• 생물정신의학
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.275-280
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• 1995

Smooth pursuit eye movement, one of the reliable biological markers of schizophrenia, is not always abnormal in schizophrenic patients. Therefore the authors studied it in schizophrenic patients and normal controls and compared the results according to the presence or abscence of family history of psychosis and types (type I and type II). The results are as follows: 1) In the 18 normal control group (8 mole, 10 female), there was no sex difference in the responses of smooth pursuit eye movement. 2) In th 44 schizophrenic group (28 male, 16 female), there also was no sex difference in the responses of smooth pursuit eye movement. 3) In comparison of 44 schizophrenic group to 18 normal control group, there was significantly increased abnormal response in smooth pursuit eye movement in schizophrenic group (P < 0.005). 4) In schizophrenic group, there was no difference in the responses of smooth pursuit eye movement between type I and type II schizophrenia. 5) The presence or abscence of family history of psychosis made no difference in the responses of smooth pursuit eye movement in schizophrenic group. 6) Subdivision of type I or type II in each case of presence or abscence of family history made no difference in the responses of smooth pursuit eye movement in schizophrenic group.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2022

PURPOSE: This study is examined the effects of vestibular stimulation through eye movement on balance and muscle activity. METHODS: In 42 healthy adults, no eye exercise was applied to both feet and one foot. The speed of smooth pursuit eye movement (.2 Hz, .3 Hz, and .5 Hz) and saccadic eye movement (.5 Hz and 1.1 Hz) were randomized. The measurements were taken three times for 30 seconds while standing on two feet and measured three times for 10 seconds while standing on one foot. The muscle activity measurement equipment was used to measure the electromyogram signals of the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, gastrocnemius medialis, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, abdominal internal oblique, and erector spinae muscle. RESULTS: As a result of this study, when applying smooth pursuit eye movement on one leg, the pressure center movement increased, the muscle activity of the lower extremity increased, in the saccadic eye movement, and the center of pressure decreased. CONCLUSION: Accordingly, the smooth pursuit of eye movement, the intervention of this study, affects balance. Through this, the balance can be improved by applying eye movement to the target who needs to improve the balance ability.

• 인지과학
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.175-188
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• 2005

최근의 연구에서 Li, Brenner, Cornelissen과 Kim (2002)은 추적 눈 운동 동안의 2차원 모양지각이 망막에 형성된 이미지 내용을 그대로 반영한다는 것을 보여 주었는데, 이러한 연구는 2차원 모양판단에 있어서 망막 외 정보가 전혀 고려되지 않았음을 시사한다. 이와 같은 실험실 연구와 달리, 실제 생활에서 2차원 모양지각의 왜곡은 대부분의 경우에 발생하지 않는데, 가능한 한 가지 이유는 실험실 연구에서 사용된 자극의 경우에 참조대상이 존재하지 않는데 비하여, 실제 생환에서는 다양한 참조대상이 목표대상의 주변에 존재하기 때문이다. 목표대상과 참조대상의 상대적인 위치관계는 추적 눈 운동 동안에 망막에서도 그대로 유지되는데 시각체계가 이러한 안정적인 관계를 목표대상의 모양을 지각할 때에 이용할 가능성이 있다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 참조대상을 이용하여 이러한 가능성을 검증하였다. 흥미롭게도, 추적 눈 운동 동안에 참조대상이 목표대상 주위에 존재할 때에도 모양지각 왜곡이 관찰되었는데, 왜곡의 양은 참조대상이 존재하지 않을 때에 비하여 감소하였다. 참조대상의 효과는 참조대상과 목표대상의 거리에 비례하였다. 이러한 실험결과는 추적 눈 운동 동안의 2차원 모양지각에 참조대상 정보가 이용되지만, 참조대상에 대한 정보만으로는 실제생활에서의 안정적인 모양지각을 설명할 수 없음을 시사한다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.32-40
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• 2007

Although many children with cerebral palsy have problems with their eye movements available data on its intervention is minimal. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the postural movement normalization and eye movement program on the oculomotor ability of children with cerebral palsy. Twenty-four children with cerebral palsy (12 male and 12 female), aged between 10 and 12, were invited to partake in this study. The subjects were randomly allocated to two groups: an experimental group received the postural movement normalization and eye movement program and a control group which received conventional therapy without the eye movement program. Each subject received intervention three times a week for twelve weeks. The final measurement was the ocular motor computerized test before and after treatment sessions through an independent assessor. Differences between the experimental group and control group were determined by assessing changes in oculomotor ability using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The changes of visual fixation (p<.01), saccadic eye movement (p<.01) and pursuit eye movement (p<.01) were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. These results show that the postural movement normalization and eye movement program may be helpful to treat children with cerebral palsy who lose normal physical and eye movement.

• 국제물리치료학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.1768-1773
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• 2019

Background: Aging reduces cognitive abilities, including visual memory (VM) and visual discrimination (VD). Since common cortical networks subserve eye movement and attention, voluntary eye movement may improve visual attention. Visual selective attention was major role for memory, and visual memory and visual attention are intimately related. Objective: To identify the improvement in VD and VM, after implementing the eye movement program consisting of saccadic eye movement (SEM) and pursuit eye movement (PEM) in the institutionalized healthy elderly. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: The study involved a sample of 36 participants, and the mean age was 79.03 years (range 76~84 years). They were randomly allocated to the experimental group (n=16) and control group (n=20). Participants in the experimental group performed SEM 5 times per week for 4 weeks: twice daily at the same time in the morning and afternoon. The program was carried out for 3 minutes, and it consisted of SEM and PEM. The target's moving frequency was set at 0.5 Hz. VM and VD at the baseline and post-intervention were measured using Motor-Free Visual Perception test-4 (MFVPT-4). Results: VM significantly improved in the experimental group (p < .01), and significant differences were observed compared to the control group (p < .01). There was no significant change in VD. Conclusion: The eye movement program consisting of SEM and PEM increased VM more than VD. Therefore, eye movement program was feasible interventions for improving VM in institutionalized elderly persons.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.173-181
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• 1999

Eye movements serve vision by placing the image of an object on the fovea of each retina, and by preventing slippage of images on the retina. The brain employs two modes of ocular motor control, fast eye movements (saccades) and smooth eye movements. Saccades bring the fovea to a target, and smooth eye movements prevent retinal image slip. Smooth eye movements comprise smooth pursuit, the optokinetic reflex, the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), vergence, and fixation. Saccades achieve rapid refixation of targets that fall on the extrafoveal retina by moving the eyes at peak velocities that can exceed $700^{\circ}/s$. Various brain lesions can affect saccadic latency, velocity, or accuracy. Smooth pursuit maintains fixation of a slowly moving target. The pursuit system responds to slippage of an image near the fovea in order to accelerate the eyes to a velocity that matches that of the target. When smooth eye movements velocity fails to match target velocity, catch-up saccades are used to compensate for limited smooth pursuit velocities. The VOR subserves vision by generating conjugate eye movements that are equal and opposite to head movements. If the VOR gain (the ratio of eye velocity to head velocity) is too high or too low, the target image is off the fovea, and head motion causes oscillopsia, an illusory to-and-fro movement of the environment.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.121-127
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• 2018

본 연구는 55명의 노인 대상자를 무작위로 급속안구운동(saccadic eye movement, SEM)군과 원활추종눈운동(smooth pursuit eye movement, SPEM) 두 군으로 구분하여 4주 동안 안구운동을 실시한 후 사건관련 전위(event-related potentials)중 P300의 전위값과 잠복기 그리고 MMSE-DS를 사용하여 안구운동이 인지능력에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 그 결과 SEM과 SPEM 군의 P300 전위값은 유의하게 상승하였으며, P300의 잠복기는 유의하게 짧아졌다. MMSE-DS 결과 두 군 모두 유의한 상승을 나타냈으며, 군간 비교 시 SEM군은 지남력, SPEM군은 주의력에서 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 결론적으로 SEM과 SPEM은 노인의 인지능력을 향상 및 유지를 시킬 수 있으며 치매예방과 경도 치매에 대한 치료 도구로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 재활치료과학
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.81-92
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• 2016

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 30분 동안의 완곡 추적 안구운동을 동반한 시운동 자극이 만성 편측무시에 미치는 효과를 알아보는 것이다. 연구방법: 만성적으로 편측무시를 보이는 두 명의 환자를 대상으로 완곡 추적 안구운동을 동반한 시운동자극을 실시하였다. 실험기간은 총 4주로 1주간의 기초선 측정과 2주간의 시운동자극 중재, 1주간의 기초선 측정으로 이루어졌으며, 중재는 2주 동안 1일 1회, 주 5회, 회기당 30분씩 적용하였다. 편측무시의 측정은 주3회 격일로 측정하였다. 시운동자극은 바른 자세로 앉아 눈높이에 있는 13.5인치 모니터에 있는 영상을 바라보는 것이다. 영상은 24개의 노란색 직사각형이 끊임없이 화면 오른쪽에서 왼쪽으로 움직이는 영상으로, 영상을 보는 동안 고개의 움직임 없이 완곡 추적 안구운동을 하도록 하였다. 결과: 2주 동안의 시운동자극 적용 결과 두 대상자 모두에서 기초선A와 비교하여 편측무시가 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 대상자1은 기초선A'에서 다시 편측무시가 증가되는 경향을 보였으나, 대상자2는 기초선A'에서도 편측무시가 더 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 결론: 본 연구를 통해 30분간 완곡 추적 안구운동을 동반한 시운동자극이 만성편측무시를 감소시키는데 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.119-124
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• 1999

This study was done to examine whether cigarette smoking improved smooth pursuit eye movement(SPEM) abnormalities in chronic schizophrenic inpatients. Fifteen schizophrenic and twelve alcoholic subjects abstained from their usual cigarette smoking for a minimum of nine hours and their baseline performances during the constant velocity smooth pursuit tasks were assessed. Then, the subjects smoked as much as they desired in a 10 minutes period and were retested immediately after smoking and 15 minutes after smoking. Electrooculographic recordings during the eye movements were converted and saved as digitized files. Power spectral density curves and natural logarithm value of signal/noise(Ln S/N) ratios were computed from them. In the schizophrenic patients, Ln S/N ratios increased significantly immediately after smoking compared to baseline. But, Ln S/N ratios showed no statistically significant changes after 15 minutes compared to baseline. In alcoholic subjects, Ln S/N ratios showed no statistically significant changes immediately after smoking and after 15 minutes compared to baseline. In conclusion, SPEM was improved in schizophrenic patients immediately after smoking and we hypothesized that nicotinic receptor dysfunction maybe a candidate mechanism for smooth pursuit eye movement abnormalities in schizophrenia.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2023

The ultimate role of ocular movements is to keep the image of an object within the fovea and thereby prevent image slippage on the retina. Accurate evaluations of eye movements provide very useful information for understanding the functions of the oculomotor system and determining abnormalities therein. Such evaluations also play an important role in enabling accurate diagnoses by identifying the location of lesions and discriminating from other diseases. There are various types of ocular movements, and this article focuses on saccades, fast eye movements, smooth pursuit, and slow eye movements, which are the most important types of eye movements used in evaluations performed in clinical practice.