• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6899-6903
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• 2013

Background: Prevalence is a statistic of primary interest in public health. In the absence of good follow-up facilities, it is difficult to assess the complete prevalence of cancer for a given registry area. Objective: An attempt was here made to arrive at complete prevalence including limited duration prevalence with respect to selected sites of cancer for India by fitting appropriate models to 1, 3 and 5 years cancer survival data available for selected population-based registries. Materials and Methods: Survival data, available for the registries of Bhopal, Chennai, Karunagappally, and Mumbai was pooled to generate survival for breast, cervix, ovary, lung, stomach and mouth cancers. With the available data on survival for 1, 3 and 5 years, a model was fitted and the survival curve was extended beyond 5 years (up to 35 years) for each of the selected sites. This helped in generation of survival proportions by single year and thereby survival of cancer cases. With the help of survival proportions available year-wise and the incidence, prevalence figures were arrived for selected cancer sites and for selected periods. Results: The prevalence to incidence ratio (PI ratio) stabilized after a certain duration for all the cancer sites showing that from the knowledge of incidence, the prevalence can be calculated. The stabilized P/I ratios for the cancer sites of breast, cervix, ovary, stomach, lung, mouth and for life time was observed to be 4.90, 5.33, 2.75, 1.40, 1.37, 4.04 and 3.42 respectively. Conclusions: The validity of the model approach to calculate prevalence could be demonstrated with the help of survival data of Barshi registry for cervix cancer, available for the period 1988-2006.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.39-50
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• 2016

Background: This study examined patient and hospital factors related to long-stay admissions in long-term care hospitals (LTCHs) among older people in Korea. Methods: We analyzed health insurance claims data, entitlement data, and institutional administrative data from the National Health Insurance Service databases between 2010 and 2012. At the patient level, we compared characteristics of patients staying in LTCHs for over 180 days (the long-stay group) with those staying in LTCHs for less than 90 days during a calendar year. At the hospital level, we examined the general characteristics and staffing levels of the top 10% of hospitals with the highest proportion of patients whose length of stay (LOS) was 180+ days (the hospitals with long-stay patients) and compared them with the top 10% of hospitals with the highest proportions of patients whose LOS was less than 90 days (hospitals with shorter-stay patients). Results: The long-stay group accounted for about 40% of all LTCH patients. People in the group were more likely to be women, aged 80+, living alone, and experiencing more than two health conditions. Compared to the hospitals with shorter-stay patients, those with long-stay patients were more likely to be occupied by patients with behavior problems and/or impaired cognition, owned by corporate or local governments, have more beds and a longer period of operation, and deliver services with lower staffing levels. Conclusion: This study found long-stay older people in LTCHs and those in LTCHs with high proportions of long-stay older patients had several distinct characteristics compared to their counterparts designated in this study. Patient and hospital characteristics need to be considered in policies aiming to resolve long-stay admissions problems in LTCHs.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.150-156
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 비선형 음향효과를 기반으로 한 비선형 공진기법을 도입하여 콘크리트의 배합비 및 화재 손상 조건(노출온도, 손상 후 경과기간)이 화재 손상 콘크리트에 미치는 영향을 파악하였다. 도입된 비선형 공진기법을 통해 기존 선형 탄성파 기반 평가 기법 대비 향상된 민감도를 나타내는 비선형인자를 측정하였으며, 쪼갬 인장강도 측정을 통해 배합비 및 화재 손상 조건에 따른 콘크리트의 잔존재료물성 평가를 수행하였다. 얻어진 결과를 토대로 배합비, 노출온도, 손상 후 경과기간이 화재 손상 콘크리트에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 추가적으로 쪼갬 인장강도비와 비선형인자의 직접적인 관계를 제시하였으며, 비선형 공진기법을 이용한 화재 손상 콘크리트의 잔존 강도 추정에 대한 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2010

The present study was undertaken to establish reference values for the composition blood lymphocyte populations and compare forty three Hanwoo neonatal calves (KC) with twenty one Holstein calves (HC) by blood cell count and immunophynotying. The percentages of CD2+, CD4+, CD8+, CD26+, ACT2+, MHC class, MHC class II and WC1+ T cells, B cells were determined by flow cytometry. The number of lymphocyte and monocyte in HC were higher than those of KC. However, the number of neutrophils was higher in HC than KC. The proportions of CD2+, CD4+, CD8+, MHC class, and WC1+ lymphocytes remained relatively stable during the study period, while there was a moderate increase in the relative percentage of CD26+, ACT2+, MHC class II and B cell from birth to approximately 3 weeks of age. Marked differences in the relative proportions of the lymphocyte subpopulations were noted between the individual calves. The present study shows that the T-cell subpopulations are present in peripheral blood of KC at levels comparable with HC, while the MHC class II and B cell population of KC increases significantly with age. The absolute number of WBC in KC was due to the decrease of absolute number of neutrophil rather than the increase of lymphocyte. The results indicated that KC have significantly higher number of neutrophils, and proportion of MHC class II and B cell than HC.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.337-341
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• 2010

The modified simultaneous differential staining technique, which enables double staining of cartilage and bones, needs to be improved to prevent soft tissues from being damaged during the staining process. Key factors influencing the extent to which soft tissues are damaged include the fixative used, macerating time, potassium hydroxide concentration, incubation temperature and the removal of skin from specimens. Here we describe a protocol that enables the hardening of tissues during bleaching and maceration. We also describe a method for objectively measuring rates of cartilage and bone growth. The use of formalin as a fixative rendered soft tissues more rigid due to the resulting chemical bonds formed between proteins. Blotted specimens were immersed in 1% potassium hydroxide (KOH) and incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ for 1 day (smaller specimens) or 2-3 days (larger specimens). The 1% KOH solution was also used as the diluent solution for the subsequent immersion in a graded series of 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, 100% glycerol solutions, a procedure that made soft tissues even more transparent and hardened. It was not necessary to remove the skin of specimens shorter than 2 cm, since the macerating solution could easily penetrate their thin skin layer and continuously remove those pigments hindering visibility. Since excessive osmosis is another factor that can damage soft tissues in the macerating process by causing the rupture of those cells not able to withstand the osmotic pressure, here it was minimized by balancing the salt concentration between the interior and exterior of cells with the addition of 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) in the macerating solution. Finally, to determine the proportions of cartilage and bone growth, photographs of the stained specimens were taken with a dissecting microscope and sections corresponding to the cartilage and bones were cut out from the printed pictures and weighed. Our results show that this method is suitable for the objective evaluation of bone and cartilage growth.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.107-119
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• 2016

Background: Previous studies on the biological integrity on habitat and landuse patterns demonstrated ecological stream health in the view of regional or macrohabitat scale, thus ignored the mesoscale habitat patterns of pool, riffle, and runs in the stream health analysis. The objective of this study was to analyze influences on the mesohabitat structures of pool, riffle, and run reaches on the fish guilds and biological integrity in Geum-River Watershed. Results: The mesohabitat structures of pool, riffle, and run reaches influenced the ecological stream health along with some close relations on the fish trophic and tolerance guilds. The mesoscale components altered chemical water quality such as nutrients (TN, TP) and BOD and these, then, determined the primary productions, based on the sestonic chlorophyll-a. The riffle-reach had good chemical conditions, but the pool-reach had nutrient enrichments. The riffle-reach had a predominance of insectivores, while the pool-reach has a predominance of omnivores. Also, the riffle-reach had high proportions of sensitive fish and insectivore fish, and the pool-reach had high proportions of tolerant species in the community composition. The intermediate fish species in tolerance and omnivorous fish species in the food linkage dominated the community in the watershed, and the sensitive and insectivorous fishes decreased rapidly with a degradation of the water quality. All the habitat patterns were largely determined by the land-use patterns in the watershed. Conclusions: Trophic guilds and tolerance guilds of fish were determined by land-use pattern and these determined the stream health, based on the Index of Biological Integrity. This study remarks the necessity to include additional variables to consider information provided by mesohabitats and land-use distributions within the selected stream stretch. Overall, our data suggest that land-use pattern and mesohabitat distribution are important factors to be considered for the trophic and tolerance fish compositions and chemical gradients as well as ecological stream health in the watershed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.1431-1441
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the effects of replacing rice straw with different proportions of cassava pulp on growth performance, feed intake, digestibility, rumen microbial population, energy partitioning and efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization in beef cattle. Methods: Eighteen yearling Thai native beef cattle (Bos indicus) with an average initial body weight (BW) of $98.3{\pm}12.8kg$ were allocated to one of three dietary treatments and fed ad libitum for 149 days in a randomized complete block design. Three dietary treatments using different proportions of cassava pulp (100, 300, and 500 g/kg dry matter basis) instead of rice straw as a base in a fermented total mixed ration were applied. Animals were placed in a metabolic pen equipped with a ventilated head box respiration system to determine total digestibility and energy balance. Results: The average daily weight gain, digestible intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and non-fiber carbohydrate, total protozoa, energy intake, energy retention and energy efficiency increased linearly (p<0.05) with an increasing proportion of cassava pulp in the diet, whereas the three main types of fibrolytic bacteria and energy excretion in the urine (p<0.05) decreased. The metabolizable energy requirement for the maintenance of yearling Thai native cattle, determined by a linear regression analysis, was $399kJ/kg\;BW^{0.75}$, with an efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for growth of 0.86. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that increasing the proportion of cassava pulp up to 500 g/kg of dry matter as a base in a fermented total mixed ration is an effective strategy for improving productivity in zebu cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.1779-1786
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• 2020

Objective: To evaluate soy sauce oil (a by-product of making whole soybean soy sauce) as a new dietary lipid source, a large amount of soy sauce oil was administered into the rumen of dairy cows. Methods: Four Holstein dairy cows fitted with rumen cannulae were used in a 56-day experiment. Ruminal administration of soy sauce oil (1 kg/d) was carried out for 42 days from day 8 to day 49 to monitor nutritional, physiological and production responses. Results: Dry matter intake and milk yield were not affected by soy sauce oil administration, whereas 4% fat-corrected milk yield and the percentage of milk fat decreased. Although ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and the proportion of individual VFA were partially affected by administration of soy sauce oil, values were within normal ranges, showing no apparent inhibition in rumen fermentation. Administration of soy sauce oil decreased the proportions of milk fatty acids with a carbon chain length of less than 18, and increased the proportions of stearic, oleic, vaccenic and conjugated linoleic acids. Conjugated linoleic acid content in milk became 5.9 to 8.8 times higher with soy sauce oil administration. Blood serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid increased with administration of soy sauce oil, suggesting a higher energy status of the experimental cows. Conclusion: The results suggest that soy sauce oil could be a useful supplement to potentially improve milk functionality without adverse effects on ruminal fermentation and animal health. More detailed analysis is necessary to optimize the supplementation level of this new lipid source in feeding trials.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제63권4호
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• pp.470-476
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• 2020

Objective : The objective of this study was to develop a score to predict patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) who will not benefit from endovascular treatment (EVT) using computed tomographic angiography (CTA) parameters. Methods : The CTA-ABC score was developed from 3 scales previously described in the literature: the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (0-5 points, 3; 6-10 points, 0), the clot burden score (0-3 points, 1; 4-10 points, 0), and the leptomeningeal Collateral score (0-1 points, 2; 2-3 points, 0). We evaluated the predictive value of CTA parameters associated with symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) or malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (MMCAI) after EVT and developed the score using logistic regression coefficients. The score was then validated. Performance of the score was tested with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). Results : The derivation cohort consisted of 115 and the validation cohort consisted of 40 AIS patients. The AUC-ROC was 0.97 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94-0.99; p<0.001) in the derivation cohort. The proportions of patients with sICH and/or MMCAI in the derivation cohort were 96%, 73%, 6%, and 0% for scores of 6, 5, 1, and 0 points, respectively. In the validation group, the proportions were similar (90%, 100%, 0%, and 0%, respectively) with an AUC-ROC of 0.96 (95% CI, 0.90-1.00; p<0.001). Conclusion : Our CTA-ABC score reliably assessed risk for sICH and/or MMCAI in patients with AIS who underwent EVT. It can support clinical decision-making, especially when the need for EVT is uncertain.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.128-134
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• 2009

For children, voluntary addition of micronutrients to foods must be done without health risk to any of them. This study examined safe maximum levels of vitamin A and C, and calcium for children based on nutrient intake data from the 2001-2002 and 2005 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in Korea, while using the safe strategy for addition of micronutrients to foods suggested by EU. For the respective 2001-2002 and 2005 NHANES data proportions of potentially fortifiable energy intake ranged 0.36-0.40 and 0.31-0.34 and the $95^{th}$ percentile intake of energy were 2,325-3,296 kcal and 2,286-3,814 kcal depending upon age groups. Ninety-fifth percentile intake levels of vitamin A were over or close to UL, even without considering supplement intake for some age groups, which suggest that vitamin A fortification to foods required further consideration. For calcium, 12-14 year old children were the most sensitive group for excessive intake and nutrient fortification to foods. In these children, maximum levels for fortification were 242-290 mg and 484-580 mg with 0.135 and 0.068 proportions of fortified food (PFF) assumed, respectively, without considering calcium intake from supplements. With consideration of calcium intake from both diet and supplement, the maximum levels for fortification were 20-36% of those without supplement intake. The maximum fortification levels of vitamin C were the lowest in 3-5 year old children, showing 77-187 mg and 68-164 mg with and without supplement intake, respectively. These results suggest that the model used for risk assessment in this study can be used to help risk managers to set maximum levels for safe addition of micronutrients to foods.