• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.130-137
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• 2007

Myelin basic protein (MBP), a major structural protein of the myelin, is thought to be important for the maintenance of myelin in the central nervous system (CNS). We investigated the effect of maternal folic acid nutritional status on the folate level and the synthesis of MBP in the offspring. In order to test this hypothesis, female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either folic acid sufficient (8 mg/kg diet) or deficient (0 mg/kg diet) diet from 2 wks prior to the mating throughout the entire pregnancy, lactation and weaning period. We examined plasma folate level by the radioimmunoassay and homocysteine level by HPLC, respectively. The MBP expression was measured by the western blot analysis. The maternal folic acid deficiency decreased plasma folate level with a concomitant increase in plasma homocysteine level in their offspring. The maternal folic acid deficiency decreased hepatic levels of SAM and SAM/SAH ratio with a concomitant increase in hepatic levels of SAH and the MBP expression of spinal cord in their offspring at 7 wks of age. These results suggest that maternal folic acid nutritional status affect plasma folate and homocysteine level in their offspring. Moreover, the maternal folic acid deficiency mi호t inhibit the MBP expression of the spinal cord and disrupt many other vital CNS reactions in their offspring.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.126-133
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• 1980

The purpose of this survey was to investigate the nutritional status of special working persons related to health status, nutrient intake and living environment. The survey was conducted on workers in 9 general hospitals and 2 factories from Nov. 24 in 1979 to Jan. 20 in 1980. Nurses, medical doctors on intership or residency, and factory workers were chosen as subjects because of their irregular working hours, i.e., they sometimes work during the day and. sometimes at night. The total number of subjects was 417 for nurses, for medical doctors was 91, and was 216 for factory workers, all together 724 subjects were investigated. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) Average nutrient intake of subjects per day. For nurses the caloric intake was 1743 Kcal. This was composed of carbohydrate 251g(57.6%), protein 81g (18.5%), and fat 46g (23.9%). Other nutrient intake, such as iron (16mg), thiamin (0.98mg), riboflavin (1mg) was lower than the recommended dietary allowance. For male medical doctors, the caloric intake was 2064 Kcal, This was composed of carbohydrate 288g (55.8%), protein 102g (19.8%) and fat 56g (24.4%). Other nutrient consumption, such as riboflavin (1.31mg) was lower than the recommended dietary allowance. For female medical doctors, the caloric intake was 1909 Kcal. This was composed of carbohydrate 156g(53.7%), protein 90g (18.9%) and fat 58g (27.4%). For male factory workers, caloric intake was 1699 Kcal. This was composed of carbohydrate 317g(74.5%), protein 64g (15.0%) and fat 20g(10.5%). Other nutrient intake, such as vitamin A (4765IU), ascorbic acid (46mg) and riboflavin (1.11mg) were lower than the recommended dietary allowance. For female factory workers, the caloric intake was 1630 Kcal. This was composed of carbohydrate 287g (70.5%), protein 65g (15.8%) and fat 25g (13.7%). Other nutrient consumption, such as iron (15mg), riboflavin (1.04mg), ascorbic acid (42mg), and vitamin A (4334IU) was lower than the recommended dietary allowance. The percentage of animal protein to total protein was 65.2% in nurses, 67.4% in male medical doctors, 64.9% in female medical doctors, 38.6% in male factory workers, and 45.6% in female factory workers. 2) The average Kaup's value of subjects was 1.9 in nurses, 2.2 in male mcdical doctors, 1.9 in female medical doctors, 2.0 in male factory workers, and 2.1 in female factory workers. 3) The health status of subjects according to their self diagnosed answer was as follows; The percentage of food health was 82. 7% in nurse, 82.7% in nurse, 83.5% in medical doctor, and 56% in factory workers. The remainder answered that they were in poor health.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.384-393
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional support in patients treated in medical intensive care units (MICUs) by evaluating the extent of current nutritional support using the patient care plan and considering the association between nutritional status and the amount of nutrition supplied. From April to December 2010, 114 patients (age ${\qeq}$ 18 years) admitted to the MICU and who underwent nutritional support for > 5 days were included. Descriptive statistics showed that the 114 patients received nutritional support within 1.2 ${\pm}$ 0.7 days and for 16.2 ${\pm}$ 11.7 days in the MICUs. The total delivered/required caloric ratio was 81.08 ${\pm}$ 27.31%, and the protein ratio was 80.32 ${\pm}$ 28.93%. Patients who received > 80% of required calories and protein showed improved nutritional status (p < 0.05). The results showed that adequate nutritional support is crucial to critically ill patients. We suggest early nutritional screening using simple tools such as periodic monitoring and management to recalculate nutritional status and nutritional requirements and nutritional support using a multidisciplinary method. Systematic nutritional support teams are needed to provide adequate nutritional support for patients in the MICU.

• CELLMED
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.13.1-13.10
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• 2017

Nutrition is one of the factors influencing cognitive functions. But, the role of nutrition on cognitive functions within the elderly is recognized to a lesser degree. The aim of this academic endeavor was to analyze the affiliation between nutritional status and cognitive functions of the elderly in Korea. 316 subjects, of 114 male and 201 female aged above 65 years, were gathered from university hospital clinics, Elderly Welfare Centers, and Health Welfare Centers located in the district of Seoul, Gyeonggi province, and Incheon in Korea. The cognitive function was tested by the Korean-Mini Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) questionnaire. Nutrition intake was assessed by a 24-hour recall, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Nutrition adequacy and quality were assessed by the Nutrition Screening Initiative (NSI) checklist, the nutritional adequacy ratio (NAR), and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR). The elderly with normal cognitive function status displayed significantly higher levels of calcium, riboflavin, thiamin, folate, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin B6, phosphorous, potassium, iron, niacin, zinc, animal fat, animal protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, total protein, vegetable oil, vegetable protein, fiber than levels of the elderly with moderate cognitive impairment. The K-MMSE score positively correlated with of high consumption of pork, white radish, sea mustard, tomato, tangerine, grape, apple, and ice cream, and K-MMSE was negatively associated with high intake of potato, anchovy, fish cake, and mushroom. The findings suggest that nutritional status is affiliated with cognitive function within the elderly of Korea. The consumption of variety of foods and nutrients ensures adequate cognitive function in the Korean elderly.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.1010-1018
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• 2006

A glucose clamp technique was used to investigate the effects of non-protein energy intake on tissue responsiveness and sensitivity to insulin for glucose metabolism in intact adults male goats. Three goats were fed diets at 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times of ME for maintenance, each for 21 d. Crude protein intake was 1.5 times of maintenance requirement in each treatment. Tissue responsiveness and sensitivity to insulin were evaluated using a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp technique with four levels of insulin infusion, beginning at 13 h after feeding. Concentrations of plasma metabolites and insulin were also measured at 3, 6 and 13 h after feeding, for evaluating effects of non-protein energy intake on the metabolic status of the animals. Increasing non-protein energy intake prevented an increase in plasma NEFA concentration at 13 h after feeding (p = 0.03). Plasma urea-nitrogen and total amino-nitrogen concentrations decreased (p<0.01) and increased (p = 0.03), respectively, with increasing non-protein energy intake across time relating to feeding. Plasma insulin concentration was unaffected (p = 0.43) by non-protein energy intake regardless of time relating to feeding. In the glucose clamp experiment, increasing non-protein energy intake decreased numerically (p = 0.12) the plasma insulin concentration at half-maximal glucose infusion rate (insulin sensitivity), but did not affect (p = 0.60) maximal glucose infusion rate (tissue responsiveness to insulin). The present results suggest that an increase in non-protein energy intake may enhance insulin sensitivity for glucose metabolism, unlike responsiveness to insulin, in adult male goats. The possible enhancement in insulin sensitivity may play a role in establishing anabolic status in the body, when excess energy is supplied to the body.

• Kidney Research and Clinical Practice
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.384-392
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• 2018

Background: A very low protein diet (VLPD) with ketoacid analogs of essential amino acids (KA/EAA) administration can remarkably influence protein synthesis and metabolic disturbances of patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), and may also slow the decline in renal function. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out to monitor renal progression and metabolic and nutritional status among 140 patients with CKD stage III or IV. One group (n = 70) was on a low protein diet (LPD) with 0.6 g of protein intake, and another group (n = 70) was on a VLPD with 0.3 g of protein and KA/EAA supplementation of 100 mg/kg/day for 12 months. Results: At 12-month follow-up, estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) significantly decreased from $41.6{\pm}10.2$ to $36.4{\pm}8.8mL/min/1.73m^2$ (P < 0.001) and urine protein increased from $0.6{\pm}0.5$ to $0.9{\pm}1.1g/day$ (P = 0.017) in the LPD group, but no significant changes in estimated GFR and urine protein were found in the VLPD plus KA/EAA group. A significant mean difference in rate of change in estimated GFR ($-5.2{\pm}3.6mL/min/1.73m^2$ per year; P < 0.001) was observed between the two groups. After Cox regression analysis, treatment with VLPD plus KA/EAA significantly protected against the incidence of declining GFR > 10% annually (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.42; 95% confidence interval, 0.23-0.79; P = 0.006) and significant correlations were found between using VLPD plus KA/EEA and increased GFR. Conclusion: VLPD supplementation with KA/EAA is associated with delayed renal progression while preserving the nutritional status in the patients with CKD. Co-administration of VLPD and KA/EAA may prove an effective alternative to conservative management of CKD.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.631-642
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• 2015

The purpose of the study was to examine health status and mini nutritional assessment (MNA) according to self-esteem status of elderly in care hospital. The survey was carried out from $13^{th}$ to $31^{st}$ of September, 2014 in five care hospitals. Analysis was performed for 226 subjects. Evaluation criteria included demographics, clinical status, MNA, health-related quality of life (EQ-5D) and self-esteem. The SE I, SE II and SE III groups were divided by self-esteem scores. Data were analyzed one-way ANOVA, Duncan' multiple range test and Pearson's correlation using SPSS 15.0. Education level, religion, dental condition and medical endurance type were significantly different in all groups. Many elderly people were normal BMI ($20.94{\sim}21.67kg/m^2$). Self-esteem significantly increased in order of SE I, SE II and SE III. Mobility, usual activity and anxiety or depression were significantly different in all groups, and EQ-5D of SE II and SE III groups were significantly higher than that of SE I group. Comparison of MNA screening score in elderly patients was as follows : Score for food intake, psychological stress or acute disease, neuropsychological problems, pressure scores or skin ulcer, protein intake, mode of feeding, nutritional status and health status in SE I group were significantly lower than those of SE II and SE III groups. Mobility and drug intake of SE I group were significantly lower than those of SE III groups. Fruit and vegetable intake SE I group were significantly higher than those of SE II and SE III groups. MIS (Malnutrition Indicator Score) was significantly different among the SE I, SE II and SE III groups. We conclude that self-esteem score is positively correlated with protein intake, nutrition status, health status and MIS in elderly care hospital. To improve nutritional status of elderly in care hospitals, systematic nutrition management and self-esteem education program should be implemented.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.30-43
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• 2012

Patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis are at risk for protein-energy malnutrition because of nutrient losses during dialysis. This study determined the nutritional status of patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Forty-four patients receiving CAPD were divided into two groups according to dialysis period. We investigated the nutritional status of the patients by measuring anthropometric and biochemical parameters, as well as food intake, self-appetite, dietary habits, a subjective global assessment, and a total nutritional status assessment. Group I subjects (7 males, 13 females) had received dialysis for < 2 years, whereas the group II subjects (18 males, 6 females) received dialysis for ${\geq}$ 2 years. Energy intake with added dextrose in the dialysate per kg of body weight was $30.3{\pm}5.8$ kcal in group I and $29.0{\pm}8.1$ kcal in group II. The average protein intake per kg of weight was $1.0{\pm}0.3$ g in group I and $1.0{\pm}0.4$ g in group II, which were less than the recommended protein intake for patients undergoing CAPD (1.2-1.5 g/kg). Mean serum albumin level was significantly lower in group II than that in group I (p < 0.05). A recent self-appetite score was significantly higher in group II than that in group I (p < 0.01). The dietary habits score was significantly lower in group II than that in group I (p < 0.05). The subjective global assessment was significantly higher in group I (85.0%) than that in group II (54.2%) under normal nutrition status (p < 0.05). The dialysis period was significantly and negatively correlated with the subjective global assessment (r = -0.502, p < 0.01) and the total nutritional status assessment (r = -0.575, p < 0.01). These results demonstrated that patients undergoing CAPD for ${\geq}$ 2 years had worse nutritional status than those who had been undergoing dialysis for < 2 years. Good nutritional status can predict the long-term survival of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Additionally, the exact evaluation of nutritional status before 2 years will be important to maintain long-term dialysis therapy in patients undergoing CAPD.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.304-319
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• 1996

It is important to evaluate nutritional status of elderly patients receiving dialysis, since wasting and malnutrition are their common problems. This study aims at assessing their nutritional status by the type and duration of dialysis. The nutritional status such as somatic fat and protein storage was evaluated with anthropometric measure including weight/height ratio, triceps skinfold thickness and midarm muscle circumference. It was also measured with albumin, transferrin, C3 and IGF-1 and calorie and protein intakes. The general clinical condition of patients was evaluated with the severity of uremia and metabolic acidosis. which were measured through the levels of serum urea, creatinine and bicarbonateion. The data were analyzed by using t-test, ANOVA, Wilcoxon-rank sums test, Scheffe test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results are following : 1. There was no significant difference in the calorie and protein intakes by the type and duration of dialysis received. 2. As for the anthropometric measures, no significant difference was found by the type of dialysis in body mass index triceps skinfold thickness and midarm muscle circumference. Yet these anthropometric measures differed significantly by the duration of dialysis in those elderly patients receiving hemodialysis(HD group), but this finding was not found in those receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis(CAPD). 3. Regarding the indicators of uremia and metabolic acidosis, blood urea nitrogen(BUN) and creatinine were lower in the CAPD group than in the HD group, whereas bicarbonate ion was higher in the CAPD group than in the HD group, with no statistical significance. In the HD group, creatinine increased significantly with the increase of the duration of dialysis. 4. Serum trasferrin and C3 were significantly higher in the CAPD group than in the HD group. However. each of biochemical indices did not show statistical significance by the duration of dialysis in both HD and CAPD groups. 5. Anthropometric measures were significantly associated with dietary intake. Significant correlations were observed between biocarbonate ion, BUN and creatinine. In addition, the correlations between serum protein and albumin and between transferrin and C3 were statistically significant. Yet, IGF-1 revealed no significant correlation with other nutritional indices. The above findings indicate that there were no difference in nutritional status measured with protein and calorie intakes between the type and duration of dialysis, but CAPD seems to benefit correcting uremia and metabolic acidosis than HD. Studies of dietary management for dialysis patients need to be pursued in order to improved the quality of aged patients receiving dialysis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.779-790
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• 2002

Nutritional factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) in the different age groups of Korean women were investigated to obtain baseline data for maintaining bone health. Information on diet and anthropometry were collected in 80 elementary school children (height 127.2 cm, weight 27.3 kg), 84 high school students (height 161.6 cm, weight 52.4 kg), 100 adults aged 25 to 35 years (height 159.4 cm, weight 52.7 kg) and 120 elderly people over 60 years of age (height 150.9 cm, weight 55.6 kg). Data for nutrient intake were obtained by 24-hour recall method. BMDs of lumbar spine (L$_2$-L$_4$) and femoral neck were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. The relationship between BMD of femoral neck and nutritional factors were analyzed. The average BMD of femoral neck for females was 0.61 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in children, 0.88 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in adolescents, 0.90 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in adults, 0.64 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in elderly people. Among the adult subjects, 11.0% was classified as osteopenia in the femoral neck. For the elderly, the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis were 34.2% and 47.5% of the subjects. It was shown the intake of energy, protein, plant protein, animal protein, fat, carbohydrate, Ca, P, Fe, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, carbohydrate energy percent and fat energy percent influenced bone health status in all age groups. In the MAR on bone health status, children, adult and elderly subjects were significantly different among groups classified by bone health status and the MAR of the groups with good in bone health was higher. The RDA percent of each nutrient was influence factor on BMD. Nutrient intake of energy, protein, P, Fe, thiamin, niacin were lower BMD on below 75% of Korean RDA. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that several dietary factors were influence on BMD. MAR on femoral neck BMD of children and elderly subjects was the highest influence factor. Beyond this, the most influential dietary factors on BMD were the vitamin A, total Ca and vegetable Ca. The above results have confirmed that dietary factors influence BMD in various age groups. Energy, protein, Ca, P, Fe, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C as well as MAR were important dietary factors influencing BMD. The results of this study revealed that people who received sufficient nutrients intake showed healthy bone status. The MAR mainly influenced the bone health status.