• 한국광물학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.297-305
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• 2009

전남지역에서 산출되는 납석은 좁은 의미의 납석(pyrophyllite)뿐 아니라, 고령토, 백운모, 석영 등을 포함하는 저급으로서 상업적으로 도석으로 분류되는 비금속광석류까지 포함한다. 납석광체와 주변 암층에 대한 광물학적 연구를 통하여 비슷한 시기에 분출된 유사한 화산변질물도 지질조건에 따라 납석이 생성되거나, 혹은 고령토로도 될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 납석광상에서는 또 다른 부성분 광물로 다이어스포에 비해 강옥이 흔히 산출되며, 다이어스포는 고령토를 소량으로 포함하는 납석광상에서 좀더 흔하여 강옥으로 가는 중간산물로 추정된다. 납석광상과 달리, 고령토광상에서는 강옥과 다이어스포가 확인되지 않으나, 고령토광체의 상단부에서는 심화점토화작용에 의한 명반석(alunite)의 산출이 흔한 편이다. 연구 지역에서 최하부에 위치한 광체를 포함하는 응회암층은 최상단부에 저색 응회암을 협재하며, 상부로 가면서 규화대층, 담백색 미세 응회암층 및 암설 응회암층 등이 확인되며, 이들 각 암층의 광물조성은 뚜렷한 차이를 나타낸다. 즉, 지질시대가 젊어짐에 따라 납석/고령토함량이 감소하거나 거의 확인되지 않기도 하며, 백운모는 다소 증가하고, 사장석류와 석영은 상대적으로 양은 풍부하나 원래 암석에 포함된 것들이다. 전남지역의 납석/고령토광체는 대체적으로 층리가 뚜렷하여 연장 확인에 어려움이 없기도 하지만, 괴상으로 나타나는 지역에서의 효과적 탐사를 위해서는 암상과 연장성이 확실히 구분되는 지층(건충; key bed)의 선정이 필요하다. 납석/고령토광체의 상부에 오는 규화대층과 저색 응회암층은 야외조사에서 건층으로 이용될 수 있는 특징이 확실하다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.337-347
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• 1993

Mineralogical and geochemical studies on some pyrophyllite deposits in Milyang area, Kyeongnam Province (Milyang and Sungjin mine) were carried out in order to investigate dispersion patterns of chemical elements in altered volcanic wallrocks, and to interpret genetic environments of the pyrophyllite deposits. Cretaceous andesitic and tuffaceous rocks, and pyrophyllite ore specimens were collected from the dumps and drilling cores. Andesitic wallrocks were grouped as unaltered and altered rocks in the order of pyrophyllitization. Vertical dispersion patterns and relative mobilities of chemical elements in volcanic wallrocks were discussed. Geochemical environment in the Milyang area is characterized by the occurrence of boron minerals such as dumortierite coexisting with pyrophyllite ores, and tourmaline in granitic rocks. Unaltered andesitic rocks are mainly composed of plagioclase, pyroxene and hornblende, and were propylitized and saussuritized. Altered andesitic rocks are bleached and consist of quartz, sericite, pyrophyllite, kaolinite, chlorite and disseminated pyrite. Pyrophyllite ores are mainly composed of quartz, pyrophyllite, dumortierite, dissemianted pyrite and some diaspore. Enrichment of $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, LOI (loss on ignition), As and Cr, and depletion of $K_2O$, $Na_2O$, CaO, MgO and total Fe are characteristic during alteration process. The REE patterns show that the pyrophyllite deposits could be originated from the continental margin volcanics. The $(La/Lu)_{cn}$ ratios of the pyrophyllite ores increase from 4.2~23.2 to 2.67~128.8 owing to strong acidic hydrothermal alteration. Vertical dispersion patterns of $Al_2O_3$, $K_2O$, $Na_2O$, CaO, MgO, $Fe_2O_3$ (total Fe), As, Au, Sb, Cr and Sr in the wallrocks show the location of orebodies. Particularly dispersion patterns of $Al_2O_3$ and Cr indicate the extension of orebodies. Anomalous distribution of Au, As and Sb in wallrocks shows potential for gold occurrence below the pyrophyllite deposits. Judging from the relative mobilities of elements in wallrocks, $Al_2O_3$ could be added from hydrothermal solution, and the silicified rone be formed from the excess of $SiO_2$.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.165-181
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• 2001

Using a field spectrometer having a spectral range of 0.4$\mu\textrm{m}$~2.5$\mu\textrm{m}$ with a spectral resolution of 1nm, the researchers measured the reflectance of granite, andesitic rocks, sedimentary rocks, and pyrophyllite ore in the Ungsang area, Kyungsang Basin, South Korea. Spectral characteristics of the geological media were investigated from the analysis. The in-situ measured sites were selected in well exposed rock outcrops. In case of unfavorable weather conditions, rocks were sampled and remeasured under natural solar condition. The reflectance of field data was measurd at three sistes for granite, six sites for andesitic rock three sites for sedimentary rocks, and two sites for pyrophyllite ore. The vibrational absorption bands for pyrophyllite are detected in the spectral range of 2.0$\mu\textrm{m}$~2.5$\mu\textrm{m}$. The absorption band for granites in study area is not distinctive. The reflectance measured under normal field conditions showed strong absorption at wavelengths of 1.4$\mu\textrm{m}$ and 1.9$\mu\textrm{m}$ due to the effect of moisture in the atmosphere. After the bands of 1.4$\mu\textrm{m}$ and 1.9$\mu\textrm{m}$ were removed, Hull Quotient method was applied to characterize absorption bands. The reflectances of field data were calculated to estimate the band ratio corresponding to the Landsat TM and EOS Terra ASTER. The researchers suggest here that the TM band2, band3, band4, and band7 or ASTER band2, band3, band4, and band9 are the best combination for discriminating outcrops. The researchers tested and demonstrated using a Landsat TM image in the study area. For geologic applications, decorrelation stretch is also an effective tool to enhance the exposed rock mass in images.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.265-278
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• 2011

전남지역의 점토광상은 그 구성광물이 단사정계형 엽납석(pyrophyllite), 1T형 고령석(kaolinite)을 주로 하고 부구성 광물로서 견운모, 석영 및 장석류를 포함한다. 이들 점토광상은 유사한 시기에 유사한 성분을 가진 화산암류로부터 생성되었으며, 각 광상은 광물학적으로 엽납석과 고령석 중의 하나를 우세하게 포함하는 경향이다. 고령토 광상은 주로 다이아스포나 강옥을 포함하지 않지만, 광체 상부에 명반석을 흔히 포함한다. 반면에 강옥이나 다이아스포는 납석 광상에서 흔히 수반된다. 점토광체 상부의 규화응회암류와 응회암류 등 지질시대가 젊어짐에 따라 엽납석 및 고령석의 양은 감소하는 경향이며, 마침내는 나타나지 않게 된다. 반면에 견운모, 석영 및 사장석류는 미약한 상부층에서 흔히 나타난다. 대부분의 점토광체는 상단부에 저색 응회암층이 오고, 그 상부로는 규화대층, 응회암층, 그리고 최상부에 각력 응회암층이 온다. 화학성분 분석에 의하면, $Al_2O_3$는 중-저급의 점토광체뿐 아니라 응회암류에서도 다소 높게 나타내며, 그 이유는 응회암류의 주요 구성광물인 사장석 때문이다. 광체와 모암에서 $Na_2O$와 CaO는 비교적 낮은 함량을 나타내나, $K_2O$는 광체에서 좀더 낮게 나타난다. 점토의 작열 감량은 명반석이나 다이아스포를 포함하는 부분에서는 특히 높게 나타나는 것은 이들이 포함하는 $Al_2O_3$ 및 $SO_4$ 성분에 의한다. 희토류함량분석에 의하면, 경희토류가 중희토류보다 많이 포함되는 경향이며, 다소 미약하지만 부의 유러피움(Eu)이상대를 나타낸다. 대부분의 점토광체는 주로 유백-담회색의 미립이며 층리가 양호하여 야외에서 구분이 어렵지 않은 경우가 많지만, 괴상광체 등이 나타나는 곳에서의 효과적인 탐사를 위해서는 광체 상부 지층 중에서 확인되는 특징적 지층을 선정하는 것이 바람직하다. 전남지역에서 광체를 배태하는 층의 상단부에 연속성이 양호한 저색점토/응회암과 함께 그 상부로 층리와 연장성이 지극히 좋은 규화대가 확인되며, 광물조성 상으로도 광체 및 인근 지층과의 구분이 확실하므로 효과적인 점토광체 탐사를 위한 건층(key bed나 mark horizon)으로서의 역할이 가능하다.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.163-176
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• 2009

진해지역에 위치하는 납석광상에 대하여, 광산 지질조사를 통해 산출상태를 파악하고, X-선회절분석, X-선형광분석, 전자현미분석, ICP분석 등을 통하여 변질광물의 광물학적 특성을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 이 납석광상에는 일라이트, 딕카이트, 엽납석, 다이어스포어, 녹니석, 황철석, 침철석 등의 다양한 광물들이 산출되었다. 이들 구성광물의 조합을 검토한 결과, A: 석영, B: 석영+ 일라이트, C: 석영 + 일라이트 + 딕카이트, D: 엽납석 + 일라이트 + 딕카이트 + 다이어스포어의 4개 광물조합으로 주로 구분되었다. 이들 광물조합의 산출상태로 보아 규화대, 일라이트변질대, 카올린변질대, 엽납석변질대로 구분할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이 규화대의 대부분은 약 90% 이상의 높은 $SiO_2$ 함량을 보이고 작은 입자의 석영들로만 거의 구성되어 있는 특징을 보였다. 엽납석은 2M형의 폴리타이프에 해당되는 것으로 나타났다. 이 광상의 모암은 유문암질암, 안산암질 응회암 및 화산 각력암 등의 화산암이며, 모암의 차이에 따라 변질대 분포양상이 다소 다르게 나타났다. 이런 화산암이 수소이온 및 실리카의 활동도가 높은 산성열수용액에 의해 변질작용을 받아 납석광상이 형성되었으며, 그중에서 엽납석변질대가 가장 고온의 환경에서 생성된 것으로 사료된다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.93-108
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• 1995

The Bobae sericite deposit occurs in rhyodacite of the Cretaceous volcanogenic sedimentary rocks, Upper Yucheon Group, in the western part of Pusan. The alteration zones are divided into the phyllie and prophylitic zone based on the mineral assemblages. The phyllic zone is subdivided into three subzones; Andalusite-Pyrophyllite, Sericite and Albite subzones. Oxides vs. $Al_2O_3$ contents show variations corresponding to mineral assemblage in each alteration zone. On the basis of bulk chemical compositions, it was found that $SiO_2$ increases in the Andalusite-Pyrophyllite subzone and $K_2O$ in the Sericite subzone. The oxygen, hydrogen and sulfur isotope analysis indicates that the fluids were originally derived from the residual magmatic solution. It has been mixed with abundant meteoric water later. The ore-forming temperatures obtained from sericite (illite) geothermometer are about $250{\sim}350^{\circ}C$. Considering the phase stability relation, PoT conditions of the andalusite-pyrophyllite subzone were estimated to be less than 0.5 kb and almost $400^{\circ}C$, respectively. The K-Ar ages of sericites indicate that the clay deposit is genetically related to the Cretaceous-Paleogene Masan Hornblende-Biotite Granite.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.149-156
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• 1998

Enoronmental problems caused by certain geologic conditions Include pollution of soil by heavy metal, acidization of souls , acid mine drainage, Pound-water pollution, and natural radioactivity, as well as zoo-logical hazards such as landslide and subsidence. The acrid mine drainage contains large amount of heavy metals nO, therefore. cause serious pollution onto the nearby drainage systems and soils. In spite of this prospective environmental danger, few studies have been done on the acid mine drainage derived from non-metallic ore deposits such as pyrophyllitefNapseok) deposits. The sudo-bearing pyrophyllite ores, alteration zones, and mine talllngs of pyrophylllte deposits produce acrid mine drainage by the okidation of weathering. Compared to the fresh host rocks, the ores and altered rocks of pyrophyllite deposits produce acidic solution which contain higher amount of heavy metals because of OeP lower buffering capacity to acrid solution. The pus of urine water and nearby stream water of pyrophyllite deposits are 2.1~3.7, which are strong- ly acidic and much lower than that (6.2~7.2) of upstream water and than that (6.8~7.6) of the stream water derived from the non-mineralized area. This study reveals that this acrid mine drainage can affect the downstream area which is 8km far from the pyrophyllite deposits, even though the drain Is diluted with abundant non-contaminated river water This suggmists that not only acid mine drainage but also the sulfide-bearing sediments originated from the pyrophyllite deposits move downstream and form acidic water through continuous oxidation reaction. The heavy metals such as Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Nl, Mn and Fe are enriched In the mine water of low pH, and their contents decrease as the pH of mine water Increases because of the Influx of fresh stream wainer. SoUs of the Pyrophyulte deposits are characterized by high contents of heavy metals. The stream sediments containing the yellowish brown precipitates formed by neutralization of acid mine drainage occur in all parts of the stream derived from the pyrophyllite deposits, and the sediments also contain high amounts of heavy metals. In summary, the acid mine drainage of the pyrophyllite deposits is located in the upstream part of Hoidong water reservoir in Pusan contains large amounts of heavy metals and flows into the Holdong water reservoir without any purification process. To protect the water of Holdong reservoir, the acid mine drainage should be treated with a proper purification process.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2014

저 품위 엽납석 광석에 포함된 불순물 Fe를 제거하기 위하여 입도크기, 황산농도, 황산암모늄농도, 과산화수소농도 그리고 온도변화에 따른 제거 효율에 대하여 연구하였다. 저 품위 엽납석 광석에서 자형의 입방체 황철석이 포함된 것을 반사현미경으로 관찰할 수 있었으며, X-선 회절분석결과 주 구성광물은 석영과 딕카이트였다. 실험 결과 Fe 용출율이 최대로 나타나는 입도 -325 mesh에서, 황산농도는 2.0 M에서, 황산암모늄 농도는 10.0 g/l, 과산화수소 농도 3.0 M 그리고 최적의 용출 온도는 $70^{\circ}C$에서였다. 용해 동역학 분석에서, Fe 용해는 황철석 표면에서 일어나며 화학적 반응에 통제되는 것으로 그리고 0.066/R, $[H_2SO_4]^{1.156}$, $[(NH_4)_2SO_4]^{0.745}$, $[H_2O_2]^{0.428}$에 비례하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.27-39
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• 1992

Several pyrophyllite deposits occur around the Milyang area where Cretaceous andesitic rocks and spatially related granitic rocks are widely distributed. Pyrophyllite ores consist mainly of pyrophyllite, and quartz with small amount of sericite, pyrite, dumortierite, and diaspore. The andesitic rocks and spatially related granitic rocks in this area suggest that they could be formed from the same series of a calc-alkaline magma series. The contents of $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, LOI(loss on ignition) are enriched, and $K_2O$, $Na_2O$, CaO, MgO, $Fe_2O_3$ are depleted in altered andesitic rocks and ores. Enrichment of As, Cr, Sr, V, Sb and depletion of Ba, Cs, Ni, Rb, U, Y, Co, Sc, Zn are characteristic during mineralization. The pyrophyllite ores can be discriminated from the altered-and unaltered wall-rocks by an increasing of $(La/Lu)_{cn}$ from 4.18~22.13 to 8.98~55.05. In R-mode cluster analysis, Yb-Lu-Y, La-Ce-Hf-Th-U-Zr, $TiO_2-V-Al_2O_3$, Sm-Eu, $CaO-Na_2O-MnO$, Cu-Zn-Ag, $K_2O-Rb$ are closely correlated. In the discriminant analysis of multi-element data, $P_2O_5$, As, Cr and $Fe_2O_3$, Sr are helpful to identify the ores from the unaltered-and altered wall-rocks. In the factor analysis, the factors of alteration of andesitic rocks and ore mineralization were extracted. In the change of ions per unit volume, $SiO_2$, $Al^{3+}$ and LOI are enriched and $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$ and $Fe^{3+}$ are depleted during the alteration processes. The Milyang and the Sungjin pyrophyllite deposits could be mineralized by hydrothermal alteration in a geochemical condition of low activity ratio of alkaline ions to hydrogen ion with reference to spatially related granitic rocks.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.65-92
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• 1985

A total of 12 mineral commodities significant in domestic output, economy and/or strategy of the Republic of Korea are chosen to examine the structural changes in production and demand-supply of these minerals during the last two decades of her industrialization. These include iron and manganese ores as the raw materials for iron and steel making, copper, zinc and tungsten ores among other non-ferrous metallic minerals, limestone (cement), kaolin, talc, pyrophyllite and graphite among other non-metallic minerals, and anthracite coal as the only domestic source of fossil energy. These are reviewed historically in time-series based on the statistical data which are tabulated and graphed in terms of domestic output, export, import, apparent demand-supply, its increasing rate, and self-sufficiency rate of each commodity. The increasing rates of demand-supply (IRDS) of some more important commodities are compared with those of Gross Domestic Production (GDP) and Economic Growth Rate (EGR) to evaluate how the IRDS contributed to the GDP and EGR. The major results revealed are as follows: Among the 12 commodities, the domestic output of 8 commodities appeared to have grown with steady upward trends: they are ores of lead, zinc and tungsten, limestone (cement), kaolin, talc, pyrophyllite and anthracite coal. Two commodities, ores of iron and copper, continued with unchanging or slightly declining trends and varied fluctuations, in spite of their cardinal importance to the heavy industry and strategy of Korea. The remaining two, graphite and manganese ore, have gradualy declined in domestic output in which the former has still enough resource potential but the latter has not and virtually ceased its domestic output. Trade patterns for mineral commodities in the Republic of Korea during the last two decades have changed greatly, being marked by a shift from mineral-exporting to mineral importing, mainly because of increasing consumption of mineral raw materials for industrialization rather than beceuse of decreasing output of domestic mineral commodities in quantity. In terms of trade patterns, the 12 commodities concerned in this study can be classified into the following four groups. The 1st group - ores of lead and tungsten have only been exported without imports. The 2nd group - amorphous graphite, and pyrophyllite have mainly been exported but partly been imported. The 3rd group - kaolin, talc and crystalline graphite have equally been exported and imported, but quantity of imports have rapidly been increased with time. The 4th group - ores of iron, manganese and zinc have shifted from exports to imports during the industrialization, particularly owing to the initiation of iron and steel making by the Pohang Iron and Steel Company in the middle 1970' s and the new establishment of the Onsan Zinc Refinery in the late 1970' s. All of the 12 commodities under considerations were far above 100% in self-sufficiency rate before or in the early 1960' s. Recently, however, most of them have been declined to below 100% except for those of limestone (cement) and pyrophyllite. It is particularly serious to identify that the self-sufficiency rates of the three important metallic minerals, iron, copper and manganese ores in 1982 appeared to be 5.1%, 0.5%, and 0.01%, respectively. The average self-sufficiency rate of the total domestic minerals produced in 1982 was 14.4% (in value) for that year. Mining industry appeared to be extremely high in its intermediate demand rate whereas its intermediate input rate to be quite low indicating that mineral raw materials have been exerted strong forward linkage effects upon the other industries rather than backward linkage effects. In comparing the curves of increasing rates of demand-supply of several major minerals - iron ore, manganese ore, copper ore, limestone (cement), kaolin, and anthracite coal - with those of Gross Domestic Production and Economic Growth Rate drawn on every graph, it is clearly shown that the curves of increasing rates of demand-supply comprise around 6 to 7 periods of cycles which roughly harmonious with those of the curves of GDP and EGR, except for the curve of anthracite coal of which the configuration seems to have resulted from the (artificial) government's mineral policy rather than from economic free market mechanism. The harmonic feature of these curves well suggests that the increasing rates of demand-supply of major minerals have been significantly contributed to the GDP and EGR. In addition, the wider amplitudes of the iron, manganese and copper curves than those of the limestone (cement) and kaolin curves indicate that the contribution of the former, metallic commodities, has been greater than that of the latter, non-metallic commodities.