• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1220-1230
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of 20s university student bodybuilders' protein intake differences with resistant exercise(weight training) by 12 weeks on solt lean mass and body composltion. Natural protein(Chicken breast meat) intake group and Whey protein isolates(WPI) intake group are the experimental groups. Conventional meal intake group is the control group. This study proposes a efficient protein diet for weight training. The results were as follows. In the experimental group(natural protein intake), muscle mass and lean body mass was significantly increased, but body fat percentage was significantly decreased. In the experimental group(WPI intake), muscle mass and lean body mass was significantly increased, but body fat percentage was significantly decreased. In the control group(conventional meal intake), muscle mass and lean body mass was insignificantly increased, but body fat percentage was insignificantly decreased. In addition, there was not a significant difference among intake groups, and also not a differentiated effect between natural protein and WPI intake. In conclusion, natural protein and WPI made muscle mass and lean body mass rise, body fat percentage reduced effectively. Only WPI intake(without natural protein intake) was the efficient mean to increase muscle mass and lean body mass, and to decrease body fat percentage.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.3-7
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• 1998

The aim of the present investigation was to see whether an anabolic steroid, nandrolone phenylpropionate (NPP), exerts protienanabolic effects under such adverse nutritional conditions as protein deficiency and protein-energy malnutrition in male rats. feeding on a low-protein (8% casein) diet resulted in a marked reduction in body weight gain that was associated with reductions in body protein and protein content of gastrocnemius muscle. Administration of NPP (4 mg/kg body weight) did not alter muscle and body protein depletion induced by a low-protein diet. 50% food restriction caused reductions in body protein and in protein content of gastrocnemius muscle. These reductions were partially prevented by NPP (4 mg/kg body weight). Food restriction did not affect plasma concentration of corticosterone, insulin, or tetosterone plus dihydrotestosterone. On the other hand, neither plasma concentration of corticosterone nor insulin were affected by NPP. The present results show that anabolic steroids do not express anabolic effects under conditions of protein deficiency, but in protein-energy malnutrition, anabolic steroids exert their anabolic effects even in male rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.256-263
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• 1992

As various metabolic alterations develope in uremic patients. their diets need to be restricted, Furthermore medical complications with accompanying anorexia result in further complications and decrease in body strength. To assess the nutritional status of hemodialyzed patients we performed evaluation for dietary intake and protein catabolic rate(PCR) For 24 clinically stable male patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis dietary intake was estimated by 3-day food record method and PCR was calculated with blood urea nitrogen at pre and post hemodialysis. The results were as follows : 1) Average daily energy and protein intake were 26.7$\pm$5.1kcal/kg of body weight. 0.95$\pm$0.19 g/kg of body weight respectively. 2) Protein catabolic rate calculated from interdialysis blood urea nitrogen levels was 1.00$\pm$0.20g/kg of body weight. Protein catabolic rate was correlated with the amount of Protein intake(r=0.44 p<0.05) 3) Relative body weight(RBW) of the subjects was smaller than that of healthy man without hemodialysis. Calorie and protein intake and protein catabolic rate were significantly different (p<0.05) between patients with lower RBW(<90% of ideal body weight) and those with normal RBW(90~110% of ideal body weight) and those with normal RBW(90~110% of iedal body weight) 4) The duration of hemodialysis did not have a significant effect on the nutritional status of the subjects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.874-880
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• 1996

The effects of an anabolic steroid, nandrolone phenylpropionate(NPP), on body weight gain and body protein, and muscle protein metabolism were inestigated in adrenocorticotrophic hormone(ACTH)-treated male and female rats. Daily injections of 100ug/day of ACTH for 7-8 days caused a cessation of growth in females and a net loss of body weight in males which were associated with significant reductions in body protein content. However, food intake was not affected by ACTH in either sex. The weight, protein content and fractional rate of protein synthesis, measured in vivo, of gastrocnemius muscle were all significantly reduced in both sexes. NPP at a dose of 4mg/kg body weight prevented the reduction in body weight gain in ACTH-treate females but not in males. However, boy protein content was increased by NPP in both sexes which was associated with increases in the weight, protein content and fractional rate of protein synthesis of gastrocnemius muscle. ACTH treatment caused a marked increase in plasma concentrations of corticosterone in both sexes. NPP suppressed much of the increases in corticosterone concentrations in both sexes. The results of the present study suggest that NPP exerts at least part of its anabolic effect by reducing plasma concentrations of catabolic glucocorticoid hormones, through suppressing the response of the adrenals to ACTH.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.98-114
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• 1985

In the previous studies, one of our author had observed the obligatory nitrogen losses through urine and feces in young Korean male adults, and utilization of whole egg protein in Korean young adults with ordinary intake of energy as a basic study for estimating protein requirements of Korean. This study has tried to determine the protein requirement and utilization when subjects ate the Korean mixed diet at the energy level of 45 kcal per Kg body weight per day. Six healthy Korean young female adults, college students, aged $20{\sim}25$ years old, and $45{\sim}61Kg$ of body weight participated as the study subjects. They were given isocaloric diets with four different protein levels for five days each successively. These diets contained protein levels of 0.45, 0.60, 0.75 and 0.90g per Kg of body weight per day, respectively. It was attempted to observe energy and protein intake, urinary and fecal nitrogen losses, true digestibility of protein, net protein utilization of protein in the body over last two days of period of eating each diet and nitrogen balances were calculated. The body weight change and hematological observation were also performed. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1) True digestibility of protein of Korean mixed diets ranged from 83.1% to 86.5% and the average of which was $84.7{\pm}1.7%$. 2) Net protein utilization rate of Korean mixed diets was range of 49% to 55% and the average of which was $52{\pm}3%.$ 3) The body weight of subjects were slightly increased and the values of hemoglobin and hematocrit of the blood were also little increased during the experimental periods of twenty days. 4) Protein requirements of Korean mixed diet with the energy level of 45 kcal/Kg body weight per day of Korean young female adults were estimated as 1.00g/Kg/day on this experimental condition.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.141-152
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• 1988

The developmental processes of the protein body are studied on endosperm cells of Panax ginseng during seed maturation periods. The spherosome, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosome are observed and then are gradually increased in early endosperm cells. Protein body developed from vesicles produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and was formed at the enlarged ends of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Also, vacuole-like protein body was observed in associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi complex is observed in associated with vacuole and its vesicles containing proteinaceous granules moved and accumulated to the vacuole. Proteinaceous granules are deposited in the spherical or oval shaped vacuole and gradually, vacuole is surrounded by the multi-membranous structure. Rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, Golgi complex, and vacuole are observed in associated with protein body formation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1629-1634
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• 2008

A trial was conducted to determine the effect of low crude protein (CP) diets with constant metabolizable energy to crude protein (ME:CP) ratio on growth, body composition and nutrient utilization of broiler chicks from 1 to 26 days of age. Four dietary treatments having four levels of CP and ME as 23, 22, 21 and 20% and 3,036, 2,904, 2,772 and 2,640 kcal/kg, respectively, were formulated and a ME:CP ratio of 132 was maintained in all the diets. Digestible lysine was maintained at 1.10 of the diet. A total of 1,760 day-old Hubbard broiler chicks were randomly divided into 16 experimental units and each diet was offered to four experimental units at random. Feed intake was increased (p<0.05) while weight gain and feed conversion ratio were adversely affected (p<0.05) when the diets with low CP and ME were fed to broilers. Total protein intake and total ME intake were linearly decreased (p<0.05) and protein efficiency ratio and energy efficiency ratio were lower (p<0.05) than in the chicks fed dietary regimen with 22% CP and 2,904 kcal/kg ME. The whole body analysis of the birds revealed that chicks fed the lowest dietary regimens retained less (p<0.05) nitrogen and more ether extract than chicks fed the control diet, however, body dry matter, total body ash and fat free body protein were not affected. Similarly, protein and energy utilization were also unaffected by the dietary treatments. In summary, chicks fed low CP diets with constant ME:CP ratio grew slower, used feed less efficiently and retained less protein and more body fat than chicks fed the control diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.485-491
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• 1992

The effects of varying doses(1, 4 and 10mg/kg body weight/day) of testosterone propionate (TP) on body weight gain and composition and energy and muscle protein metabolism were investigated in female rats. TP had no effect on food intake at any dose but injection of 1mg/kg resulted in an in crease in body weight gain which was associated with increases in body protein and fat. At higher doses(4 and 10mg/kg) body protein content was still increased but body fat was not affected. Increases in energy gain and gross energetic efficiency were observed at a dose of 1mg/kg but neither parameter was affected at other doses. The mass protein and RNA content of gastrocnemius muscle were incerased by TPbut the ratio of RNA to protein and the rate of muscle protein synthesis measured in vivo were not affected at any dose of TP The results indicate that the effect of testosterne on body composition are highly dose-dependent and the anabolic action of testosterone is not through stimulation of protein synthesis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.279-288
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• 1994

Three experiments were conducted with female Japanese Saanen goats to investigate the effects of rumen protected methionine (RPMet) on N utilization and whole-body protein turnover. Whole-body leucine flux from which whole-body protein turnover rates were derived was measured by primed- continuous infusion of L-[$^{15}N$] leucine in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Throughout the experiments RPMet was added to a diet to supply 1.5 g DL-methionine per goat per day. Irrespective of the major N sources (i.e., protein or urea) in the diet, both N deposition and whole-body protein synthesis were increased (p<0.05), and urinary N excretion was decreased (p<0.05) by supplementing with RPMet, but not by supplementing with methionine. It was concluded, therefore, that under the present experimental conditions, the RPMet supplement was efficiently bypassed to result in enhanced body protein synthesis of the goat.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.122-134
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• 1987

In order to investigate the effect of dietary protein and fat levels on the growth and the utilization of nitrogen and energy and body composition in rats, Sprague\ulcornerDawley 48 male rats of 8 weeks old weighing approxijIlately 215-220g were subjected to feeding trials for 8 weeks and then subsequently to metabolic trials for 2 weeks. Four dietary protein levels (4, 8, 16, 32%) and each protein level contained two fat levels(3.9, 11.7%=1O,3J% of 3600kcal ME/kg) by addition of an appropriate amount of carbo\ulcornerhydrate and the following results were obtained. The body weight gain and food efficiency ratio of the rats to which a diet of 16% protein and 3.9% fat was fed were significantly higher than in either case of 8% pro\ulcornertein diet or of 32% protein diet. The digestibility of protein in the experimental diets was 73.3 -93.4%. The digesti\ulcornerbility of energy ( energy absorption) in the experimental diets was 83.2 -91.5%. The utilization of protein and the metabolic energy efficiency in the experimental diets was highest at the diet of 8% protein and 3.9% fat. The analysis of the body composition after feeding trials for 8 weeks has shown that the content of body water and protein were not affected by protein and fat levels in diet. The content of body fat in the rats to which 3.9% fat diet was fed was high\ulcornerer than that in those to which 11.7% fat diet was fed. From the above experimental results it may be suggested that the best formula of diet for the 8 weeks old rats may be composed of the 8% protein and 3.9% fat.