• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 1999

The aim of present study was to elucidate whether the expression of nm23 protein might be of clinical value as a prognostic factor in gastric cancer. The expression of nm23 protein was analyzed using an immunohistochemical method with formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded tissue samples from 76 gastric carcinoma patients. The cytoplasmic immunoreactivity of nm23 protein were detected in 53.9% of the sample tissues(41/76). When the immunoreactivity of nm23 protein with TNM status and other histopathologic findings were compared by using Chi-Square test, nm23 was found to have correlations with lymph node metastasis(p=0.04), a number of metastatic lymph node, and the invasion of lymphatic vessels(p=0.007); however, it had no correlation with TNM status. The conventional prognostic factors such as the depth of invasion, the degree of lymph node metastasis and the presence of distant metastasis, a Borrmann type, size of tumor, and the curability with operation were found to have a strong correlation with the survival time(p<0.003). However, the expression of nm23 protein was not significantly correlated with survival time in survival analysis. These results showed that the expression of nm23 protein is not a useful prognostic indicator in gastric cancer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.1121-1127
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• 2002

Sixteen crossbred (Bos indicus${\times}$Bos taurus) calves were randomly distributed in two groups (NP and LP) of eight calves each to study the effect of restricted (75%) protein supply on growth and immuno-biochemical response as an indicator of production and health of under-nourished animals during 3 to 9 months of age. The normal requirement of protein was provided to group NP and a less of 25% to group LP through calculated amount of concentrate and roughage in their daily ration. Assessment was made for weekly change in live weight, periodic alteration in blood metabolites and immunological status at six months of age in calves. An initial (during 3 to 6 months of age) depression (p<0.05) in growth was seen in low protein fed group (LP) compared to NP, which became non-significant in the later period of life (6 to 9 months of age). There was no significant effect on haemoglobin, total protein, albumin and globulin concentration except that of urea, which was decreased significantly (p<0.05) in animals fed on low protein diet ($19.83{\pm}1.25$ vs $25.93{\pm}1.29mg/dl$). The treatment effect that was seen in different periods of life was not uniform for other parameters except for urea, which showed a regular depression in LP compared to NP. The assessment of immunological status by indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test against Pasteurella multocida (P52 strain) was considerably (p<0.05) reduced in animals on LP ration compared to those on NP. It is thus argued that with poor nutrition (low protein) and state of compromised immunological response the production and health of the animals will be adversely affected.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 1973

Some effects of dietary conditions on the metabolism of nucleic acid and protein in organs of the Albino Rats have been studied. The young rats to be examined were fed on the control diet and the diets deprived of one component among protein, carbohydrate, and lipid, such as protein free diet (PF: 432 kcal/100g) carbohydrate free diet (CF: 432kcal/100g), and lipid free diet (LF: 392kcal/100g) for three, seven, and fifteen days, respectively. The contents of DNA and RNA in the liver and the brain, and also those of protein-nitrogen(PN) and nonprotein-nitrogen (NPN) in the live, the brain, and the serum have been measured. The results are as followe: 1. The contents of DNA per gram of liver were increased by feeding on protein free diet. It is concluded that the critical factor for the result is not the increase in the rates of DNA syntheses, but the decrease in the turnover rates of DNA. 2. The metabolism of DNA in the liver showed the normal status by feeding on carbohydrate free diet. On the other hand, the rates of DNA syntheses were increased by feeding on lipid free diet. 3. The rates of DNA syntheses in the brain were decreased by feeding on the unbalanced diet, such as protein free, carbohydrete free, and lipid free diet. 4. In the liver and the brain, the rates of DNA syntheses were decreased by feeding on protein free diet. But the rates showed the normal status by feeding on the carbohydrate free diet, and also showed the similar metabolism to that in the case of the control group by feeding on lipid free diet. 5. In the liver, the rates of protein syntheses were decreased, whereas the contents of nonprotein-nitrogen were increased by feeding on protein free diet. 6. In the liver and the brain, the protein syntheses showed the more increasing rates than the rates in the case of the control diet by feeding on lipid free diet. 7. In the serum, the contents of protein did not change in a short period, also the insufficient feeling on protein was examined. It is clear that in the liver the rates of protein syntheses are decreased and the rates of protein catabolism are increased, since the rates of nucleic acid syntheses are decreased by feeding on the protein free diet. On the other hand, it is considered that in the brain the turnover rates of protein does not have correlation with the rates of nucleic acid syntheses, also these are decreased by feeding on protein free diet. And also it is believed that the phenomena of homeostasis for carrying the normal metabolism of nucleic acid and protein in the liver and the brain are operated in a short period as possible, by feeding on carbohydrate free and lipid free diets.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.222-230
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• 2011

This study was undertaken to investigate iron status and related factors in female college students residing in Gyeongnam. The subjects were divided into normal (40.8%) and iron deficiency (ID) groups (59.2%) by iron status. Mean height, weight, lean body mass, percent body fat, body mass index, and wrist to hip ratio were not significantly different between the groups, but basic metabolic rate was significantly higher in the normal group than that in the ID group. The levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were significantly higher in the normal group than those in the ID group. However, total iron binding capacity was significantly lower in the normal group than that in the ID group. Daily intake of protein, heme-Fe, niacin, and vitamin C were significantly higher in the normal group than those in the ID group. The mean intake of protein, Fe, niacin, vitamin $B_{12}$, and vitamin C based on the Korean recommended intake (RI) were significantly higher in the normal group than those in the ID group. The mean intakes of Ca, vitamin $B_{12}$, and folate in both groups were < 75% of the Korean RI. In conclusion, increasing dietary heme-Fe and vitamin C may be helpful for preventing ID anemia in female college students.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.930-939
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• 1994

Vitamin B-6 nutrition has been shown to be inadequate in many population groups including pregnant and lactating women, and in infants. Vitamin B-6 intake was measured in 98 pregnant mothers and a total of 172 cord blood samples of their and other new born infants were analyzed for erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase(EALAT) activities with or without the addition of pyridoxal-5-phosphate to assess vitamin B-6 status of the infants. The average daily vitamin B-6 intake of the pregnant mothers was 1.79mg$\pm$0.88(81.4% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances ; RDA) and vitamin B-6 to protein intake ration was 0.017mg vitamin B-6/g protein. Thirty-eight percent of the pregnant women consumed diets which provided less than the RDA for vitamin B-6 during pregnancy. Seventy-two percent of the dietary pyridoxine intake was provided by the plant food source whose bioavailability was reported to be lower when compared to that of the animal food. The average activity coefficient(AC) values of the cord blood EALAT was 1.41$\pm$0.11, and 32% of the blood samples had EALATAC values greater than 1.25, suggesting that vitamin B-6 status of the newborns might be less than adequate.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.218-222
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• 2004

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the world's most common nutritional problem. It is characterized by a low hemoglobin (Hb) level and low iron status. A study was conducted to investigate the incidence of iron deficiency anemia in day scholar girls belonging to different socioeconomic strata at Punjab University, Lahore. Iron status of the subjects was estimated by measuring Hb, hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC) count, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCR), serum iron, serum ferritin, total protein and albumin. Results indicated that females belonging to low socioeconomic strata had lower values for Hb, Hct, RBC count, total protein and albumin. Serum iron, serum ferritin, MCV and MCH values fell within the normal range for all of the socioeconomic groups. However, serum iron and ferritin varied with socioeconomic status and higher-income groups had significantly higher serum iron and ferritin. It was concluded that anemia may develop due to poor intake and absorption of iron and that those in the low-income bracket are the most affected group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1048-1057
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• 1994

Nonobese NIDDM patients were studied were studied with respect to changes in visceral protein status, serum glucose and lipids and insulin secretion capacity before and after intake of enteral formula. Patients with renal or hepatic disease, gastrectomy, malabsorption, weight gain over past 6 months and poorly controlled blood glucose level were excluded. Eighteen patients served as case and administered, in addition of their usual diet, 400ml of enteral formula for 8 weeks. Another 18 patients participated in controls and had usual food intake for 8 weeks. In the begining, the levels of fasting and postprandial glucose, glycated hemoglobin, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, albumin, total protein and transferrin and glucose response area on oral glucose tolerance test were not different between two groups. The response areas of insulin, C-peptide and free fatty acid and serum IGF-1 level were higher in the case than in the control group. Energy intake of patients given enteral formula exceeded their estimated energy requirements(108%) and they consumed a mean of 112g protein per day. Patients given enteral formula showed an increase in body weight(4.4%), serum transferrin(10%), IGF-1(13%) and triglyceride(34%) while controls showed no changes in those parameters at 8 weeks compared to initial values. There were no significant changes after 8 weeks in the levels of glucose, glycated hemoglobin, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, total protein and albumin and response areas of glucose, insulin, C-peptide and free fatty acid in both groups compared to initial values. This study suggests that nutrition supplement with enteral formula can increase body weight and visceral protein status in nonobese NIDDM patients without changes in blood glucose. However, excessive calorie intake could temporarily increase serum triglyceride. In addition, this study indicates that serum transferrin and IGF-1 are more sensitive indicators to changes of protein intake than serum albumin and total protein.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.483-494
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nutritional status on the cell-mediated and humoral immunity in female college students. The nutritional status of twenty subjects was determined by six-days food records, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical assessments of serum nutrients. Cell-mediated and humoral immunity of the subjects was analyzed by in vivo and in vitro assessments. The results were summerized as follows : First, The average daily energy intake was 1437Kcal(CHO : PRO : FAT = 61:13:26), which corresponds to 71.9% of RDA. Anthropometric measurements showed that 50% of the subjects was under-weight(BMI<20), only 5% was over-weight(25

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 1996

This study was conducted to compare the dietary factors which influence on the bone status of 28 women in urban and 30 women in rural area. Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline(Hpr) and Calcium(Ca) were measured as biological markers of bone resorption. Mean daily intake levels of total protein, animal protein, total calcium, calcium, calcium from milk and milk products, animal calcium, Ca / P ratio by 24 hr recall method were significantly higher in urban women. However, mean daily sodium(Na) intake levels were not significantly different between two groups. Ca Index score and Na Index score by food frequency methods were also significantly higher in urban than in rural subjects. While urinary Ca excretion elves of two groups were similar, Na excretion levels were significantly higher in rural women. Mean urniary levels of Ca / creatinine(cr) and Hpr / cr as bone status index were within normal range and not significantly different between two groups. However, prevalence of poor bone status as assessed by hydroxyproline was higher in rural women. Na Index, urinary Ca excretion and Ca / cr ratio were significantly correlated with bone status(Hpr / cr) in urban women, while only age was related to bone status in rural women. These demonstrated that high Na intake results in increased urinary excretion of Na and Ca and could cause bone resorption. Multiple regression analysis indicated that Na Index score and age have greater effect than other variables in urban women and only age has greater effect in rural women.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.416-428
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of breakfast service on nutritional status, hematological status, and attentiveness of children in low-income families. The subjects were 19 boys and 13 girls between 7 and 11 years old. The subjects were divided into a control group and a breakfast service (BS) group, in which 12 boys and 5 girls received breakfast from February 1 to December 31, 2010. The results can be summarized as follows: intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, and vitamin C in the BS group were significantly higher than those in the control group. In the BS group, the intakes of calcium, folic acid, and vitamin C were lower than 75% of recommended intake levels. There were no significant differences in the total blood protein level and total cholesterol level between the BS group and control group. A blood albumin level was significantly higher in the BS group than in the control group. Systolic blood pressure was higher in the BS group than in the control group, whereas the diastolic blood pressure showed no significant difference between the groups. A dietary attitude score increased according to breakfast service and nutritional education. No significant differences were found in the capacity value and continuity value between the two groups, but the control value was significantly higher in the BS group than in the control group. Therefore, to sustain the effect of breakfast service and improve nutritional status for children skipping breakfast in low-income families, nutrition intervention services, as well as legal and financial support by the government should be provided.