• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.39 no.6
• /
• pp.1000-1007
• /
• 2019

This study investigated protein digestibility of beef puree in infant and adult in vitro digestion models. The simulated digestive juices for infant and adult were prepared. Protein digestibility of beef puree was calculated in the gastric and gastrointestinal compartments. The 10% trichloroacetic acid soluble nitrogen and α-amino group contents of gastric digesta were lower in the infant in vitro digestion model than those in the adult in vitro digestion model (p<0.05). In addition, the gastrointestinal digesta from the infant in vitro digestion model had lower value of the 10% trichloroacetic acid soluble nitrogen and α-amino group contents than those of the adult in vitro digestion model (p<0.05). The results of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the remarkable bands of actin and myosin light chain B were found in the digesta of beef puree from the infant in vitro digestion model. The results of this study revealed the lower protein digestibility of beef puree in infants compared to that in adults. Therefore, the development of ways to increase digestibility of meat protein can improve the nutritional quality of meat products for infants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.16 no.7
• /
• pp.979-982
• /
• 2003

Two rapeseed meal samples (Sample A, hybrid 5900 and sample B, double low rapeseed No.4) obtained from China and one Canola meal sample obtained from a local crushing plant in Canada were used to investigate the amino acid degradability of rapeseed/Canola meal in rumen and amino acid digestibility of ruminal incubation residues by precision-fed rooster bioassay. Results show that in ruminal incubation the degradation rate of non amino acid nitrogen in crude protein is higher than that for amino acid nitrogen in crude protein, the results also suggest that the degradation rate of amino acid nitrogen in Chinese rapeseed meal sample B was lower than that for Canadian Canola, but that in Chinese rapeseed meal sample A is much close to that for Canadian canola meal. For all amino acids the digestibility of the bypass or residual protein as measured by the precision-fed rooster bioassay tended to be lower for Chinese rapeseed meal sample A than for sample B or Canadian canola meal which had similar digestibility values. However following a calculation of total amino acid availability, involving the digestibility of amino acids in the rumen and rooster bioassay the results are less contradictory. Results indicated that in traditional roasting-expelling process, heat treatment, especially dry heat treatmeat could decrease amino acids degradability in rumen of rapeseed/canola meal, but also may decrease total availability of amino acids of rapeseed/canola meal.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.57-62
• /
• 1995

Casein or soybean protein was subjected to there action with caffeic acidtyrosinase system at 30-35$\circ$C, pH 6.8 with aeration for 5hr. The resulting brown proteins were washed with acetone until the washings were on longer colored. However, modified protein still retained a light brown. The effects of the modified proteins and brown compounds on male Wistar strain rats were studied by pair-feeding of a cholesterol-free diet for 14days. Significant decrease in protein digestibility for the rats fed with the modified proteins were observed. Weight gain and protein digestibility were not influenced by feeding brown compounds, but the feeding of brown compound from casein caused an enlargement of caecum. The concentrations of serum cholesterol and triglyceride in the rats fed with modified proteins and brown compounds were mostly unchanged against the rats fed with untreated proteins. These results suggest that the decrease in protein digestibility induced by enzymic browning-reaction did not cause the decrease in concentration of serum cholesterol.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.365-373
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutritional effects of resistant starch, cellulose and pectin on growth rate, metabolic energy and apparent digestibility in rats. Forty eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments, Rats were fed, ad libitum one of six experimental diets: 5% of resistant starch (RS), 5% of cellulose (CE), 5% of pection(PT), 2.5% resistant starch and 2.5% cellulose(RS+CE), 2.5% resistant starch and 2.5% pectin(RS+PT), and 2.5% cellulose and 2.5% pectin (CE+PT) during 4 weeks. The results obtained were as follows: body weight gain were higher in groups RS and CE, compared with that in the group PT, where other groups such as RS+CE, RS+PT and CE+PT showed no significant differences to the RS group. Food intake and food efficiency into showed the same patterns. Metabolic energy were similar in the RS and CE, and was the lowest the metabolic energy in the group CE+PT was significantly low. Apparent digestibility of protein was significantly higher in the group RS, compared with the groups CE and PT. Apparent digestibility of mixed dietary fiber groups such as the RS+CE, RS+PT and CE+PT group were also higher compared with the group PT. Apparent digestibility of lipid were significantly higher in the groups RS, CE and PT. Apparent digestibility of lipid in the mixed pectin groups such as the RS+PT and CE+PT growth rate, metabolic energy and apparent digestibility of lipid in the mixed pectin groups such as the RS+PT and CE+PT recorded the lowest, while that of the group RS+CE was significantly high. From above results, following was concluded: The growth rate, metabolic energy and apparent digestibility of protein and lipid of group RS were significantly higher in comparision with the group PT, while availability of energy nutrients of group CE was similar to that of the group RS. Also resistant starch fed with pectin(RS+PT) seemed to have increased the growth rate and the apparent digestibility of protein compared with those of the group PT fed with pectin(PT) alone, however RS+PT scemed to have the apparent digestibility of lipid.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.21 no.8
• /
• pp.1151-1158
• /
• 2008

This study was designed to examine the effects of different dietary protein levels on growth performance, nutrient utilization, amino acid (AA) digestibility and serum biochemical parameters of preruminant dairy calves. Fifteen healthy new-born calves were randomly allotted to three experimental groups and fed with different milk replacer that contained 18% (LP), 22% (MP) or 26% (HP) of protein. The results showed that final BW, net gain and ADG were significantly higher in the MP group than in LP and HP groups (p<0.05). In addition, the apparent digestibility of CP in the MP group was significantly higher than in the other two groups (p<0.05). The values of N intake and fecal N excretion were significantly increased following the increase of dietary protein content (p<0.05). However, in all three groups of animals, dietary protein content had no significant effect on urinary N concentration (p>0.05). BUN concentration, on the other hand, decreased as calves grew but increased following the increase of dietary CP content. Furthermore, no significant differences in digestibility of amino acids were observed among these three groups of animals (p>0.05). We concluded that calves fed with milk replacer containing 22% of protein had better growth performance and nutrient utilization as compared to animals treated with milk replacer containing either 18% or 26% of protein.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.603-608
• /
• 1994

This study was undertaken to find out the effect of phytate on the protein digestibility of various soybean foods, including soy milk, bean curd, curd residue, cheongkukjang, soy sauce, and soy paste. The phytate content of soybean was 2.4%, which decreased to 0.2%, 0.7%, and 0.4% in soy milk, bean curd, and curd residue, respectively, and to 0.2% and 1.0% in soy sauce and soy paste, respectively. The phytate/protein ratio was not correlated with protein digestibility by pepsin whereas the ratio was highly correlated with pancreatin digestibility (p<0.01, r= -0.73). According to SDS-PAGE for the soluble protein fractions, soaked bean showed an alteration in soluble components and bean curd residue exihibited newer low molecular weight bands. Fermented soy products showed no protein band, likely due to degradation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.775-783
• /
• 2007

To elucidate the efficacy of different soy protein sources on piglet's performance, a total of 280 weaned piglets ($Duroc{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Landrace$, $23{\pm}3$ d of age, $5.86{\pm}0.45$ kg initial BW) were allotted to 5 treatment diets comprising soybean meal (SBM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), Hamlet protein (HP300), fungal (Aspergillus oryzae) fermented soy protein (FSP-A), and fungal plus bacterial (A. oryzae+Bacillus subtilis) fermented soy protein (FSP-B), respectively. Experimental diets for feeding trial were formulated to contain each soy protein sources at 8% level to corn-whey powder basal diet. There were 14 pigs per pen and 4 pens per treatment. Experimental diets were fed from 0 to 14 d after weaning and then a common commercial diet was fed from 15 to 35 d. Also for ileal digestibility studies, 18 pigs were assigned to 6 dietary treatments as N-free, SBM, SPC, HP300, FSP-A and FSP-B with T-canulation at distal ileum for 6 days. At $14^{th}$ d of experimental feeding, the ADG was significantly higher (p<0.05) in SPC fed diet as compared with others. Similar trend was noticed during the 15-35 d and overall study (0-35 d). All the processed soy protein sources tested in this experiment improved (p<0.05) growth than SBM during overall study. The nutrient digestibility of GE, DM, CP and Ca showed lower (p<0.05) values in SBM and FSP-A fed groups than SPC and FSP-B treatments. The apparent ileal digestibility of TEAA, non-TEAA and TAA showed lower (p<0.05) in SBM treatments compared with other soy protein sources. The true ileal digestibility of TEAA, non-TEAA and TAA were lower (p<0.05) in SBM fed group than SPC and HP300 treatments, and lower than FSP treatments though they didn't achieve significant difference (p>0.05). Villous height and crypt depth was not affected by dietary treatments. In conclusion, the growth and digestibility of nutrients in weaned pigs fed SPC was superior to others. Also FSP-A and FSP-B showed improved performance than those fed SBM.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.7
• /
• pp.1007-1010
• /
• 2011

The objective was to evaluate in vitro prediction of ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids (AA) for current nursery pig diets (n = 10) by using pepsin and pancreatin incubations. To compare in vivo ileal digestibility, forty nursery pigs (4 pigs per diet) with an initial BW of $12.2{\pm}2.7$ kg were surgically equipped with T-cannula in the distal ileum. In all cases, the values of in vitro digestibility were higher than those of in vivo digestibility (p<0.05). With regard to the relationships of essential and non essential AA (CP), the $r^2$ value was 0.76. With regard to AA, high relationships were observed in Ile, Thr, and Gly (0.85, 0.83, and 0.89, respectively). Also, there was a lower relationship for Arg, Met, Ala, Asp, Glu, Pro, Ser, and Tyr with $R^2$ values of 0.56, 0.54, 0.40, 0.54, 0.45, 0.24, 0.49, and 0.35, respectively between in vitro and in vivo digestibility. The EAA relationship ($R^2$ = 0.71) was generally higher than that of NEAA ($R^2$ = 0.50) numerically. In conclusion, there were strong linear relationships between in vivo and in vitro ileal digestibility (CP, Ile, Thr, and Gly). In vitro prediction of ileal digestibility (CP, Ile, Thr, and Gly) seems to have significant potential for practical application.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.59-65
• /
• 2008

Six total mixed rations (TMR) containing 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12% tannin (TMR I-VI), using Accacia nilotica pods as a source of tannin, were used to study the effect of Acacia tannin on in vitro nutrient digestibility and gas production in goats. This study also investigated the degraded products of Acacia nilotica tannin in goat rumen liquor. Degraded products of tannins were identified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at different hours of incubation. In vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD) were similar in TMR II, and I, but declined (p<0.05) thereafter to a stable pattern until the concentration of tannin was raised to 10%. In vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD) decreased (p<0.05) with increased levels of tannins in the total mixed rations. Crude protein digestibility was much more affected than digestibility of dry matter and organic matter. In vitro gas production (IVGP) was also reduced (p<0.05) with increased levels of tannins in the TMR during the first 24 h of incubation and tended to increase (p>0.05) during 24-48 h of incubation. Gallic acid, phloroglucinol, resorcinol and catechin were identified at different hours of incubation. Phloroglucinol and catechin were the major end products of tannin degradation while gallate and resorcinol were produced in traces. It is inferred that in vitro nutrient digestibility was reduced by metabolites of Acacia nilotica tannins and ruminal microbes of goat were capable of withstanding up to 4% tannin of Acacia nilotica pods in the TMR without affecting in vitro nutrient digestibility.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.51-57
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The present study was conducted to establish the experimental condition for the proper evaluation of protein removal efficacy when developing protein removal agents. Its protein removal efficacy was further analyzed and compared with the result from protein removal efficacy against protein deposition on contact lens to suggest the evaluation method for efficacy of protein removal agents. Methods: Protein digestibility assay presented in the Korean pharmacopoeia was selected to establish the evaluation method for efficacy of papain, pancreatin, subtilisin A and protease itself as a ingredient and protein removal tablets or solution containing those enzymes and find a suitable test conditions. Furthermore, the cleaning efficacy of commercially available protein removal tablets and solution on balafilcon A lens deposited with protein artificially was measured and the correlation between two evaluation methods was further analyzed. Results: When pancreatin itself and the product containing pancreatin was evaluated by protein digestibility assay, both reached 28 IU/mg, the standard value of protein digestibility suggested by the Korean pharmacopoeia. In case of protease and subtilisin A tested with trichloroacetic acid B solution, both of them met the enzyme activity level proposed by the manufacturers when they were evaluated by protein digestibility assay however, papain and subtilisin A tested with trichloroacetic acid A solution were not reached the enzyme activity level. Among protein removal agents, three products except a product containing pancreatin did not meet the enzyme activity value specified by the manufacturer when they were evaluated by protein digestibility assay. However, actual protein removal efficacy of three products except a papain-containing product on the lens was greater than 90% protein removal. In the case of papain-containing protein removal product, its effect was not measured by protein digestibility assay however, its actual protein removal efficacy on the lens reached 73.72%. Conclusions: From the results, it was confirmed that the efficacy of protein removal agents for contact lens should be evaluated by different method according to the type of proteolytic enzyme contained. That is, the protein removal agents containing pancreatin, protease and subtilisin A can be evaluated by protein digestibility assay and protein removal efficiency evaluation and the products containing papain can be effectively evaluated by only the evaluation method for protein removal efficiency employing the lens.