• 약학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.694-700
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• 2001

Synthetic pyrethroids are analysis of a natural chemical moiety, pyrethrin derived from the pyrethrum plant Chrysanthemum. The natural pyrethrin structure has been modified to be highly lipophilic and photostable, creating an effective pesticide and resulting in an increased presence in the environment. Worldwide, they are commonly used insecticides against ticks, mites, mosquitoes, and as treatment for human head lice and scabies. Therefore, human exposure to their compounds in extensive. Several studies on the effects of pyrethroids on thyroid hormone regulation, estrogen and androgen function have been reported and yet little has been done try assess their potential hormonal activities. Among humans, a pyrethroid compound was suggested to be the causal agent for gynecomastia in a group of Haitian men. The reports suggest that some pyrethroid compounds are capable of disrupting endocrine function. Therefore, we examined estrogenic/antiestrogenic potential of three pyrethroid insecticides, that is permethrin, allethrin and fenvalerate in human breast cancer cell and action mechanism mediated by the estrogen receptor. Fenvalerate showed weak estrogenic activity but aallethrin and permethrin showed no effect. In combination with high levels (10$^{-10}$ M, 10$^{-11}$ M) of 17$\beta$-estradiol and three synthetic pyrethroids inhibited cert proliferations in MCF7-BUS cell by 17$\beta$-estradiol. Whereas, fenvalerate increased cell proliferative activity at lower level of estradiol (10$^{-12}$ M, 10$^{-13}$ M). The relative affinities to the estrogen receptor were observed by allethrin and permethrin treatment, but not by fenvalerate. These results indicated that some of pyrethroid insecticides may modulate estrogen functions in human breast cancer cell. The action mechanisms of estrogen receptor mediated antiestrogenicity by allethrin and permethrin were postulated.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.177-185
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• 2014

Aspiring to the new raw materials of insecticides is one of the plant extracts. The material structure of a variety of plant extracts have because the material to the defense of the plant itself, the case of insecticides, using plant extracts, safe, has low toxicity and has the advantage of highly distinctive and fall. Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara L.) is belonging to the family Compositae, and distributed in all parts of China as medicinal plants and indigenous plants used. Coltsfoot is known that it is effect to respiratory disease and has an antiviral effect. However, the reported insecticidal activity of coltsfoot could be not found. Fortunately, I found insecticidal activities when I was screening the bioassay against several insects with a lot of plant extracts. Using the ethanol extract of the Tussilago farfara, there were insecticidal activities against Culex pipiens pallens and Tetranychus urticae. There were several fractions in ethanol extract of coltsfoot by using various organic solvents. Hexane fraction showed a higher insecticidal activity than any other fraction. It is confirmed that hexane fraction contained pyrethrin by using HPLC analysis. So, it might be suggested that extract of coltsfoot has an insecticidal activity and its effect due to a ingredient of pyrethrin.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.296-313
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• 2014

토양환경 중 잔류농약 동시분석을 위해 124종의 농약을 대상으로 QuEChERS 전처리와 LC-MS-MS를 이용한 분석법을 개발하고자 하였다. QuEChERS 전처리 과정은 토양시료에 0.2N $NH_4Cl$ 용액 침지하고 1% acetic acid 포함 acetonitrile 용매로 추출 후 $MgSO_4$ 및 NaOAc로 salting out하고 PSA 50 mg, $C_{18}$ 50 mg, $MgSO_4$ 150 mg를 이용해 정제하였다. 분석법의 검증을 위해 양토 및 사양토 두 토양에서 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.1 mg/kg 4수준으로 처리 후 회수율 실험을 실시하였다. 회수율 실험결과 Benfuracarb, Ethiofencarb, Pymetrozine, Pyrethrin 성분을 제외하고 나머지 성분들은 사양토와 양토 모두 70~120%의 적정 회수율을 나타내었으며, 상대표준편차도 20% 이내를 양호한 결과를 나타내었다. 따라서 QuEChERS 전처리 및 LC-MS를 이용한 분석법은 토양 중 잔류농약 다성분동시분석에 적용이 가능할 것으로 판단되었다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제7권1_2호
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• pp.1-16
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• 1992

Biologically, MGK-264 (N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide) acts as a synergists for insecticides mainly pyrethrins and pyrethroids. It's used extensively in combination with pyrethrin and piperonyl butoxide and also with personal insect repellent and cockroach repellents. But the toxic effect of MGK-264 in mamalians was a relatively little known therefore in this studies it was initiated to examine the toxic effect of MGK -264 in rats. For 5 weeks it administrated daily in each 250 mg and 500 mg of MGK-264 per kg of body weight in rats. 1) The body weight gain and the LYMPH (%) value in blood were observed a slight tendency to reduce in accordance with amount of dose and number treatment time. 2) The content of cytochrome P-450 and activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase were decreased in liver and those were observed some tendency in the kidney as liver but not significant. 3) The liver cholinesterase activity in the both 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg per kg of body weight with treated groups and the liver aniline hydroxylase in 500 mg/kg treated group were gradually decreased from 4 weeks after treated groups. In consequence it would sugested that the toxic effect of MGK-264 was low but in could offer hazard effect in liver and nervers system of rats if it was administrated move dose of MGK-264 and agumented in number of treated time.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.280-297
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• 2017

Objectives: We assessed pesticide exposure levels according to cultivation and crop type and investigated agricultural factors related to exposure. Methods: The participants, 341 male and 127 female farmers, were divided into three groups by cultivation crop type: chili greenhouse, cucumber greenhouse, and orchard. We collected questionnaires, socioeconomic characteristics and agricultural factors, and spot urine. Pesticide exposure was examined using four organophosphate and four pyrethroids urinary metabolites: dimethylphosphate, dimethylthiophosphate, diethylphosphate, diethylthiophosphate, Cis and Trans-3-(2-2dichlorovinyl)-2, 2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), Cis-3-(2-2dibrmovinyl)-2, and 2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid. Each metabolite was summed ${\Sigma}DAP$ and ${\Sigma}PY$ according to the chemical class. Results: Urinary metabolite detection rates and concentrations were similar between the greenhouse groups, but the orchard group was different. Similar 3-PBA detection rates were found in the three groups, but the geometric mean was very high in the orchard group compared to the two greenhouse groups. 3-PBA concentration in the orchard group was $4.11{\mu}g/g$ creatinine; the chili and cucumber greenhouse groups were 1.27 and $1.16{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, respectively. ${\Sigma}DAP$ was significantly associated with cultivation crop type and seasonal variation, but ${\Sigma}PY$ was not relevant. Conclusions: Our results suggest that cultivation and crop type may be correlated with different pesticide types and exposure levels. Furthermore, seasonal factors were related as potential factors influencing the level of organophosphate metabolites, but not for pyrethroid metabolites.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2005

농작물이 병해충 및 잡초 등에 의하여 피해를 받게 되면 농업생산성은 상당히 저하된다. 따라서 농업생산성을 높이기 위하여 합성농약을 과용해 왔고, 이로 인하여 토양의 질과 농업환경이 파괴되는 결과를 초래하고 있어서 지속적인 농업이 점차 어려워지고 있다. 오늘날의 농업은 농업환경의 파괴를 최소화하고 농산물의 안전성을 확보함과 동시에 생산성을 증대해야하는 복합적인 문제에 직면해 있다. 한편, 식물은 일반적으로 생존하기 위하며 외부의 침입으로부터 자신을 보호하거나 자신의 영역을 확보하기 위하며 다양한 종류의 2차대사물질을 생산하고 방출한다. 병원균이 침입했을 때 식물이 생산하는 항생물질인 phytoalexin으로는 화본과 식물의 경우 flavonoid계와 diterpenoid계의 물질을 생성하고, 쌍자엽 식물은 감염된 병원균의 종류에 상관없이 Leguminosae과는 flavonoids계, Cruciferae과는 indole 유도체, Solanaceae과는 sesquiterpenoid계, Umbelliferae과는 coumarin계 물질들을 생성하여 병원균에 저항성을 가진다. 곤충의 생리작용을 저해하거나 섭생을 싫어하게 하는 기능의 물질로는 terpene계의 pyrethrin, azadirachtin, limonin, cedrelanoid, toosendanin, fraxinellone/dictamnine 등이 있으며, alkaloid계로서는 terpenoid와 alkaloid가 결합된 sesquiterpene pyridine 및 norditerpenoids alkaloids와 azepine계, amide계, loline계, stemofoline계, pyrrolizidine계 alkaloids 등이 있다. 식물은 또한 자신의 영역을 확보하기 위하여 다른 식물의 생장을 저해하는 물질을 생성하는데 여기에는 terpene계의 essential oil 및 sesquiterpene lactone과 이외에 benzoxazinoids, glucosinolate, quassinoid, cyanogenic glycoside, saponin, sorgolennone, juglone 등 다수의 2차 대사물질들이 있다. 이와 같은 기능의 2차 대사물질을 병해충 및 잡초 방제에 직, 간접으로 이용하는 것은 친환경농업의 한 가지 방법일 수 있다. 그러나 천연물질들은 자연계에서 쉽게 분해되어 효율이 떨어지는 경우가 많고 식물을 통하여 생산하는데도 한계가 있다. 따라서 보다 안전성과 효율성이 뛰어난 2차 대사물질을 찾아내는 연구와 아울러 방제기능이 있는 물질의 생합성경로를 구명하고 대사공학적으로 이용하므로 병해충에 저항성이 있고 잡초 방제효과를 갖는 형질전환 식물을 육성하는 연구가 지속적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2007

Purpose: Pyrethroid is an insecticide that produces moderate intoxication in mammals, with neither exposure to skin nor inhalation resulting in severe systemic manifestations. In 2005 we made a nationwide survey of agrichemical human intoxication. The object of this study is to analyze pyrethroid intoxications based on the 2005 survey. Methods: We prospectively collected data from 1 August 2005 to 31 July 2006 by a standard investigation protocol. We analyzed demographic data, exposure data (cause, amount, ingredients), clinical features, and courses. Results: A total of 125 cases of pyrethroid intoxication were surveyed. The mean patient age was $56.78{\pm}16.158$ years old, and the mean amount ingested was $121.85{\pm}110.732ml$. Patients were classified into four severity groups according to symptoms and mental status: the asymptomatic group (27 patients, 21.6%), the mild symptom group (48, 38.4%), the moderate symptom group (21, 16.8%), and the severe symptom group (7, 5.6%). There were statistically significant differences in mental status, severity, and mean ICU days between two groups. Admission days by severity grade for the asymptomatic, mild, moderate, and severe symptom groups were $5.49{\pm}16.051,\;3.65{\pm}4.143,\;4.59{\pm}3.335,\;and\;8.14{\pm}7.199days$, respectively (p=0.047). Conclusion: Nationwide surveillance was extremely telling in uncovering a high frequency of agrichemical intoxication in Korea. In pyrethroid intoxication, severity grading can be a useful prognostic tool.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제33권s01호
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• pp.86-97
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• 1988

Sesame(Sesamum indicum L.) is probably the most ancient oilseed crop known in the world. The seed of sesame is used in a variety of ways as food. The whole seed may be eaten raw, either roasted or parched, or fed to birds and stock. Sesame oil is used as a salad or cooking oil, in shortening, margarine and in the manufacture of soap. Minor uses are as a fixative in the perfume industry and formerly as a carrier for fatsoluble substances in pharmaceuticals such as penicillin. One of the minor constituents of sesame oil, sesamin, is used for its synergistic effect in pyrethrin insecticides, in addition of a small quantity of this substance markedly increases the effectiveness of fly sprays. The meal remaining after oil extraction can be used as and animal feed-stuff or as manure. In general sesame meal is considered to be equal to cottonseed or soybean meal as a protein supplement for livestock and poultry. It is especially high in certain amino-acids such as methionine, which is low in soybean meal, and thus can be combined with it or similar meal to form a more balanced ration. An attempt to summarize the literature review on quality improvement of sesame was made to discuss the accomplishments of the past and perspectives in the future. The reviews on quality improvement of sesame were mainly discussed in connection with the cultural practices and genetic informations in current status. The emphasis focussed on environmental variation of quality in cultural practices, such as harvest time, variety by location, climatic condition, fertilizer application, and growth regulator treatment. On the genetic variation of quality, it was discussed on variety background, mutation breeding, correlations, and inheritance of quality related characteristics. It also was discussed on relationship between quality and plant traits, storage condition or period, and seed coat color. Moreover, current research status were reviewed on some minor elements such as sesamin, oxalic acid, and trypsin inhibitor. As a results of the review, the lack of an effort to quality improvement in each utilization area was indicated as a problem area. More active efforts for the improvement of quality were also insufficient to incorporate the available genes for quality in breeding method or collection and analysis of breeding materials. Therefore, researches in the future would be recommended to emphasize on these problem areas.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.267-275
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• 2023

제충국(Tanacetum cineariaiaefolium), 데리스(Derris elliptica), 고삼(Sophora flavescens) 추출물은 다양한 해충을 방제하는데 사용되고 있다. 하지만, 국내에서 판매되고 있는 식물추춞물 자재는 유효성분의 표기가 없고, 살충농도와 살충시간에 대한 자료가 전무한 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 상용화된 주요 식물추출물의 살충유효성분의 농도를 결정하고 복숭아혹진딧물에 대해 살충농도와 살충시간을 측정하였다. 식물추출물의 살충활성성분인 pyrethrins, rotenone, matrine과 oxymatrine의 농도는 액체 크로마토그래피에서 표준물질을 활용하여 질량분석을 통해 측정하였다. 식물추출물을 농도별로 희석하여 복숭아혹진딧물에 살포하여 살충력을 측정하였다. 표준화합물과 비교한 후 질량분석 및 결정했습니다. Myzus persicae에 대한 lethal concentation과 lethal time을 조사했다. 살포 후 48시간 후 치사 농도(LC50)는 pyrethrins (20.4 ppm), roteone (34.1 ppm), matrine (29.6 ppm)였고, 100 ppm 살포한 LT50은 pyrethrins (13.4시간), rotenone (15.1시간), matrine (14.4시간)로 측정되었다. Kaplan-Meier 생존분석 결과, 100 ppm에서 세 가지 식물 추출물의 LT50은 대조구인 화학 살충제인 Sulfoxaflor를 살포 처리구보다 유의하게 빨랐습니다. 본 결과는 복숭아혹진딧물 방제를 위해 식물추출물의 제형화에 단일 또는 혼합 제제를 개발하는데 기준 살충농도와 살충시간을 제고하는데 의미가 있다.