• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 1976

This paper reports on seasonal variation of tannin, catechol tannin, pyrogallol tannin, sugar, starch and protein contained in new shoots of four races of Castanea crenata in relation to their resistance to gall-wasps. The four races were Ginyose, Shimokatsugi, Taisyo-wase and Tsuguba. 1. Tannin contents showed the lowest level during June and September, and they gradually increased afterwards. Generally tannin contents were higher in gall-wasp resistant races than in its susceptible races. Mean annual tannin contents were 0.73%, 0.845%, 0.507%, and 0.520%, respectively, in Tsuguba, Ginyose, Shimokatsugi and Taisyo-wase. 2. Catechol tannin contents did not change from February to October, however, increased after that period. Catechol tannin contents in gall-wasp resistant races (Tsuguba and Ginyose) more than doubled those in the susceptible races (Shimokatsugi and Taisyo-wase) all the year round, indicating that there may be a correlation between quantitative differences in catechol tannin and the resistance to gall-wasps. 3. Pyrogallol tannin contents were rather lower in the gall-wasp resistant races than in the susceptible races on the contrary to the above results. 4. Seasonal variation of sugar contents showed similar tendency with catechol tannin. Gall-wasp resistant races contained higher sugar contents than those susceptible races. 5. Starch contents were significantly higher during dormant period. Gall-wasp susceptible races showed higher starch contents than the resistant races did, however, this tendency varied with season. 6. There were not significant differences in protein between races but there was a tendency of higher protein in gall-wasp susceptible races. The seasonal change of protein was similar to that of starch. 7. From the above results it seems that seasonal variation of contents of tannin, catechol and pyrogallol tannin, sugar, starch and protein in new shoots of chestnut trees have some relation to their resistance to gall-wasp.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.547-552
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• 2005

The study has objective in raising value of the gray color as a meaningful color suiting sentiments of modern people by expressing the gray color in various perspective utilizing natural dyes that is natural at the same time having aesthetic color tones. For example, the main ingredient used for coloring black and gray color is the pyrogallol tannin and the gray tone dye can be acquired by combining the tannin with iron. In order to find the suitable condition for processing tannin, UV-Vis part absorption spectrum of Gallapple pyrogallol tannin, dye ability based on temperature and time, reflection rate based on concentration, color changes based on acid treatment and alkali treatment, changes on surface based on concentration or metal mordant condition, and lightfastness were measured. Maximum absorption wavelength (${\lambda}_{max}$) of Gallapple tannin was at around 273 nm, while strong absorption was also observed at below 350 nm. Dye ability of Gallapple tannin is done more easily on silk rather than cellulose fibers such as cotton, while the optimum condition for dyeing was observed to be at $60^{\circ}C$, for 20 minutes. As a result of acid treatment, the color of dye material consist highly of gray tones and showed red tone after the alkali treatment. While it was observed that as dye concentration and metal mordant concentration increased the color changed at counter-clockwise direction on the Y-scale of Munsell's scale of colors. Lightfastness was more on a normal fading. I hope this study opens up possibilities towards presenting gray color expressed from tannin as color with diversity and aesthetic value. In future, comparative study between dye expressed from catechol tannin dye materials will be helpful.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2014

This study examined the dyeability, color fastness and functionality of cotton fabrics dyed with residual parts of cultivated Pteridium aquilinum. UV-Vis absorption spectrum, TLC and FT-IR spectra analysis showed that colorants of Pteridium aquilinum are a mixture of pyrogallol tannin and catechol tannin. Optimum dyeing conditions was confirmed colorant concentration of 500% at $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes. Color fastness followed to washing, rubbing, perspiration and light as 4-5, 5, 4-5(acidic), 3-4(alkaline) and 2, respectively. Deodorization rates of ammonia($NH_3$) and acetic acid ($CH_3COOH$) were analyzed 88.8% and 78.0%. UV protection rate was 94.2% of UV-A and 96.8% of UV-B. UV protection factor(UPF) was 27. Therefore residual parts of cultivated Pteridium aquilinum could be used for a new functional colorant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.3_4
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• pp.364-372
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• 2003

In this study, the characteristics of catechol tannin and pyrogallol tannin contained in Pteridium aquilinum were analysed by It spectrum. Silk fabrics were dyed with Pteridium aquilinum extracts using various mordants, and their dyeing properties were discussed. Additionally the fastness the water digestion, perspiration liquid digestion and light irradiation were investigated. IR spectrum of catechol tannin showed bands of O-H at $3417cm^{-1}$, C-H at $2930cm^{-1}$, C=0 at $1722cm^{-1}$, C=C at $1644cm^{-1},\;CH_2\;at\;1402cm^{-1}$. And IR spectrum of pyrogallol tannin showed bands of O-H at $3409cm^{-1}$, C-H at $3003cm^{-1}\;and\;2933cm^{-11}$, C=0 at $1701cm^{-1}$, C=C at $1582cm^{-11},\;CH_2\;at\;1410cm^{-1}$, CO at carboxylic acid and carboxylic acid ester at $1287cm^{-1}\;and\;1135cm^{-1}$. The maximum absorption wavelength of the extracts appeared at 270.0nm and 311.5nm. The optimum conditions for dyeing silk fabric with Pteridium aquilinum extracts were $80^{\circ}C$, 60min. Surface color of the silk fabric dyed with Pteridium aquilinum extracts was 2.7Y Surface color of the pre-mordanted fabrics with Al, Cu and Fe were 4.3Y, 2.5Y and 4.7Y, respectively. And Surface color of the post-mordanted fabrics with Al, Cu and Fe were 3.7Y, 2.8Y and 0.2GY. The water fastness and the alkaline perspiration fastness were improved in the Al-mordanted silk fabrics. By acidic and alkaline perspiration treatment, ${\Delta}E of the unmordanted fabrics was lower than hat of pre- and post- mordanted fabrics. Also after 40hour irradiation, ${\Delta}E of the unmordanted fabrics was lower than that of pre- and post- mordanted fabrics.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1322-1326
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• 2008

Tannase catalyzes the hydrolysis of gallic acid esters and hydrolysable tannins. Twenty-two Lactobacillus strains with tannase activity were isolated from 7 types of kimchi. A polymerase chain reaction-based assay targeting the recA gene assigned all isolates to either Lactobacillus plantarum or Lactobacillus pentosus. The tannase activities of isolates measured in whole cells and cell-free extracts varied even within each species. The activities of the isolates varied with the assay method, but both methods indicated that isolate LT7 (identified as L. pentosus) showed the highest activity. The results of thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively, showed that tannic acid and gallic acid degraded to pyrogallol in resting L. pentosus LT7 cells. Therefore, the putative biochemical pathway for the degradation of tannic acid by L. pentosus implies that tannic acid is hydrolyzed to gallic acid and glucose, with the formed gallic acid being decarboxylated to pyrogallol. This study revealed the possible production of pyrogallol from tannic acid by the resting cell reaction with L. pentosus LT7.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.417-426
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• 2010

In this study, ten different bio-adsorbents were prepared by immobilization of vegetable tannins such as mimosa(Catechol Tannin) and chestnut(Pyrogallol Tannin) on the collagen matrix which was derived from during leather manufacturing processing. Removal efficiency of Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), Cr(III) by each bio-adsorbent in synthetic wastewater was evaluated by a laboratory-scale batch reactor at different reaction conditions. When mimosa was used as a vegetable tannin, the penetration efficiency of mimosa into the inner bundle of fiber depended on the dose of the naphthalene condensated penetrant; 3% ${\geq}$ 1.5% > 0%. For all bio-adsorbents, removal of heavy metal ions was not observed below pH 3.0 but was rapidly increased between pH 3.0 and 6.0, showing near complete removal of all heavy metal ions except Zn(II) above pH 6.0. Removal of Cr(III) was quite similar for all bio-adsorbents while removal of Cu(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) was higher by bio-adsorbents immobilized with chestnut than that by mimosa. Adsorption of Pb(II) and Cu(II) by S10 bio-adsorbent was little affected by the presence of monovalent and divalent electrolytes as well as variation of 1000 times ionic concentration with $NaNO_3$.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2011

Antioxidant activity of Geranium nepalense subsp. thunbergii extract was evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Geranium nepalense subsp. Thunbergii extract contains tannin, (-)epicatechin, kaempferitin, kaepferol -7-rhamnoside, brevifolin, corilagin, pyrogallol, ellagitannin, geraniin, gallic acid, succinic acid, quercetin, protocatechuic acid, etc. Geranium nepalense subsp. Thunbergii showed excellent antioxidant activity compared to positive control, quercetin. Geranium nepalense subsp. thunbergii extract showed a 98.33 % inhibition of DPPH radical at a concentration of $50\;{\mu}g/mL$. Quercetin showed a 78.05 % inhibition of DPPH radical at the same concentration. To investigate reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity, Geranium nepalense subsp. thunbergii extract was treated to human keratinocytes (HaCaT). $IC_{50}$ value of Geranium nepalense subsp. thunbergii extract was $43.22\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $IC_{50}$ value of quercetin was $102.35\;{\mu}g/mL$. Geranium nepalense subsp. thunbergii extract showed excellent antioxidant activity. Skin irritation test and cytotoxicity test suggested that Geranium nepalense subsp. thunbergii extract is a safe antioxidant ingredient for cosmetics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.790-797
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• 2011

We evaluated the antioxidant compounds and activity of the methanolic extracts of foxtail millet (FM), proso millet (PM), and sorghum (SG) using different pulverizing methods (pin mill and ultra fine). The particle size of the FM, PM, and SG were 102.12, 89.52, and $102.25\;{\mu}m$, respectively, using the pin mill pulverizer. The sizes were 9.43, 9.52, and $10.18\;{\mu}m$, respectively, using the ultra fine pulverizer. There was no difference in moisture, crude fat, ash, or protein content between the two different pulverizing methods. The total ${\gamma}$-oryzanol content of the FM using the pin mill and ultra fine pulverizers was 116.07 and $145.30\;{\mu}g$/g, respectively. The total polyphenol content of the SG using the pin mill and ultra fine pulverizers was 14.58 and 15.03 mg/g extract residue, respectively. There was no difference in total flavonoid or tannin content of the methanol extracts between the two different pulverizing methods. The major phenolic compounds in FM were pyrogallol, gallic acid, (+)-catechin, salicylic acid, ferulic acid, and rutin; in PM, they were pyrogallol, rutin, gallic acid, kaempfrol, and salicylic acid; in SG, they were (+)-catechin, salicylic acid, pyrogallol, myricetin, hesperidin and chlorogenic acid. SG had a higher radical scavenging activity than FM or PM extracts. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of the SG extracts using the ultra fine pulverizer were 178.10 and 251.56 mg TE/g extract residue, respectively. We noted a significant correlation between free radical scavenging activity and polyphenolic compound.