- based and a data-based prior distributions are developed and compared to perform the Bayesian MCMC method. It can be suggested that the results of a data-based prior distribution is more effective than those of a non-data-based prior distribution. The acceptance rate of the algorithm is computed to assess the effectiveness of the developed algorithm. In the second manuscript, the Bayesian MCMC method using a data-based prior distribution and MLE(Maximum Likelihood Estimation) using a quadratic approximation are performed for the at-site low flow frequency analysis.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.325-351
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• 2011

This paper is focused on problem in the law and system caused by the infringement of medical information and in the law and system indicate the solution. Interests in the medical service are increasing in internet environment as life quality of the people improves because of development in information and medical technology. The current main issues of the legislative system and the law improvement suggestion for telemedicine activation which is related to the ubiquitous health in which the medicine field and IT technology convergence appearance. In particular, South Korea in the privacy-related legislation should be amended. The reason, Medical information record contains a lot of patient's private secrets. Therefore, if privacy protection is not enough this could cause problem violate a patient's privacy. Thus we need consequently the maintenance of the health medical treatment field to suit a telemedicine environment of a law system. Specifically, this law enacted to protect medical treatment information and the technical security services with confidence and stability against security treats are necessary.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.1233-1242
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• 2011

The in vivo digestibility of mulberry leaves (Morus alba) and the effects of the partial replacement of cotton seed with fresh mulberry leaf in rations on the performance of growing Vietnamese cattle was investigated. For the in vivo digestibility trial, twenty castrated rams of Phanrang breed (a local prolific breed) with an initial weight of 23-25 kg, were first assigned to four groups according to weight and then randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments to determine digestibility of nutrients in mulberry leaves (M. alba), natural Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and buffalo grass (Panicum maximum cv. TD 58). All forages were cut and chopped daily before being offered (at 120% maintenance) to the sheep. In the feeding trial, 20 Laisind (Vietnam yellow cows${\times}$Red Sindhy bulls) crossbred bulls averaged 18 month old and 184 kg were used to investigate the effect of partial replacement of cottonseed in the diet by mulberry leaves on live weight gain and feed conversion rate. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four levels of fresh mulberry leaves which varied from 0 to 15% of total dietary dry mater and five animals per treatment over an 84 day period. The in vivo digestion trial showed the superior quality of mulberry leaves compared with the grasses. Chemical analysis indicated that mulberry leaves had the highest CP and the lowest NDF contents (22.3 and 31.1% DM, respectively) among the four forages tested. Digestibility of DM and OM of the mulberry leaf (66.4 and 71.8%, respectively) was also the highest but that of CP (58.2%) and NDF (58.4%) was the lowest of the four forages evaluated (p<0.05). Consequently, the ME value and therefore net energy (NE) and unit feed for lactation (UFL) values of the mulberry leaves, which was estimated from chemical composition and digestibility values, were the highest among the forages investigated in the present study. Results of the feeding trial showed no treatment effect on average daily gain (ADG) of the cattle. The values were 554, 583, 565 and 568 g/d for animals in the diets of 0, 5, 10, and 15% mulberry leaves inclusion, respectively. Total DM intake of the animal was not affected by the treatment when expressed as kg/animal/d. However, when adjusted for metabolic weight of the animal the DM intake was reduced (p<0.05) as whole cottonseed was replaced by mulberry leaves in the ration. When the level of mulberry leaves in the ration increased from 5 to 15% of dietary DM at the expense of whole cottonseed, CP and ME intakes of the cattle were significantly decreased (p<0.05) and the feed to gain ratio reduced by 8 to 14% as compared with the control diet (p<0.05). Mulberry leaf is a good feed ingredient for ruminants because of its high level of crude protein and high digestibility of nutrients and energy. Mulberry leaves can be efficiently used as a source of protein supplement to replace cottonseed, a more expensive animal feeds ingredient, in the diet for Vietnamese cattle.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.617-623
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• 2020

Urban railroad vehicles carry many passengers and are the core of an urban railroad transportation system. Therefore, the dynamic performance of the vehicle must be ensured. Dynamic behaviors such as the vibration and ride comfort of railway vehicles are affected by the structure of the suspension system. We analyzed the dynamic behavior of a railway vehicle according to the suspension system of an urban railway vehicle, which is mainly operated in Korea. For two types of vehicles with different suspension structures, the vibration of the vehicles on railway tracks was measured, and dynamic behavior characteristics such as vibration, ride, and vibration reduction rate were analyzed. The result of the test shows that the vibration performance of the body is superior to that of B-bogie in the lateral direction and that of A-bogie in the vertical direction. Overall, the ride quality of the A-bogie car is superior to that of B-bogie. When analyzing the vibration attenuation rate of primary suspension system, the vibration attenuation performance of B-bogie with coil spring was superior to that of A-bogie with a conical rubber spring. The secondary suspension system has better vibration attenuation performance for A-bogie with air springs compared to coil springs.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.11-17
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• 2011

This study focused on the regulations and support system of green rooftop landscaping between Korea and China. Our research found out regulations and support system to review the supplement point to understand the present state of green rooftop landscaping in the two countries. We aimed to provide basic legal information for the development of green rooftop landscaping regulations. Also, a management plan guide and after-evaluation guide were suggested. First, roof load safety is the foremost factor for the structure of green rooftop landscaping. It includes not only considering the weight of construction materials, but also accurately calculating weight of rain, snow and the rooftop's capacity for people when the rooftop is designed. Second, the appropriate waterproof and root material should be selected basing on climatic conditions. Third, a maintenance and management plan needs to be established to regularly check the plant, facilities, soil and to maintain them. Fourth, the criteria of quality inspection are waterproof and root resistant material, and the growth and development of plants. Waterproof and root resistant materials are a very important part of rooftop greening, so they must be strictly inspected after construction. Fifth, the support system of rooftop greening should be continuously improved. The choice of the object and the amount of support should be strictly stipulated so that the construction of rooftop is promoted when volunteers do rooftop greening.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.93-107
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• 2018

The concepts of geotourism and geoparks have emerged due to the paradigm shift in tourism and the increased recognition of geosites and geoheritage as legacies that must be protected and preserved. The number of geoparks designated by UNESCO and national governments is increasing globally. The purpose of this paper is to propose directions for enhancing Jeju Geopark to perform as a geological educational venue. This study reviewed the present conditions of the education and communication, the media, and the facilities of the geopark with respect to the required conditions to be effective for geological education. Data surveys, field surveys, visitor questionnaires, and interviews were conducted to examine the educational and guidance system of the geopark, the physical space configuration, and the operation and management methods. The research process is as follows. First, the study analyzed the status of the education and communication in Jeju Geopark, according to the criteria of the UNESCO GGN, using data acquired from the survey. Second, the study analyzed and evaluated the educational and communication facilities, and media, focusing on four aspects of the geopark: the geo-trail, spatial composition and layout, communicational and educational facilities, and the system and design of signboards. Third, the study assessed the perception and satisfaction of visitors to the geopark. Fourth, the study summarized the potential and limitations of the Jeju Geopark through in-depth interviews. The four analyses showed that enhancements in the exploration environment, communication, media, and operation and management system are all necessary for effective geological education. Based on these results, this study suggests directions for enhancing the geopark in the four following aspects. Management and maintenance must be improved to meet UNESCO criteria, while the improvements in the visiting environment quality, the supplementing of communication and facilities, and enhancements in the organization and system of operation and management also must be taken on.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 2017

In this study, water and organic treatment efficiency and operating characteristics (temperature, salinity effect) were evaluated when food waste with high water content was treated by Bio-dying method. In addition, the optimum conditions for producing pellets for evaluating the decomposition products as SRF(Solid Refuse Fuel) after Bio-drying and evaluating the use value of SRF as a solid fuel were analyzed. As a result, the temperature, $CO_2$ concentration, organic matter removal rate and weight reduction rate according to the daily dose were about 86% and 68% at the input of 2.4 kg/day. The optimal food waste input was estimated to be 2.4 kg/day. As a result of the pellet molding and produce, Pellets can be produced within 10~25% of raw material water content. It was judged that the water content of 25%, which showed the best quality results in terms of external shape maintenance and strength. The high calorific value of SRF of decomposition products after Bio-drying was more than 3,500 kcal/kg.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.158-161
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• 2004

In order for better management of a medical linear accelerator, the records of the operational failures of Varian CL2100C over ten years were analyzed. The failures were classified according to the involved functional subunits and each class was rated into three levels depending on operational conditions. The relationship between the failure rate and working ratio was investigated. Among the recorded failures ( total 587 failures), the most frequent failure, which was 20% of the total. was observed in the parts related to the collimation system including monitor chamber. Regrading to the operational conditions, the 2nd level of failures, that temporally interrupted treatments, was the most frequent. The 3rd level of failures, that interrupted treatment for more than several hours, was mostly caused by the accelerating subunit. The average life-time of a Klystron and Thyratron became shorter as the working ratio increased, which was 42 and 83% of the expected values, respectively. Recording equipment problems and failures in detail over a long period of time can provide a good knowledge of equipment function as well as the capability to forecast future failure. More rigorous equipment maintenance is required for old medical linear accelerator to avoid the serious failure in advance, and improve the patient treatment quality.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.262-270
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• 2008

This study was conducted to measure concentrations of particulate matter ($PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$) and endotoxin in thirty public facilities (7 elderly-care facilities, 4 hypermarkets, 4 university hospitals, 7 child-care facilities, 4 subway stations and 4 bus terminals) from September 2004 to February 2007 in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do province. $PM_{10}$ or $PM_{2.5}$ was measured with glass fiber filter and mini volume air sampler for 6 to 8 hours in indoor and outdoor of the facilities and expressed as ${\mu}g/m^3$. After weighing the filter, endotoxin was analyzed by Limulus Ameobocyte Lysate method ($EU/m^3$). $PM_{10}$ in indoor air was higher (GM and GSD was 78.00 and $1.92\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively) than the outdoor air (GM and GSD was 60.70 and $2.23\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, I/O=1.28). All measurements was not exceeded the national maintenance standard. Elderly-care and child-care facilities showed relatively higher concentrations ($83.27\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $81.75\;{\mu}g/m^3$; I/O=2.01 and 1.19, respectively) than hypermarkets or university hospitals. The highest PM2.5 was seen in child-care facilities ($62.15\;{\mu}g/m^3$, I/O=2.42). The I/O of the endotoxin in the PM10 and the $PM_{2.5}$ was exceeded 1.0 (1.37 and 1.57, respectively). Indoor $PM_{10}$ was affected by user/day and humidity, and endotoxin in the PM10 was affected by temperature. In conclusion, elderly- and child-care facilities are high priority facilities to be improved indoor air quality.