• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.427-433
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• 2018

This study was performed to evaluate initial pH and substrate concentration on hydrogen fermentation of protein. The optimum initial pH and substrate concentration of hydrogen fermentation using protein was 8.0 and 1.0 g peptone/L, respectively. The maximum hydrogen yield at initial pH 8.0 and 1.0 g peptone/L was $19.2{\pm}0.8mL\;H_2/g$ peptone. As results of VFAs analysis, percentages of valerate was similar to hydrogen yield. Also, C. stickalandii, which was hydrogen and valerate producing bacteria, was dominated.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.374-378
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• 2004

The effects of various environmental factors such as pH (5, 6, 7, 8 and 9), temperature (30, 37 and $40^{\circ}C$) and rotational speed (150, 200 and 250 rpm) on the growth and the hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) production of Escherichia coli W3110IQ were examined in the present Study. The highest growth rate is achieved at pH 7, $37^{\circ}C$ and at a rotational Speed of 250 rpm which is 0.927 $h^{-1}$. The effect of pH on cell growth is more substantial compared to other parameters; it recorded a $123\%$ different between the highest growth rate (0.927 $h^{-1}$) at pH 7 and lowest growth at pH 5. The highest protein yield is achieved at pH 9, rotational speed of 250 rpm and $40^{\circ}C$. The yield of protein at pH 7 is $154\%$ higher compared to the lowest yield achieved at pH 5. There is about $28\%$ different of the protein yield for the E. coli cultivated at 250 rpm compared to that at 150 rpm which has the lowest HBcAg yield. The yield of protein at $40^{\circ}C$ is $38\%$ higher compared to the lowest yield achieved at $30^{\circ}C$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.395-400
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• 1993

Four sheep per treatment were fed either control or 3% calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (Ca-LCFA) in a total mixed ration (TMR). Feed and free water intakes were not different, but digestibilities of crude protein and crude fiber were lower (p<0.05) and that of crude fat was higher (p<0.05) for sheep fed Ca-LCFA than for control sheep. Dry matter digestibility, ruminal pH and microbial protein yield were not different between treatments and ammonia-N concentration in the rumen was higher for sheep fed Ca-LCFA than for control sheep. A 60-day milk production trial was conducted with thirty lactation Holstein cows. Fifteen cows per treatment were fed TMR containing either control or 3% Ca-LCFA ad libitum. Feed intake was not different between treatments, but milk yield was significantly higher (p<0.05) for cows fed Ca-LCFA than for control cows. Milk fat percentage was slightly higher and milk protein was lower for cows fed Ca-LCFA than for control cows. Lactose and total solid contents in milk were not different between treatments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.601-604
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to investigate technical methods for extraction of mucopolysachharide-protein containing chondroitin sulfate from keel cartilage of chickens. The chemical composition of chicken keel cartilage was determined. For the preparation of mucopolysaccharide-protein from lyophilized chicken keel cartilage, hot water extraction and alcalase hydrolysis methods were examined. Results showed that the optimum condition of hot water extraction was incubation for 120 min with a yield of 40.09% and chondroitin sulfate content of 28.46%. For alcalase hydrolysis, the most effective condition was 2% alcalase in 10 volumes of distilled water for 120 min. The yield of hydrolysate was 75.87%, and chondroitin sulfate content was 26.61%. For further separation of chondroitin sulfate from the alcalase hydrolysate, which has a higher yield than that of hot water, 60% ethanol precipitation was performed. The yield of the ethanol precipitate was 21.41% and its chondroitin sulfate content was 46.31%. The hot water extract, alcalase hydrolysate and ethanol precipitate showed similar electrophoretic migration with standard chondroitin sulfate (chondroitin sulfate A), using cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis. These results indicated that a significant amount of mucopolysaccharide-protein containing chondroitin sulfate could be acquired form chicken keel cartilage. Therefore, keel cartilage in chicken may provide an inexpensive source of chondroitin sulfate for commercial purposes.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.263-267
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• 2003

Magnetic nanoparticles prepared from an alkaline solution of divalent and trivalent iron ions could covalently bind protein via the activation of Nethyl-N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC). Trypsin and avidin were taken as the model proteins for the formation of protein-nanoparticle conjugates. The immobilized yield of protein increased with molar ratio of EDC/nanoparticie. Higher concentrations of added protein could yield higher immobilized protein densities on the particles. In contrast to EDC, the yields of protein immobilization via the a ctivation of cyanamide were relatively lower. Nanoparticles bound with avidin could attach a single-stranded DNA through the avidin-biotin interaction and hybridize with a DNA probe. The DNA hybridization was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy observations. Immobilized DNA on nanoparticles by this technique may have widespread applicability to the detection of specific nucleic acid sequence and targeting of DNA to particular cells.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.438-444
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• 1996

Using recombinant Vaccinia virus(vSC8) that express ${\beta}$-galactosidase, a model heterologous protein, conditions for virus and protein production were investigated in tissue culture flask. As host animal cells HeLa and HeLa S3 were used. It was demonstrated that cells infected during the exponential growth phase gave higher protein yield than those infected during the stationary growth phase and calf serum concentration after virus infection did not significantly alter protein yield. Pretreatment of cell layer with hypotonic solution enhanced the virus infectivity. Optimum cell growth and recombinant protein production was achieved at $37^{\circ}C$. But, during 2 hours of virus infection period incubation temperature must be lowered to 20∼$30^{\circ}C$ for maximum recombinant protein yield. To enhance virus replication, the effects of adrenal glucocorticoid hormone (Dexamethasone) and silkworm hemolymph were evaluated. Only dexamethasone increased about 20% of ${\beta}$-galactosidase yield in HeLa S3 cells when added with 10-7∼10-5M concentration 24 hours before infection.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1742-1748
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• 2006

The experiment was conducted on 264 crossbred Karan-Fries (Holstein Friesian${\times}$Tharparkar) cows, over one year to explore the possibility of using milk urea (MU) concentration and milk protein content to monitor feeding adequacy under farm condition and to investigate the effects of different animal factors and season on MU concentration. Individual noon (1200 to 1300 h) milk samples were collected once in every month and analysed for urea and protein contents. Representative feed samples were also collected on the same day of milk collection and were analysed for CP content. A significant positive association (p<0.01) between MU concentration and milk yield was observed. MU concentrations (mg/dl) were found to be significantly (p<0.01) higher and lower in first lactation (44.8${\pm}$0.7) and in early lactation stage (40.7${\pm}$0.5), respectively. Average MU values were found to be significantly (p<0.01) higher in winter (50.7${\pm}$0.3) and lower in summer (32.9${\pm}$0.6). During the investigation, of the total MU observations, 50.3% were within the range of 30 to 50 mg/dl, 21.4% were <30 mg/dl and only 7.5% were >60 mg/dl. MU concentration was found to be associated significantly (p<0.05) with CP content of forages rather than concentrate. A close positive association (p<0.01) between MU level and daily milk protein (DMP) yield was observed during the investigation. The regression equation, DMP yield (g) = -24.6+33.5 daily milk yield (kg) +0.9 MU (mg/dl) was developed to establish the reference level of DMP yield. The result indicates that the effect of parity and stage of lactation may be ignored while interpreting MU values. However, reference MU values may be standardised separately for high milk yielders as level of milk yield contributes significantly to the variation of MU. The study revealed that the MU values together with DMP yield and milk protein content could be used as a potential non-invasive pointer to monitor feeding adequacy in dairy cows under farm conditions.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.539-547
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• 1997

This study was carried out to identify how soybean seed protein concentration is influenced by climatic factors. Twelve lines selected for seed protein concentration were studied in 13 environments of North Carolina. Sensitivity of seed protein concentration, total seed protein, and seed yield to climatic variables was investigated using a linear regression model. Best response models were determined using two stepwise selection methods, Maximum R-square and Stepwise Selection. There were wide climatic effects in seed protein concentration, total protein and seed yield. The highest protein concentration environment was characterized by the most high temperature days(HTD) and the smallest variance of average daily temperature range (VADTRg), while the lowest protein concentration environment was distinguished by the fewest HTD and the largest VADTRg. For protein concentration, all lines responded positively to average maximum daily temperature(MxDT), HTD, and average daily temperature range(ADTRg) and negatively to ADRa, while they responded positively or negatively to average daily temperature(ADT), variance of average minimum daily temperature (VMnDT), and VADTRg, indicating that genotypes may greatly differ in degrees of sensitivity to each climatic variable. Eleven lines seemed to have best response models with 2 or 3 variables. Exceptionally, NC106 did not show a significant sensitivity to any climatic variable and thus did not have a best response model. This indicates that it may be considered phenotypically more stable. For total seed protein and seed yield, all the lines responded negatively to both ADTRg and VADRa, suggesting that synthesis of seed components may increase with less daily temperature range and less variation in daily rainfall.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1303-1311
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• 2008

Twenty four early lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes, eight in each group, were used in a Randomized Complete Block Design to evaluate the influence of varying ruminally degradable protein (RDP) to ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) ratio on feed intake, digestibility, N balance, milk yield and its composition, conception rate and days open. Three experimental diets were formulated to contain RDP:RUP of 50:50, 66:34 and 82:18 and were denoted as HRUP, MRUP and LRUP, respectively. Dry matter (DM) intake was higher (p<0.05) in buffaloes fed HRUP diet than in those fed MRUP and LRUP diets. Dry matter digestibility was higher (p<0.05) in buffaloes fed LRUP diet than in those fed HRUP and MRUP diets. Linear increase was observed in DM digestibility with increasing RDP:RUP while Neutral detergent fiber digestibility remained unaltered in buffaloes fed HRUP and MRUP diets, however, it was higher than in those fed LRUP diet. Crude protein digestibility remained unaltered across all treatments. Milk and 4 percent fat corrected milk (4% FCM) yield was higher (p<0.05) in buffaloes fed HRUP diet than those fed MRUP and LRUP diets. Linear decrease in milk yield was observed with increased RDP:RUP. Milk protein and fat yields were higher (p<0.05) in animals fed HRUP diet than those fed MRUP and LRUP diets. Milk protein percent in animals fed HRUP diet was higher than in those fed LRUP diet, whereas it did not differ with those fed MRUP diet. Percent of fat, total solids, solid not fat and lactose remained unaltered across all diets. Nitrogen balance was higher in buffaloes fed HRUP diet than in those fed other diets. Increasing the RDP:RUP resulted in a linear decrease in N balance. The blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were lower (p<0.05) in buffaloes fed HRUP diet than those fed MRUP and LRUP diets. The blood pH remained unaltered across all treatments. Days open did not differ significantly. Conception rate was higher in buffaloes fed HRUP diet than those fed MRUP and LRUP diets. The findings of the present study indicate that feeding high (50% of the total crude protein) ruminally undegradable protein diet not only increased nutrient intake and milk yield but also improved conception rate in early lactating buffaloes.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.243-252
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• 2001

Milk constituents and somatic cell count (SCC) were analysed for 4,059 milk samples from 178 dairy farms from April to December in 1999. Correlations among each milk constituents, milk urea (MU) concentration and SCC in association with lactation stage, milk yield and parity, and balancing status of nutrients' supplies were analysed, and the results are summarized as follows; Averages of milk fat percent, total solids percent and milk yield were $3.72{\pm}0.91%$, $12.50{\pm}1.31%$ and $23.80{\pm}8.54kg$, respectively, whereas those were significantly lower during the summer season. In contrast, average of MU concentration was $0.0361{\pm}0.0006%$ which was significantly higher during the summer season. With milk yield, concentrations of fat, protein and SCC in milk decreased but concentrations of lactose and urea in milk and body condition score (BCS) were not altered. Concentrations of fat, protein, lactose, total solids, SNF, and urea in milk were significantly affected by stage of lactation ($P{\leq}0.0001$) but SCC was not changed. Parity of dairy cows had a significant effect on concentrations of fat ($P{\leq}0.02$), lactose ($P{\leq}0.0001$), total solids ($P{\leq}0.002$), and SNF ($P{\leq}0.0001$) in milk and milk yield ($P{\leq}0.0005$) but did not change concentrations of urea and protein in milk. Somatic cell count had significant positive correlationship with percentages of fat, protein and total solids ($P{\leq}0.0001$), respectively, but had negative correlationship with percentages of urea and lactose in milk and milk yield ($P{\leq}0.0001$). Milk urea concentration was negatively correlated with concentrations of protein, fat, total solids, and SNF in milk and milk yield ($P{\leq}0.0001$) and, according to regression analysis using milk urea concentration and SCC, following equation was obtained; $Y(MU)=3.688{\times}10^{-2}-4.04{\times}10^{-7}{\times}X(SCC{\times}1,000)(r^2=0.0038$, $P{\leq}0.0001$). We studied balance between protein and energy supplies to dairy cows in each farm based upon milk urea and protein concentrations, and results showed that 137 of total 178 farms fed cows unbalanced amounts of dietary protein and energy.