• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food and Cookery Science Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.84-84
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• 2003

생면제조시 각종 인산염의 효과를 구명하기 위하여 PG(propylene glycol), 폴리인산나트륨, 메타인산나트륨, 피로인산나트륨 등을 단독 또는 복합으로 첨가하여 제면특성 및 저장 중 생기는 이화학적 특성을 비교, 조사하였다. 인산염의 단독 또는 복합 처리에 의한 amylogram 특성은 최고점도의 경우 대조구, PG, polyphosphate, pyrophosphate, metaphosphate, PG+poly., PG+pyro. 및 PG+meta. 첨가구에서 273, 269, 274, 260, 272, 295, 269 RVU이었고 setback 값은 대조구, PG, polyphosphate, pyrophosphate, metaphosphate, PG+poly., PG+pyro. 및 PG+meta. 첨가구에서 104, 97, 92, 99, 99, 95, 102 RVU이었다. (중략)

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.644-648
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• 2003

To investigate the feasibility of developing a new ondansetron transdermal system, the effects of vehicles and penetration enhancers on the in vitro permeation of ondansetron hydrochloride (OS) from a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) matrices across dorsal hairless mouse skin were studied. Vehicles employed in this study consisted of various ratios of propylene glycol monocaprylate (PGMC)-diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DGME) co-solvents and PGMC-propylene glycol (PG) co-solvents with 3% oleic acid. $Duro-Tak^\circledR$ 87-2100 and $Duro-Tak^\circledR$ 87-2196 were used as PSAs. The concentration of DGME in PGMC-DGME co-solvent system affected the release rate; as the concentration of DGME increased, the release rate decreased. The cumulative release amount of OS increased as the ratio of PSA to drug solution decreased. The permeation flux was also primarily affected by the amount of PSAs; as the amount decreased, the permeation flux increased. The overall fluxes from matrix formulations were significantly lower when compared to those obtained from solution formulations. The ratio of PG to PGMC did not affect permeation flux, while the lag time decreased significantly from $5.14\pm3.31 to 0.31\pm0.12$ h as the PG increased from 40% to 60%.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.197-205
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• 2013

This study established a method for preserving chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) that enables long-term storage in liquid nitrogen ($LN_2$) for preservation of the species. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of Ethylene Glycol (EG) and Propylene Glycol (PG) on viability of cryopreserved PGCs with vitrification in Korean Native Chicken (Ogye), and to fine should be find or to the optimal protocol for PGCs freezing. One of the important components of cryopreservation process is cryopreservation medium that plays a vital role in preventing cellular injury during freeze-thawing. Cryoprotective agents have been known to improve cell viability after freeze-thawing. PGCs obtained from the germinal gonade of 5.5~6 day (stage 28) chick embryos, using the MACS method were suspended in a freezing medium containing a freezing and protecting agents. Gonads were harvested from stage 28 chick embryos and pooled in groups of 10E embryos, contributing gonads to the cell suspension. The gonadal cells, including PGCs, were then frozen in 1 of the following cryoprotectant treatments: 2.5% EG, 5% EG, 10% EG, 2.5% PG, 5% PG, 10% PG, and 0% cryoprotectant as a control. Effects of exposure to vitrification solution and vitrification, with different concentrations of the cryoprotectant solution, were examined. After freezing and thawing, survival rates of the frozen-thawed PGCs from the 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15% EG plus FBS treatment were 44.24%, 64.51%, 85.63%, 80.51% and 73.52% (p<0.05), respectively. The viability of PGCs after freeze-thawing was significantly higher for 10% EG plus FBS treatment than for 10% PG + FBS treatment (p<0.05)(85.63% vs 66.81%). Therefore, these systems may contribute in the improvement of cryopreservation for a scarce species in birds preservation. This study established a method for preserving chicken PGC that enables systematic storage and labeling of cryopreserved PGCs in liquid N at a germplasm repository and ease of entry into a database. In the future, the importance for this new technology is that poultry lines can be conserved while work is being conducted on improving the production of germline chimeras.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2014

In this study, the cooling performance of a liquid CPU cooler using the water/propylene glycol(PG)-based $Al_2O_3$ nanofluids is experimentally investigated. Water/PG-based $Al_2O_3$ nanofluids are manufactured by two-step method with ultrasonic energy for 10 hours. The volume fractions of the nanofluids are 0.25% and 0.35%. Thermal conductivity and viscosity of the nanofluids are measured to theoretically predict the thermal performance of the liquid CPU cooler using performance factor. Performance factor results indicate that the cooling performance of the liquid CPU cooler can be improved using the manufactured nanofluids. To evaluate the cooling performance of the liquid CPU cooler experimentally, temperature differences between ambient air and heater are measured for base fluid and nanofluids respectively. Based on the results, it is shown that performance of the liquid CPU cooler using $Al_2O_3$ nanofluids is improved maximum up to 8.6% at 0.25 Vol.%.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.839-846
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary addition of sucrose, propylene glycol and Tween 80 (Polysorbate 80 : Non-ionic Surfactants) on pre-partum (21 d) and post-partum (21 d) nutrients intake, blood metabolites, occurrence of metabolic disorders, milk yield and its composition in Holstein cows. Two basal diets were formulated each for pre- and post-partum period. The diets were mixed daily and fed at ad libitum to transitional cows. Forty cows of similar parity and milk yield were randomly divided into four groups (ten animals in each). The cows in three groups were supplemented either with 280g of sucrose/day (SU), SU+64g propylene glycol/day (SUP) or SUP+50g Tween80/day (SUPT). The feed for the fourth group was not supplemented and this group served as control (C). Pre-partum DM, total digestible nutrients (TDN), and crude protein (CP) intake was similar in cows fed C, SU, SUP, and SUPT diets. Post-partum DM, TDN, and CP intakes were the highest with SUPT diet followed by SU, SUP and control diets. Pre-partum blood non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration was noticed significantly higher in cows fed control diet compared to those fed SU, SUP and SUPT diets. The concentration of NEFA was similar at calving and during post-partum period across cows fed different experimental diets. Blood glucose and Ca concentration during pre- and post-partum periods were not significantly different in cows fed C, SU, SUP and SUPT diets. Milk yield (kg/day) was similar in cows fed different experimental diets. However, milk fat percent and 4% fat corrected milk yield were higher in cows fed SU diet (p<0.05) followed by SUP, SUPT and C diets. One case of ketosis was recorded in cows fed control diet however its occurrence was not observed in cows fed other diets. Occurrence of retained placenta and mastitis was numerically higher in cows fed control diet compared with those fed SU, SUP and SUPT diets. In conclusion, the NIS and propylene glycol feeding along with sucrose could improve the 4% fat corrected milk and fat yield in early lactating cows with significant reduction in NEFA and metabolic disorders during transitional period.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.195-200
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• 2019

An experiment was performed to obtain cryopreservation techniques of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus sperm. Milt were cryopreservation using five cryoprotectant demethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol, methanol and propylene glycol (PG) with marine fish ringer's solution (MFRS) as diluent. Milt were cryopreserved each experimental methods like cryoprotectants (10% and 20%), equilibration time (3, 5 and 10 min) and freezing protocols (liquid nitrogen vapor above 3, 8 and 12 cm). Post-thaw sperm survival rate revealed the highest in 10% PG with optimum methods of equilibration time (3 min) and freezing protocol (liquid nitrogen vapor above 8 cm) about 21.3±1.8%. Hatching rate of fertilization eggs using fresh and cryopreserved sperm were no significantly different.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.165-174
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• 1999

Boar semen can be frozen successfully. However, there is a large variability in the extent of damage boar semen samples experiences during cryopreservation. This experiment was undertaken to find out factors that affect a post-thaw viability of boar spermatozoa. For this purpose, cryodiluents(BF5, LEY, Soejima and M-Soejima), cryoprotectants(glycerol. ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol), pre-freezing method(dryice-pellet, dryice-straw and L$N_2$vapour-st-raw) and total time required for freezing(2. 5, and 7 h) were compared as a factors. To investigate quality of semen during freezing process, motility(%), normal apical ridges(%, NAR), and proportion of living sperm(%) by flow cytometic analysis were assessed after collection, cooled, pre-frozen and post-thawing. Post-thaw motility of semen diluted with M-Soejima was 52.0%, respectively. When heparin, caffeine or heparin＋caffeine was added to 2nd cryodiluent of M-Soejima during freezing process, the highest motility after thawing was shown at the addition of caffeine (2mM), with 61.7$\pm$2.9% of motility. M-Soejima with heparin or caffeine was significantly higher than that of controI(p＜0.05). The result using glycerol(Gly), ethylene glycol(EG), propylene glycol(PG), and their mixture (Gly＋EG and Gly＋PG) as cryoprotectants, the highest motility was shown at the mixture treatment with Gly plus PG. However, the highest proportion of live spermatozoa was shown at Gly＋EG, there was no significantly difference among treatments(p＞0.05). When semen was pre-frozen with three manners(dryice-pellet, dryice-straw, and L$N_2$ vapor-straw), motility(%) of post-thaw spermatozoa was the highest in the L$N_2$ vapor-straw pre-freezing method of M-Soejima cryodiluent with 57.5% of motility, For a simple, economical and timesaving approach to freezing boar semen, total time required for freezing were 2, 5, and 7 hours, post-thaw motility were 43.8, 45.0 and 38.8%, NAR were 19.5, 22.7 and 28.5%, and viability were 20.8, 19.9 and 22.1%, respectively. This data suggests that boar semen diluted with M-Soejima cryodiluent contained caffeine, using mixture of glycerol and propylene glycol or ethylene glycol as cryoprotectants, frozen with 2 hours, can be taken better motility, NAR, and proportion of live spermatozoa.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.41-62
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• 2003

In this research, we manufactured the paste opaque porcelains using Propylene Glycol (PG) and Buthylene Glycol (BG) as a solvent, and compared the composition of solvents, the coefficient of thermal expansion, the particle size distribution, the viscosity and bonding strength to metal, and the tone with those of the commercial products(Duceram Plus, Duceram GmbH; VMK 95, Vita Co.; Noritake EX-3, Noritake Co.)used in the clinical field. The results of the research were as follows: 1. The result of solvent analysis indicated that the solvents included in the paste opaque porcelains of the control group were mainly composed of Glycols. 2. From the Coefficient of thermal expansion measurement, we drew out the following results; testing group: $14.0\times10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$, Duceram Plus: $13.9\times10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$, VMK 95: $14.3\times10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$, and Noritake EX-3: $13.3\times10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$. 3. Seen from the result of particle size distribution measurement, the experimental group was similar to the control group in 1$\mu m$ below, but the experimental group marked the highest distribution of 61% in the case of between 1$\mu m$ and 5$\mu m$. Between 5$\mu m$ and 10$\mu m$, they showed relatively similar distribution, and Noritake EX-3 was turned out the highest distribution of 29% in 10$\mu m$ above. 4. From the result of viscosity measurement, Duceram plus showed the highest viscosity throughout all the measurements followed by Noritake Ex-3, experimental group and VMK 95 in decreasing order. 5. The result of bonding strength measurement was EX 35.53 $\beta\acute{A}$, DU 40.88 $\beta\acute{A}$, VM 39.43 $\beta\acute{A}$, and NO 35.39 $\beta\acute{A}$, and no significant difference was found between the experimental group and the control groups(P>0.05). 6. The measurement of the tone indicated that the $L^*$ value of the experimental group was 86.89 0.63 in average, which is higher than the control group in its brightness. In the case of the $a^*$ value, Duceram Plus, VMK 95 and EX-3 showed positive value, whereas the testing group was turned out negative value. In $b^*$ value, Duceram Plus proved the highest. From the results of this research, the paste opaque porcelains using Propylene Glycol (PG) and Buthylene Glycol (BG) as a solvent did not make differences from the commercial products that are actually used in the clinical fields. Therefore, it is possible to utilize Propylene Glycol (PG) and Buthylene Glycol (BG) for the paste opaque porcelains of P.F.M crown. It is also recommended that further researches concerning the compositions and forms of powder, the types of organic solvent components and the ratio of mixture proceeded in order to improve the level of productivity in the future.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.190-194
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• 2013

In this study, sebacic acid made from castor oil was used as monomer with isophthalic acid and glycols for polyester polyol synthesis. Polyurethane adhesive was synthesized from the various polyester polyol. From the result of adhesion strength test, polyester polyol made from sebacic acid showed better adhesive force than that of adipic acid due to higher cohesive energy. Branched glycol containing methyl group represented better adhesion than linear glycol. In the chain extender, adhesion strength increased going from PG, EG, BD. From the measurement of TGA, BD showed the best heat stability, and followed by PG, EG. Glass transition temperature increased in the order PG, EG, BD by the result of DMA.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.503-507
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• 1998

Percutaneous absorption and model membrane variations of melationin (MT) in aqueous-based propylene glycol and $2-hydroxypropyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin $vehicles were investigatted. the excised hairless mouse skin (HMS) and two synthetic ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and microporous polyethylene (MPE) were selected as a model membrane. the solubility of MT was determined by phase equilibrium study. the vertical $Franz{\circledR}$ type cell was used for diffusion study. The concentration of MT was determined using reverse phse HPLC system. The MT solubility was the highest in a mixture of PG and $2-HP{\beta}CD$. The percutaneous absorption of MT through excised HMS increased as the solubility increased. However, the permeability coefficient decreased and then slightly increased in mixture of PG and $2-HP{\beta}CD$. On the other hand, both flux and permeability coefficient through EVA membrane decreased as the solubility increased. No MT was detected over 12 h after starting diffusion through MPE membrane. The flux of MT was dependent on the type of membrane selected. Flux of MT was greatest in excised HMS followed by EBA and MPE membrane. Flux of MT through EVA membrane was 5-20 times lower when compared to excised HMS. Interestingly, volumes of donor phase when MPE membrane was used, significantly increased during the study period. the HMS might be applicable to expect plasma concentration of MT in human subjects based on flux and pharmacokinetic parameters as studied previously. the current studies may be applied to deliver MT transdermally using aqueous-based vehicles and to fabricate MT dosage forms.