• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.311-317
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• 2018

아스팔트 콘크리트 포장의 예방적 유지보수방법 중 하나인 표면강화공법의 실내 성능 평가를 수행하였다. 표면강화공법과 아스팔트 콘크리트 포장과의 부착력 평가 결과 미끄럼방지 포장 및 교면방수재료 기준을 상회하는 부착성능을 나타내었다. 윤하중재하실험과 박리저항성, UV저항성 실험을 통해 교통 및 환경하중에 대해 충분한 내구성을 확보할 수 있는 것을 확인하였다. 표면강화공법은 내투수성과 내화학성이 뛰어나 포장내로 수분 침투를 막고 화학물질로부터 포장을 보호할 수 있으며, 노화된 아스팔트 바인더의 재생효과가 있어 재생 아스팔트 콘크리트에 적용하였을 때 재래식 가열 아스팔트 콘크리트 혼합물에 비하여 약 5%의 터프니스를 증가시켰다. 아스팔트 표면강화공법은 아스팔트 콘크리트 포장의 내구성을 향상시킬 수 있는 특성을 갖는 것으로 나타났다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제70권1호
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• pp.67-80
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• 2019

Strengthening with near surface mounted carbon fibre reinforced polymers (NSM-CFRP) is a strengthening technique that have been used for several decades to increase the load carrying capacity of reinforced concrete members. In Iraq, many concrete buildings and bridges were subjected to a wide range of damage as a result of the last war and many other events. Accordingly, there is a progressive increase in the strengthening of concrete structures, bridges in particular, by using CFRP strengthening techniques. Near-surface mounted carbon fibre polymer has been recently proved as a powerful strengthening technique in which the CFRP strips are sufficiently protected against external environmental conditions especially the high-temperature rates in Iraq. However, this technique has not been examined yet under repeated loading conditions such as traffic loads on bridge girders. The main objective of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of NSM-CFRP strips in reinforced concrete beams under repeated loads. Different parameters such as the number of strips, groove size, and two types of bonding materials (epoxy resin and cement-based adhesive) were considered. Fifteen NSM-CFRP strengthened beams were tested under concentrated monotonic and repeated loadings. Three beams were non-strengthened as reference specimens while the remaining were strengthened with NSM-CFRP strips and divided into three groups. Each group comprises two beams tested under monotonic loads and used as control for those tested under repeated loads in the same group. The experimental results are discussed in terms of load-deflection behavior up to failure, ductility factor, cumulative energy absorption, number of cycles to failure, and the mode of failure. The test results proved that strengthening with NSM-CFRP strips increased both the flexural strength and stiffness of the tested beams. An increase in load carrying capacity was obtained in a range of (1.47 to 4.49) times that for the non-strengthened specimens. Also, the increase in total area of CFRPs showed a slight increase in flexural capacity of (1.02) times the value of the control strengthened one tested under repeated loading. Increasing the total area of CFRP strips resulted in a reduction in ductility factor reached to (0.71) while the cumulative energy absorption increased by (1.22) times the values of the strengthened reference specimens tested under repeated loading. Moreover, the replacement of epoxy resin with cement-based adhesive as a bonding material exhibited higher ductility than specimen with epoxy resin tested under monotonic and repeated loading.

• 한국연안방재학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2017

In this study, pull box members were designed by finite element analysis of a steel plate covering a pull box to secure its safety on the landing pier dedicated to the large research survey ship. It was assumed that the maximum load is due to the 250 tonf class crane used for unloading work when the working environment in the upper part of the landing pier was considered. The safety of the pull box was evaluated by the comparison between the yield strength of the steel plate and the result of stress analysis on the steel plate due to the crane load. It was found that the stress at the plate from the crane load exceeded the yield strength of the steel(205MPa) when the upper part of the pull box was protected by a $1950{\times}1950mm$ steel plate cover. In order to compensate for this, a concrete filled steel tube(CFT) column with a diameter of 150 mm and a steel thickness of 10 mm was reinforced at the center of the plate, and the finite element analysis was carried out. However, the maximum stress at the steel plate was higher than the yield strength of the steel in some load cases so that it was tried to find appropriate thickness of the steel plate and diameter of the CFT columns. Finally, the analysis results showed that the safety of the pull box was secured when the thickness of the steel plate and the diameter of the CFT column were increased to 30mm and 180mm, respectively.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.2135-2146
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• 2022

A nuclear energy facility is one of the most critical facilities to be safely protected during and after operation because the physical destruction of its barriers by an external attack could release radioactivity into the environment and can cause harmful effects. The barrier walls of nuclear energy facilities should be sufficiently robust to protect essential facilities from external attack or sabotage. Physical protection system (PPS) vulnerability assessment of a typical small nuclear research reactor was carried out by simulating an external attack with a tri-nitro toluene (TNT) shaped charge and results are presented. The reinforced concrete (RC) barrier wall of the research reactor located at a distance of 50 m from a TNT-shaped charge was the target of external attack. For the purpose of the impact assessment of the RC barrier wall, a finite element method (FEM) is utilized to simulate the destruction condition. The study results showed that a hole-size of diameter 342 mm at the front side and 364 mm at the back side was created on the RC barrier wall as a result of a 143.35 kg TNT-shaped charge. This aperture would be large enough to let at least one person can pass through at a time. For the purpose of the PPS vulnerability assessment, an Estimate of Adversary Sequence Interruption (EASI) model was used, which enabled the determination of most vulnerable path to the target with a probability of interruption equal to 0.43. The study showed that the RC barrier wall is vulnerable to a TNT-shaped charge impact, which could in turn reduce the effectiveness of the PPS.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.49-55
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• 1982

The purpose of this study is to classify the factors influenced on the damages of head works suffered from the storm flood occurred on July 22 1980 in both Musim and Bochong rivers and to find out an integral counter measures against the causes influenced on the disaster of head works in the engineering aspect of planning, design, construction and maintenance. In this survey, number of samples was taken 25 head Works, and the counter measures against the causes of their disasters summarized was as follows, 1. In the aspect of planning a. As the flood water level after the establishment of head works is more increased than the level before setting of head works owing to having more gentle slope of river bed between the head works than nature slope of river bed. Number of head works should be reduced for the appropriate annexation of them b. In the place where head works is established on the curved point of levee, the destruction of levee becomes severe by the strong deflective current. Therefore the setting of head works on the curved point should be kept off as long as possible and in case of unavoidable circumstances the construction method such as reinforced concrete wall or stone wall filed with concrete and anchored bank revetments should be considered. 2. In the aspect of design a. As scoring phenomena at up stream is serious around the weir Where the concentration of strong current is present in such a place, up stream apron having impermeability should be designed to resist and prevent scoring. b. As the length of apron and protected bed is too short to prevent scoring as down stream bed, the design length should be taken somewhat more than the calculated value, but in the case the calculated length becomes too long to be profitable, a device of water cushion should be considered. c. The structure of protected river bed should be improved to make stone mesh bags fixed to apron and to have vinyl mattress laid on river bed together with the improvement for increasing the stability of stone mesh bags and preventing the sucked sand from the river bed. d. As the shortage of cut-off length, especialy in case of the cutoffs conneting both shore sides of river makes the cause of destruction of embankment and weir body, the culculation of cut-off length should be taken enough length based on seepage length. 3. In the aspect of design and constructions a. The overturing destruction of weir by piping action was based on the jet water through cracks at the construction and expansion joints. therefore the expansion joint should be designed and constructed with the insertion of water proof plate and asphalt filling, and the construction joint, with concaved shape structure and steel reinforcement. b. As the wrong design and construction of the weep holes on apron will cause water piping and weir destruction, the design and construction of filter based on the rule of filter should be kept for weep holes. c. The wrong design and construction of bank revetment caused the severe destruction of levee and weir body resulting from scoring and impulse by strong current and formation of water route behind the revetment. Therefore bank revetment should be designod and constructed with stone wall filled with concrete and anchored, or reinforced concrete wall to prevent the formation of water flow route behind the wall and to resist against the scoring and impulse of strong stream. 4. In the aspect of maintenance When the damaged parts occurred at head works the authorities and farmers concerned should find and mend them as soon as possible with mutual cooperation, and on the other hand public citizen should be guided for good use of public property.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.612-620
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• 2015

Short-range detection of chemical agents deposited on ground surface using a standoff Raman system employing a pulsed laser at 248 nm is described. Mounted in a vehicle such as an NBC reconnaissance vehicle, the system is protected against toxic chemicals. As most chemicals including chemical warfare agents have unique Raman spectra, the spectra can be used for detecting toxic chemicals contaminated on the ground. This article describes the design of the Raman spectroscopic system and its performance on several chemicals contaminated on asphalt, concrete, sand, etc.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2012

본 연구에서 리드스위치를 이용한 정적변위센서를 무근과 철근 콘크리트 보에 부착하고 균열손상의 모니터링을 위해 무선주파수를 이용하였다. 무근 콘크리트 보와 철근 콘크리트 보에 외력이 작용하면 균열손상이 발생하고 균열의 증진으로 정적변위센서가 파괴되면 이와 연결되어 있는 무선주파수 발신자가 손상신호를 외부로 발신하게 된다. 이러한 기능성 건축부재에 대한 연구는 이상 기후 현상과 지진 등으로부터 건축물이나 주요구조물을 보호하는데 중요한 역할을 담당할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.17-22
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• 2008

Construction project have extremely high risk in the process of construction owing to unexpected event, like as design amendment. As a result, owner have to endure enormous extra-cost to control the risk and continue to the project having more higher uncertainty. Also, if the structure is completed, it is needed that the structure is protected and maintained continuously during life cycle time to satisfying original aim of structure itself. LCC analysis to calculate cost of structure alternatives divides into two stage, one is design_LCC and the other is maintenace_LCC. But two stages all is needed in the transition deterioration model to calculate more reasonable LCC analysis. This paper developed the model using analysis of FMS contents and survey from professional about Prestressed concrete beam girder bridge(PC Beam bridge)in railway. The model is focused in project level of PC beam because any condition state information for element level analysis can not get up. This paper is intended to use the developed model in LCC analysis of PC Beam bridge in railway and constitute the foundation to perform more deep study in the near future.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.459-477
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• 2006

A theoretical research project is undertaken to develop integrated analysis and design tools for long span composite beams in modern high-rise buildings, and it aims to develop non-linear finite element models for practical design of composite beams. As the first paper in the series, this paper presents the development study as well as the calibration exercise of the proposed finite element models for simply supported composite beams. Other practical issues such as continuous composite beams, the provision of web openings for passage of building services, the partial continuity offered by the connections to columns as well as the behaviour of both unprotected and protected composite beams under fires will be reported separately. In this paper, details of the finite elements and the material models for both steel and reinforced concrete are first described, and finite element studies of composite beams with full details of test data are then presented. It should be noted that in the proposed finite element models, both steel beams and concrete slabs are modelled with two dimensional plane stress elements whose widths are assigned to be equal to the widths of concrete flanges, and the flange widths and the web thicknesses of steel beams as appropriate. Moreover, each shear connector is modelled with one horizontal spring and one vertical spring to simulate its longitudinal shear and pull-out actions based on measured load-slippage curves of push-out tests of shear connectors. The numerical results are then carefully analyzed and compared with the corresponding test results in terms of load mid-span deflection curves as well as load end-slippage curves. Other deformation characteristics of the composite beams such as stress and strain distributions across the composite cross-sections as well as distributions of shear forces and slippages in shear connectors along the beam spans are also examined in details. It is shown that the numerical results of the composite beams compare well with the test data in terms of various load-deformation characteristics along the entire deformation ranges. Hence, the proposed analysis and design tools are considered to be simple and yet effective for composite beams with practical geometrical dimensions and arrangements. Structural engineers are strongly encouraged to employ the models in their practical work to exploit the full advantages offered by composite construction.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.28-36
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• 2021

콘크리트 구조물의 내부의 매립된 철근은 부동태 피막으로 인해 부식으로부터 보호된다고 알려져 있다. 구조물의 경제적인 내구수명 산정을 위해 부식 발생 시기를 지연시키거나 초기 부식 시점을 평가하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 3 가지 수준의 피복두께(60 mm, 45 mm, 30 mm), 물-시멘트 비(40.0%, 50.0%, 60.0%), 염화물 농도(0.0%, 3.5%, 7.0%)를 고려한 콘크리트 시편을 대상으로 부식 모니터링을 수행하였는데, 한천(Agar) 기반 소켓 형식 센서를 활용하여 OCP를 측정하였다. OCP 측정 시 습윤 조건에서는 전위가 감소하고 건조 조건에서는 감소된 전위가 일부 회복하는 거동을 확인하였다. 모든 물-시멘트 비에서 피복두께가 30 mm의 경우 가장 낮은 OCP값이 측정되었으며, 피복두께가 30 mm에서 45 mm로 증가할 때 빠르게 OCP가 회복하였다. 이는 피복두께가 염화물 이온의 침투에 효과적인 방어기구로 작용하기 때문이다. 염화물 농도가 증가함에 따라 물-시멘트 비의 영향보다 피복두께에 대한 영향이 더 지배적인 경향을 보이는 것으로 도출되었다. 시편의 해체 후 추가적인 모니터링과 염화물량의 평가를 수행하면 제안된 부식 모니터링 기법의 신뢰성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.