• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.61-66
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• 2009

최근 초고층 건축물 등에 적용되는 고강도콘크리트의 내화성능에 대한 문제점이 제기됨에 따라 국토해양부에서는 고강도콘크리트 내화성능 관리 기준을 고시한 바 있으며, 건설업계에서도 이에 대응하기 위해 다양한 기술 검토가 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 고강도콘크리트의 취약점으로 제기되고 있는 화재시의 폭렬문제에 대한 대응방안으로서 기존 연구를 통해 내화성능이 우수한 것으로 보고되고 있는 ECC 를 영구거푸집으로 활용한 고강도콘크리트의 내화성능을 검토하였다. ECC 영구거푸집을 활용한 고강도콘크리트 기둥부재의 내화성능 검토 결과, 영구거푸집과 고강도콘크리트 계면으로의 열 침투를 제어할 수 있도록 부재 생산 및 구축 방안을 검토하고, ECC의 적정 배합 및 두께를 확보한다면 고강도콘크리트의 내화성능 확보기술로서의 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 내화성 영구거푸집으로서의 단순 활용 방안 이외에 ECC의 우수한 물리적 성능을 활용하여 구조성능을 분담할 수 있는 방안으로의 지속적 검토가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.393-400
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• 2017

Objectives: To relieve the financial burden faced by households, the Korean National Health Insurance (NHI) system introduced a "copayment ceiling," which evolved into a differential ceiling in 2009, with the copayment ceiling depending on patients' income. This study aimed to examine the effect of the differential copayment ceiling on financial protection and healthcare utilization, particularly focusing on whether its effects varied across different income groups. Methods: This study obtained data from the Korea Health Panel. The number of households included in the analysis was 6555 in 2008, 5859 in 2009, 5539 in 2010, and 5372 in 2011. To assess the effects of the differential copayment ceiling on utilization, out-of-pocket (OOP) payments, and catastrophic payments, various random-effects models were applied. Utilization was measured as treatment days, while catastrophic payments were defined as OOP payments exceeding 10% of household income. Among the right-hand side variables were the interaction terms of the new policy with income levels, as well as a set of household characteristics. Results: The differential copayment ceiling contributed to increased utilization regardless of income levels both in all patients and in cancer patients. However, the new policy did not seem to reduce significantly the incidence of catastrophic payments among cancer patients, and even increased the incidence among all patients. Conclusions: The limited effect of the differential ceiling can be attributed to a high proportion of direct payments for services not covered by the NHI, as well as the relatively small number of households benefiting from the differential ceilings; these considerations warrant a better policy design.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.83-107
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• 2011

This study examines the duration dependence in the exit rate from National Basic Livelihood Protection Program(NBLP). If the length of time on welfare is negatively correlated with the exit rate after controlling for 'unobserved heterogeneity', the observed declining exit rates would provide evidence of true duration dependence. Data are drawn from Korean Welfare Panel study 2005~2008. A variety of discrete-time hazard models are estimated, including parametric/nonparametric hazard model, gamma frailty hazard model/mass point technique model. It is found that welfare dynamics in Korea does not show strong evidence of duration dependence after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity. All the models estimated show that this finding is quite robust. The observed declining exit rate is largely due to differences in the unobservable characteristics of recipients. Thus, the detrimental effect of the welfare on the preference and attitude among recipients is not likely to be strengthened as time on welfare increases.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.249-274
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• 2010

This study examines a casaul relationship between depression and welfare transitions of the National Basic Likelihood Protection Program. From a social selection perspective, prior high levels of depression are likely to select people into welfare or serve as a barrier to leaving welfare. From a social causation perspective, entering or exiting welfare can change the levels of depression. These hypotheses were tested using KOWEPS(Korean Welfare Panel study) 2005~2007. The results are as follows. First, entering welfare clearly increases the levels of depression. The increased economic stress resulting from falling into poverty seems to play a major role in the negative effect of welfare entry. Second, exiting welfare does not decrease the levels of depression. However, when welfare exits are classified into distinctive categories, welfare exit combined with concurrent poverty exit is likely to decrease the levels of depression. Third, high levels of depression clearly increase the probability of entering welfare regardless of the prior poverty status. Fourth, high levels of depression do not decrease the probability of exiting welfare, but rather increase the probability of an administrative disentitlement which leads to even worse economic conditions after exiting welfare. One implication of these findings is that negative policies such as time limit and strengthening sanctions can increase the number of welfare cyclers who are able-bodied but mentally weak.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.87-105
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• 2015

Intellectual property law is slowly fighting to keep pace with the rapid growth of the fashion industry. Copyright and patent law have proven only minimally effective in fashion, even in the US and other top fashion nations, forcing designers and fashion companies to rely on their trademarks to protect their work. Litigating trademark disputes in the fashion industry presents a host of problems as witnessed in a recent Christian Louboutin case, leading the parties to resort to Alternative Dispute Resolution(ADR) and Online Dispute Resolution(ODR). ADR methods, especially arbitration, are increasingly emerging as substitutes to litigation. Using these methods, the fashion industry (CFDA in the US case) should sincerely consider a self-regulating program in which its members, both fashion designers and corporations alike, can resolve disputes in a manner mutually beneficial to all parties in order to preserve the industry's growth, solidarity, and esteem In particular, for the US fashion industry, the ongoing Innovative Design Protection and Privacy Prevention Act(IDPPPA) anti-counterfeit legislation could have caused a chilling effect against innovation. New designers with no name and less resources who could normally flourish producing inspired-by designs may find themselves subject to copyright infringement legislation since the IDPPPA may expand the protection of established designers and brands with more resources. This fear and its implication could be solved by the fashion industry itself since fashion experts know best how to handle these fast-paced issues arising in the field. Therefore, stakeholders in the fashion industry should commit to protecting innovation within fashion on a long-term basis by establishing a panel handling an ADR process. This can mitigate the uncertainty created by the IDPPPA or any other legislation from elsewhere, which could result in a shying away from experimentation with inspired-by designs.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.493-510
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• 2021

Mineral wool is an insulation material commonly used in passive fire protection (PFP) systems on offshore installations. Insulation materials have only been considered functional materials for thermal analysis in the conventional offshore PFP system design method. Hence, the structural performance of insulation has yet to be considered in the design of PFP systems. However, the structural elements of offshore PFP systems are often designed with excessive dimensions to satisfy structural requirements under external loads such as wind, fire and explosive pressure. To verify the structural contribution of insulation material, it was considered a structural material in this study. A series of material tensile tests was undertaken with two types of mineral wool at room temperature and at elevated temperatures for fire conditions. The mechanical properties were then verified with modified methods, and a database was constructed for application in a series of nonlinear structural and thermal finite-element analyses of an offshore bulkhead-type PFP system. Numerical analyses were performed with a conventional model without insulation and with a new suggested model with insulation. These analyses showed the structural contribution of the insulation in the structural behaviour of the PFP panel. The results suggest the need to consider the structural strength of the insulation material in PFP systems during the structural design step for offshore installations.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.93-102
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• 2018

This paper reports a Surge Protective Device (SPD) that is used to protect an automatic metering interface (AMI) power supplies of communication equipment on a low-voltage distribution system from a lightning current. The surge protective device (SPD) can be classified as one-port SPDs and two-port SPDs with decoupling elements depending on the connection type. The protection of internal systems against the lightning current may require a systematic approach consisting of coordinated SPDs. To deal with this, the definition of a lightning protection zone (LPZ) was studied and interpreted through a theoretical review. Because the lightning current resulting from a lightning surge is considerably high, there is limited protection from one SPD; therefore, coordinated cascaded MOV-based SPDs are installed to solve this problem. Regarding the power grid mentioned in this paper, a class II SPD for the low-voltage distribution system installed on the border of LPZ1 and LPZ2, which establish a protection coordination with the Arrester (LA, SA) that corresponds to the LPZO installed on the MOF stage connected to one system were designed to protect various communication (control) equipment, including the automatic meter reading system inside the branch-type electric supply panel of a building, not the incoming side of one system. In addition, performance-related tests were done by a comparison with the existing method through testing, and the optimal design was achieved for the 1-port SPD that uses a series connection and can bleed load current without any decoupling element.

• Clean Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.301-306
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• 2012

Rapidly growing mobile machines such as tablet PC and smart phone are equipped with touch screen panel using a sturdy material for products surface protection. Therefore, surge of chemically strengthened glass was increased and the amount of waste matter is proportional to demand. The purpose of this study is environmental impact assessment on touch screen panel of chemically strengthened glass by material life cycle assessment (MLCA). We used CES of Granta, SimaPro and Gabi software for MLCA. Chemically strengthened glass (2.7, 5.7 and 10.3 inch) was calculated to environmental impact assessment by Granta software under two cases. One case is Landfill and the other case is Reuse. As a result, in case of reuse, energy values of 2.7, 5.7 and 10.3 inches were reduced by an average of 51.4%, $CO_2$ values were reduced by an average of 46.6% than Landfill case, respectively. We assessed impact categories of 11 types using SimaPro software. As a result, the contents of fossil fuels, inorganics and climate change have a huge impact than the other impact categories. And the main cause of environmental impact is antimony and hydrogen fluoride in Gabi results.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.08b
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• pp.1249-1252
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• 2007

We have fabricated 3.5” transparent AM-OLED panel driven by PEALD grown ZnO TFT. The performance of ZnO thin film transistor was improved by adapting top gate structure, protection layer for ZnO from photolithography process, optimizing temperature and plasma power of ZnO growth process. The ZnO-TFT has a mobility of $8.9cm^2/V.s$, a subthreshold swing of 0.95V, and an on/off ratio of $10^7$.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.203-211
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate a forecast model designed to describe a vocational high school for runaway students. The study included 2000 adolescents from the KEEP(Korean Education and Employment Panel). A Data mining decision tree model revealed that: (1) Suicide ideation was a risk factor for running away among smokers. (2) High self-evaluation was a risk factor for running away among individuals that smoked and had no suicide ideation. (3) Drinking was predicted as a risk factor for no smokers, while family life dissatisfaction was predicted as a risk factor among non-smokers that drank. (4) Negative relationship with mother was predicted as a risk factor among non-drinking non-smoking.