• BMB Reports
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.293-296
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• 2016

The immunoregulatory cytokine Interleukin 10 (IL-10) protein is produced by various cells during the course of inflammatory disorders. Mainly, it downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines, antigen presentation, and helper T cell activation. In this study, we show that the ratio of IL-10-producing cells was significantly increased in lineage negative (i.e., not T, B, or leukocyte cell lineages) cells than in lineage positive cells in lymphoid and peripheral tissues. We further observed that IL-10-producing innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), here called firstly ILC10, were increased in number in oxazolone-induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) mice. In detail, IL-10-producing lineage negative cells were elevated in the axillary, inguinal lymph node, and ear tissues of CHS mice. Notably, the cells expressed classical ILC marker proteins such as CD45, CD127, and Sca-1. Altogether, our findings suggest for the first time that ILC10s are present in various physiological settings and could be involved in numerous immune responses as regulatory cells.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.128-140
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• 2001

Infection of pepper leaves by Colletotrichum cocodes at the two- and eight-leaf stages caused susceptible and resistant lesions 96 h after inoculation, respectively. At the two-leaf stage, progressive symptom development occurred on the infected leaves. In contrast, localized necrotic spots were characteristic symptoms at the eight-leaf stage. Infected leaves at the two-leaf stage exhibited cell death accompanied by the accumulation of autofluorescent compounds. At the eight-leaf stage, pepper leaves infected by the anthracnose fungus displayed localized autofluorescence from the symptoms. Infection of pepper leaves by C. cocodes at the two-leaf stage resulted in its rapidand massive colonization of all the leaf tissues including the vascular tissue, together with cytoplasmic collapse, distortion of chloroplasts, and disruption of host cell walls. However, penetration of C. cocodes was very limited in the older leaf tissues of pepper plants at the eight-leaf stage. Fungal hyphae grew only in the intramural spaces of the epidermal cell walls at this stage. Occlusion of amorphous material in xylem vessels, aggregation of fibrillar material in inter-cellular spaces, and deposition of protein bodies were found as resistance responses to C. cocodes.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.554-559
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• 1999

Aucubin, an iridoid glucoside isolated from Aucuba japonica, has pharmacological effects such as antimicrobial effect, liver protective function and inhibition of liver RNA and protein biosynthesis, etc. This study was performed to observe the effect of aucubin on the pulp tissue after pulpotomy. Aucubin was converted to aucubinogenin as an active form by ${\beta}$-glucosidase. In 3 Mongrel dogs, the pulps were mechanically exposed with a sterile round bur and excised with sterile excavator. After bleeding control, aucubin was applied on remaining pulp tissues and then they were sealed with IRM in experimental group. In control group, $Ca(OH)_2$ powder was applied on remaining pulp tissues and then they were sealed with IRM. After interval of 1 and 12 weeks, the dogs were sacrificed. The teeth were prepared for histologic evaluation and examined by light microscope. Aucubin 1 week group showed that mild inflammation and vascular congestion in most of the specimen. More various degree of inflammation was found in experimental group than in control group. Premature calcified mass were found in the both 1 weeks groups. Continuous well-formed dentin bridge was found in both 12 weeks groups. Collectively, this study suggests that the possibility of aucubin as a medicament after pulpotomy.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.554-556
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• 2008

Fresh Oenanthe javanica DC. leaves still attached to stem architecture were immersed in NaOH solution for 3 min before agroinfiltration and co-cultivation. MTT assay revealed that NaOH solution containing up to 0.7% was still safe for the leaf viability. Fluorometric GUS enzyme analysis showed that 0.5% NaOH-treated leaf tissues were efficiently transformed by vacuum infiltration for 20 min with Agrobacterium cells at a density of $OD_{600}=0.5$ to 1.0. These conditions worked well for the expression of HBsAg, which was confirmed by western blotting and ELISA.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.356-362
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• 2019

The binding of MS2 bacteriophage coat protein (MCP) to MS2 binding site (MBS) RNA stem-loop sequences has been widely used to label mRNA for live-cell imaging at single-molecule resolution. However, concerns have been raised recently from studies with budding yeast showing aberrant mRNA metabolism following the MS2-GFP labeling. To investigate the degradation pattern of MS2-GFP-labeled mRNA in mammalian cells and tissues, we used Northern blot analysis of ${\beta}$-actin mRNA extracted from the Actb-MBS knock-in and $MBS{\times}MCP$ hybrid mouse models. In the immortalized mouse embryonic cell lines and various organ tissues derived from the mouse models, we found no noticeable accumulation of decay products of ${\beta}$-actin mRNA compared with the wild-type mice. Our results suggest that accumulation of MBS RNA decay fragments does not always happen depending on the mRNA species and the model organisms used.

• BMB Reports
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.72-80
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• 2022

Odorant receptors (ORs), the largest subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors, detect odorants in the nose. In addition, ORs were recently shown to be expressed in many nonolfactory tissues and cells, indicating that these receptors have physiological and pathophysiological roles beyond olfaction. Many ORs are expressed by tumor cells and tissues, suggesting that they may be associated with cancer progression or may be cancer biomarkers. This review describes OR expression in various types of cancer and the association of these receptors with various types of signaling mechanisms. In addition, the clinical relevance and significance of the levels of OR expression were evaluated. Namely, levels of OR expression in cancer were analyzed based on RNA-sequencing data reported in the Cancer Genome Atlas; OR expression patterns were visualized using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE); and the associations between patient survival and levels of OR expression were analyzed. These analyses of the relationships between patient survival and expression patterns obtained from an open mRNA database in cancer patients indicate that ORs may be cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.1615-1621
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• 2022

Tissue regeneration is the ultimate treatment for many degenerative diseases, however, repair and regeneration of damaged organs or tissues remains a challenge. Previously, we showed that B1 Ab and H3 Ab induce stem cells to differentiate into microglia and brown adipocyte-like cells, while trafficking to the brain and heart, respectively. Here, we present data showing that another selected agonist antibody, P1 antibody, induces the migration of cells to the pancreatic islets and differentiates human stem cells into beta-like cells. Interestingly, our results suggest the purified P1 Ab induces beta-like cells from fresh, human CD34⁺ hematopoietic stem cells and mouse bone marrow. In addition, stem cells with P1 Ab bound to expressed periostin (POSTN), an extracellular matrix protein that regulates tissue remodeling, selectively migrate to mouse pancreatic islets. Thus, these results confirm that our in vivo selection system can be used to identify antibodies from our library which are capable of inducing stem cell differentiation and cell migration to select tissues for the purpose of regenerating and remodeling damaged organ systems.

• BMB Reports
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• v.56 no.8
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• pp.451-456
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• 2023

Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are an essential component of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). They trim ubiquitin from substrate proteins, thereby preventing them from degradation, and modulate different cellular processes. Ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14) is a DUB that has mainly been studied for its role in tumorigenesis in several cancers. In the present study, we found that the protein levels of USP14 were remarkably higher in gastric cancer tissues than in the adjacent normal tissues. We also demonstrated that the inhibition of USP14 activity using IU1 (an USP14 inhibitor) or the inhibition of USP14 expression using USP14-specific siRNA markedly reduced the viability of gastric cancer cells and suppressed their migratory and invasive abilities. The reduction in gastric cancer cell proliferation due to the inhibition of USP14 activity was a result of the increase in the degree of apoptosis, as evidenced by the increased expression levels of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP. Furthermore, an experiment using the USP14 inhibitor IU1 revealed that the inhibition of USP14 activity suppressed 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance in GC cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that USP14 plays critical roles in gastric cancer progression and suggest its potential to serve as a novel therapeutic target for gastric cancer treatment.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 2006

Changes in the levels of protein and free amino acids in the haemolymph of three selected races of the silkworm, Bombyx mori viz., PM, $NB_4D_2$ and $CSR_2$, were investigated during 4th moult, 5th instar and pupal period. The levels of total protein in the haemolymph, increased from first day of 5th instar till sixth day. From seventh day till spinning, the protein levels decreased in all the three races. A sustained decrease in the haemolymph proteins was observed during the pupal development in all the three races. The levels of free amino acids, which were high during 4th moult, declined through the 5th age of larval development till spinning. PM showed a relatively higher free amino acid level (3.192 mg/ml) in haemolymph followed by $NB_4D_2$ (2.601 mg/ml) and $CSR_2$ (2.35 mg/ml). The free amino acid levels decreased gradually from prepupal stage but increased again at the end of pupal period. Racial differences in the changes in the levels of protein and free amino acids in the haemolymph were observed in the larvae and pupae when subjected to two high temperature regimes of $30^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$. The results showed that high temperature induces specific changes in the metabolism (reversible thermal stress) that have different adaptive value in different races of the silkworm. Relatively higher increase in the free amino acid levels in the haemolymph of Pure Mysore presumably provides protective cover to tissues against high temperature by an increase in osmolarity and reduction in evaporative water loss. The absence of such a mechanism may be responsible for temperature susceptibility of the bivoltine races like $NB_4D_2$ and $CSR_2$.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.4079-4083
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• 2014

Background: Previous studies have showed that argonaute 2 is a potential factor related to genesis of several cancers, however, there have been no reports concerning gliomas. Methods: Paraffin specimens of 129 brain glioma cases were collected from a hospital affiliated to Binzhou Medical University from January 2008 to July 2013. We examined both argonaute 2 mRNA and protein expression by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The survival curves of the patients were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression, and the log-rank test was used for statistical evaluations. Results: Both argonaute 2 mRNA and protein were upregulated in high-grade when compared to low-grade tumor tissues. Multivariate analysis revealed that argonaute 2 protein expression was independently associated with the overall survival (HR=4.587, 95% CI: 3.001-6.993; P=0.002), and that argonaute 2 protein expression and WHO grading were independent prognostic factors for progression-free survival (HR=4.792, 95% CI: 3.993-5.672; P<0.001, and HR=2.109, 95% CI: 1.278-8.229; P=0.039, respectively). Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log-rank test indicated that high argonaute 2 protein expression had a significant impact on overall survival (P=0.0169) and progression-free survival (P=0.0324). Conclusions: The present study showed that argonaute 2 expression is up-regulated in gliomas. Argonaute 2 might also serve as a novel prognostic marker.