• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 1981

The ginsenosides of Korean ginseng decomposed profoundly to produce artifact products of prosapogenin $A_{1}$, $A_{2}$ and $A_{3}$ from ginsenoside Rg$_{1}$, prosapogenin $C_{1}$, $C_{2}$ and $C_{3}$ from ginsenoside Re, and prosapogenin E$_{1}$, E$_{2}$ and E$_{3}$ from ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$ by the acid treatment under physiological condition such as 37.deg.C incubation in 0.1 N HCI. 2. The chemical structures of the artifact substances were determined by the analysis CMR and mass spectra of TMS derivatives as following; table omitted.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.509-513
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to develop a new preparation process of ginseng extract using high concentrations of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, a special component in red ginseng. From when the ginseng saponin glycosides transformed into the prosapogenins chemically, they were analyzed using the HPLC method. The ginseng and ginseng extract were processed with several treatment conditions of an edible brewing vinegar. The results indicated that ginsenoside $Rg_3$ quantities increased over 4% at the pH 2-4 level of vinegar treatment. This occurred at temperatures above $R90^{\circ}C$, but not occurred at other pH and temperature condition. In addition, the ginseng and ginseng extract were processed with the twice-brewed vinegar (about 14% acidity). This produced about 1.5 times more ginsenoside $Rg_3$ than those processed with regular amounts of brewing vinegar (about 7% acidity) and persimmon vinegar (about 3% acidity). Though the white ginseng extract was processed with the brewing vinegar over four hr, there was no change for ginsenoside $Rg_3$. However, the VG8-7 was the highest amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (4.71%) in the white ginseng extract, which was processed with the twice-brewed vinegar for nine hr. These results indicate that ginseng treated with vinegar had 10 times the quantity of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, compared to the amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ in the generally commercial red ginseng, while ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was not found in raw and white ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.344-351
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• 2011

Ginsenoside $Rb_1$ is the main component in ginsenosides. It is a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside that has a dammarane-type triterpenoid as an aglycone. In this study, ginsenoside $Rb_1$ was transformed into gypenoside XVII, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside $F_2$ and compound K by glycosidase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides DC102. The optimum time for the conversion was about 72 h at a constant pH of 6.0 to 8.0 and the optimum temperature was about $30^{\circ}C$. Under optimal conditions, ginsenoside $Rb_1$ was decomposed and converted into compound K by 72 h post-reaction (99%). The enzymatic reaction was analyzed by highperformance liquid chromatography, suggesting the transformation pathway: ginsenoside $Rb_1$ ${\rightarrow}$ gypenoside XVII and ginsenoside Rd${\rightarrow}$ginsenoside $F_2{\rightarrow}$compound K.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.44-50
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• 2001

To search for cytotoxic components from Allium victoriallis , MTT assays on each extract and an isolated component, gitogenin 3-O-lycotetroside, were performed against cancer cell lines. Cytotoxicities of most extract were shown to be comparatively weak, though $IC_50$ values of $CHCl_3$fraction was found to be <31.3-368.4 $\mu\textrm{g}/ml$. From the incubated methanol extract at $36^{\circ}C, eleven kinds of organosulfuric flavours were predictable by CG-MS performance. The most abundant peak was revealed to be 2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin(1) by its mass spectrum. Further, this extract showed significant cytotoxicities toward cancer cell lies. Silica gel column chromatography of the n-butanol fraction led to the isolation of gitogenin 3-O-lycotetroside (3) along with astragalin (4) and kaempferol 3, 4'-di-O-$\beta$-D-glycoside (5). This steroidal saponin exhibited significant cytotoxic activities ($IC_50$, 6.51-36.5 $\mu\textrm{g}/ml$) over several cancer cell lines. When compound 3 was incubated for 24 h with human intestinal bacteria, a major metabolite was produced and then isolated by silica gel column chromatography. By examining parent and prominent ion peak in FAB-MS spectrum of the metabolite, the structure was speculated not to be any of prosapogenins of 3, suggesting that spiroketal ring were labile to the bacterial reaction. These suggest that disulfides produced secondarily are the antitumor principles.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.883-887
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to develop a new preparation process for chemical transformation of ginseng saponin glycosides to prosapogenins. Ginseng and ginseng extracts were processed under several treatment conditions using ascorbic acid solution. Treating with ascorbic acid at pH 2-3 and above $80^{\circ}C$ increased the ginsenoside $Rg_3$ content of samples to over 3% as compared to other pH levels and temperatures. In addition, ginseng and ginseng extracts that were processed under a high ascorbic acid solution treatment condition (pH 2.0, 5 hr) contained more ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (approximately 16 times) than those processed under a low ascorbic acid solution treatment condition (pH 3.0, 5 hr). The highest quantity of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (3.434%) occurred when a sample of fine ginseng root extract (AG2-9) was processed with the ascorbic acid solution at pH 2.0 for 9 hr. However, there was no change in the amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ when fine ginseng root extracts were processed with ascorbic acid solution at pH 2.0 for over 9 hr. In conclusion, the results indicated that ascorbic acid treatment of ginseng extracts can produce a level of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ that is over 90-fold the amount found in commercial red ginseng.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.305-310
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• 1998

인삼(人蔘)을 열수추출방법(熱水抽出方法)으로 추출(抽出), 농축(濃縮)하여 엑스를 제조(製造)할때 인삼(人體)에 무해(無害)한 탄산수소(炭酸水素)나트륨, 탄산(崙酸)나트륨 등(等)의 약염기(弱鹽基)를 수삼(水蔘)과 백삼내(白蔘內) 유기산(有機酸) 당량비(當量比)로 첨가한(添加) 결과(結果), 유기산(有機酸) (함량(含量) : citric acid 4.12, 13.05 mg/g, malonic acid 0.68, 2. 18 mg/g, succinic acid 0.13, 0.46 mg/g, malic acid 2.68, 8.62 mg/g)을 중화하여 주된 유효성분(有效成分)인 사포단의 분해(분해) 없이 추출(抽出)할 수 있었으며, 갈색화 반응(反應)을촉진(促進)하여 추출물(抽出物)의 갈색도(褐色度)를 높일 수 있었다. 이와 같은 가수분해(加水分解) 현황(現況)은 $C_{20}$ 위치(位置)의 가수분해(加水分解)가 주(主)된 요인(要因)이었으며, protopanaxadiol과 protopanaxatriol의 $C_3$와 $C_6$에 결합(結合)된 glucoside 결합(結合)은 전자밀도(電子密度) 계산결과(計算結果) 전기음성도(電氣陰性度)가 -0.223으로 낮은 2차(次) 탄소(炭素)에 결합(結合)되어 대채로 안정(安定)하였으나 $C_{20}$ 위치(位置)의 glucosidp 결합(結合)은 전기음성도(電氣陰性度)가 -0.295로 높은 제(第) 3차(次) 탄소(炭素)에 결합(結合)되어 약산용액(弱酸溶液) 가열조건(加熱條件)에서 산가수분해(酸加水凉解)가 용역(容易)하였으며, 사포닌의 3번(番), 6번(番곯)과 20번(番) 탄소(炭素)의 산(酸)과 효소(酵素)에 의한 가수분해(加水分解)와 차이는 전기음성도(電氣陰性度)와 입체장애(立體障碍)에 의한 차이(差異)에 의한 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.166-172
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• 2001

인삼의 약리활성 성분인 사포닌 성분의 추출분획 중 ginsenoside 함량을 높이거나 화학적 성분 변화를 줄이거나 또는 추출과정을 간편화하기 위한 새로운 추출 분획 방법을 정립하고 기존의 방법과 화학적 조성을 비교하였다. 인삼사포닌의 분획분리 방법으로서 일반적인 고온 MeOH/n-BuOH추출법(BuOH법) 및 고온 MeOH/Diaion HP-20법(HP-20법) 이외에도 새로운 3가지 방법, 즉 고온 MeOH 추출/cation AG 50W 흡착/$H_2O$ 용출/n-BuOH 추출법(AG 50W법), 상온 MeOH/Diaion HP-20법(상온추출법), EtOAc/n-BuOH 직접추출법으로 조사포닌을 분리하였다. AG 50W법에 의한 조사포닌 중 총 ginsenoside 함량은 61.5%로 가장 높았으며 반대로 단백질과 유리 아미노산 함량은 각각 0.93과 0.19%로 다른 방법에 비해 현저히 낮게 나타났다. 단백질의 함량은 HP-20법에 의한 분리가 14.18%로 가장 높았고, 유리당은 BuOH법이 13.5%로서 HP-20법 및 AG 50W법에 비해 $20{\sim}40$배 높은 것으로 나타나 유리당이 BuOH법에 의한 조사포닌 중 순수사포닌 함유 비율을 낮추는 한 요인임을 알 수 있다. 한편, 본 연구에서 새로이 정립한 AG 50W법의 경우 prosapogenin의 생성이 많았다. 그 밖에, 사포닌 분석시료의 신속한 조제를 위하여 추출과정을 단축하여 EtOAc/n-BuOH 혼합용매로 직접 환류추출할 경우, ginsenoside $Rg_1$과 Re의 조성이 높게 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 조사포닌의 조제 방법에 따라 ginsenoside, 유리당 및 조단백질 등 화학성분의 조성이 현저히 다르며 실험목적에 따라 적절한 방법이 이용될 수 있음을 시사한다.