• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.139-149
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of obesity on the satisfaction with school lunches and school lunch leftovers of elementary school children in the Kyeonggi area. The study was carried out on 235 children(male : 111, female :124) in December of 2000. The results are summarized as follows. A Rohrer index was used to define obesity. The proportions of severe underweight, underweight, normal, overweight, and obese were 0.9%, 16.6%, 57.9%,17.0%, and 7.7% respectively. For the data analysis, the subjects were divided into 3 groups : an underweight group(Rohrer index 109 including severe underweight), a normal group(Rohrer index 110-140), and an obese group(Rohrer index 141 including overweight). With regard to the satisfaction with school lunches, the proportions of children who were satisfied, neutral, and unsatisfied were 27.2%, 59.6% and 13.2% respectively. The proportion of the satisfaction with school lunches was significantly higher in the male group than in the female group(p〈0.05), and the proportion of the dissatisfaction with school lunches was significantly increased with obesity index(p〈0.05). The largest proportion of children who were satisfied with school lunches answered they felt hungry(56.3%) and the food tasted good(42.2%). Children sho were not satisfied with school lunches answered that the food was not tasty(93.5%), they did not have ant appetite(9.7%), and others. The children not finishing school lunches(leftovers) occasionally or always were 47.7% of the subjects. The behavior of leaving lunch foods was not significantly related to the gender or the frequency of eating snacks, wile it was positively related with dissatisfaction with school lunches(p〈0.01), obesity index(p〈0.05), and the decreased frequency of eating meals per day(p〈0.01). The reasons of school lunch leftovers were food dislikes(67.9%), excess of quantity(39.3%), tastelessness(31.3%), poor appetite(13.4%), and other. The children eating meals twice, 3 times, and 4 times per day were 18.7%, 74.9%, and 6.4% of the subjects respectively. The proportions of the obese and the satisfaction with school lunches were not changed significantly according to the frequency of eating meals, while the proportion of children leaving school lunches was significantly higher in the group of eating meals twice per day than in the other groups(p〈0.01). The frequency of eating snacks was not related to the obesity index, the proportion of school lunch leftovers, or the frequency of eating meals, while the proportion of satisfaction with school lunches was significantly higher in the group of eating snacks 1-2 times per day than in the other groups(p〈0.01). In conclusion, it is necessary to have children enjoy school lunches with efforts to improve the food´s taste in the school food services and to reexamine the serving sizes for the children, in addition to the nutrition education for the children to eat a variety of foods.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.371-387
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• 1999

The present study was performed to assess and compare the clinical and microbiological effects following local application of 2% minocycline gel or 0.1% chlorhexidine subgingival irrigation to augment scaling and root planing in patients with moderate to advanced chronic adult periodontitis. 32 healthy patients with moderate to advanced chronic adult periodontitis were enrolled in the study. In each patient, the quadrants that had 2 or more teeth with $5{\sim}8mm$ probing pocket depth and radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss were selected and divided into test side and control side according to the split-mouth design. All patients received standardized oral hygiene instructions at the beginning of the study and all remaining teeth received scaling and root planing until 0 week. The 2% minocycline gel was applied to periodontal pocket at 0, 1, 2, 3 week in the test side. The 0.1% chlorhexidine solution and the normal saline were irrigated subgingivally for about 30 seconds in the positive control side and negative control side respectively. The clinical and microbiological analysis carried out at 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks . The results of this study were as follows; 1. In saline irrigation group, there was no adjunctive effects in probing pocket depth reduction, sulcular bleeding index and no significant changes in relative proportions of subgingival bacteria. 2. The chlorhexidine irrigation as an adjunct to scaling and root planing results in reduction in the plaque index and sulcular bleeding index, but there was not statistically significant. The relative proportion of spirochetes was significantly reduced, but the proportion of motile rods was no significant reduction. 3. The minocycline gel delivered subgingivally as an adjunct to scaling and root planing provide significant benefit in reducing probing depths and sulcular bleeding index compared to saline and chlorhexidine irrigation groups. 4. The relative proportions of spirochetes and motile rods were significantly reduced and the proportions of cocci and non-motile bacteria were correspondingly increased in the minocycline gel group. In conclusion, minocycline gel delivered subgingivally as an adjunct to scaling and root planing induces clinical and microbial responses more favorable for periodontal health than saline and chlorhexidine subgingival irrigation.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.42-46
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• 2004

해양심층수는 겨울철 표층수의 냉각으로 인하여 동해 고위도 지역인 극 지역에서 형성된 후 점차로 표층수와 혼합이 차단된 상태로 순환한다. 하구역 혼합만큼 뚜렷하지는 않지만, 지하염수는 순환해수와 지하수의 혼합물기다 높은 삼투압을 가지고 있는 해수는 바다와 연결된 대수층으로 스며들어 지하수와 혼합하게 된다. 해양심층수와 지하염수의 자원특성을 파악하기 위하여 이들 수괴의 기원과 성분 및 각 수자원에 대한 수질 특성과 자원 안정성을 조사하였다. 해수 중 산소와 수소 동위원소 비는 0‰, 인 반면, 지하염수는 지표수의 순환선(meteoric water line) 위에 있거나, 벗어나는 경우도 있다. 이러한 현상은 두 수괴가 다른 기원을 가지고 있다는 것을 의미한다. 해수에 용존 된 주성분 이온(Na, Ca, Mg, K) 들은 각각 일정한 성분비를 이루고 있다. 그러나 지하염수에서 이들 주성분 원소들의 일정성분비의 법칙이 성립하지 않는 것이 관측되었다. 그 이유는 주변 토양과 지하수 사이의 화학적 반응에 기인한다. 또한 해양심층수는 지하염수에 비하여 기능성 미량 원소들이 풍부하고 생물학적 친하력이 높은 반면, 유해한 박테리아와 인공 오염물이 적은 특성을 가지고 있으며, 자원적인 측면에서도 안정성을 가지고 있다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.239-245
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• 2014

지역과 계절이 콘크리트의 전과정 환경영향에 미치는 효과를 정량적으로 평가하기위해 6331개의 레디믹스 콘크리트 배합을 분석하였다. 콘크리트의 환경영향은 국가 생애주기 데이터목록을 기반으로 산출한 환경부하 발생량을 분류화, 특성화, 정규화 및 가중치 단계를 거쳐 6가지 환경영향 범주(지구온난화, 자원고갈, 광화학산화물생성, 산성화, 부영향화, 인간독성)로 나타났다. 단위압축강도에서의 환경영향 지표를 평가하기 위해 콘크리트 압축강도로 무차원한 환경영향 지수로 정의하였다. 국내에서 가장 많이 사용되는 콘크리트의 압축강도($f_{ck}$)는 24 MPa와 27 MPa이다. $f_{ck}$이 24 MPa일때 환경영향 지표가 가장 낮은 지역은 울산이었으며 가장 높은 지역은 광주와 대구였다. 지역에 따른 환경영향의 차이는 지역에 따라 사용되는 혼화재의 종류와 치환율이 다르기 때문이다. 또한 압축강도 24 MPa일때, 콘크리트의 환경영향지수는 동절기가 하절기 및 표준기에 비해 약 5% 높았다. 반면에 콘크리트의 환경영향 지수는 콘크리트 압축강도가 35 MPa을 넘어서면서 계절의 영향은 미미하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.1417-1423
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• 2007

The present study was conducted to investigate the supplementation effects of $C_{18:2}$ rich-soybean oil or $C_{18:3}$ rich-perilla oil (7% of total diet, DM basis) for 12 weeks on plasma metabolites, fatty acid profile, in vitro lipogenesis, and activities of LPL and FAS in adipose tissue of sheep. The treatments were basal diet (Control), $C_{18:2}$ rich-soybean oil supplemented diet (SO-D) and $C_{18:3}$ rich-perilla oil supplemented diet (PO-D). All the sheep were fed the diets consisting of roughage to concentrate in the ratio of 40:60 (DM basis). Oil supplemented diets (SO-D and PO-D) slightly increased contents of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), proportions of both cis-9 trans-11 and trans-10 cis-12 CLA and TVA, but lowered (p<0.01) those of $C_{18:0}$ compared to the control diet. No differences were observed in the contents of TG and TC and proportions of fatty acids in plasma between supplemented oils. Oil supplemented diets slightly increased the proportions of cis-9 trans-11 and trans-10 cis-12 types of CLA in subcutaneous adipose tissue of sheep compared to the control diet. The rate of lipogenesis with acetate was higher (p<0.01) for intermuscular- and subcutaneous adipose tissues than that for intramuscular adipose tissue, while that with glucose did not differ among fat locations in sheep fed SO-D. No differences were observed in the rate of lipogenesis between substrates in all fat locations. The rates of lipogenesis with glucose increased only in the intermuscular- (p<0.01) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (p<0.005) compared to those with acetate. The rates of lipogenesis with acetate were the highest in the intermuscular and intramuscular adipose tissue of the sheep fed PO-D. Oil supplemented diets slightly increased the rate of lipogenesis with glucose for all fat locations. Supplementation of oils to the diet numerically increased the fatty acid synthase activity but did not affect the lipoprotein lipase activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.1278-1285
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• 2008

Measurement of gas produced during in vitro fermentation was used to investigate the fermentation characteristics and interactions of rice straw, wheat straw or maize stover mixed with alfalfa or clover at proportions of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100, respectively. Cumulative gas production was recorded at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24 and 48 h of incubation, and the Gompertz function was used to describe the kinetics of gas production. In vitro dry matter and organic matter disappearances (IVDMD and IVOMD) were determined after 48 h incubation. The rate of gas production of clover was higher (p<0.05) than that of rice straw, wheat straw, maize stover and alfalfa when straws and hays were incubated separately. Increasing the proportion of alfalfa in the straw-alfalfa mixtures increased (p<0.05) the rates, but not the maximum volume of gas production. However, both rate and the maximum volume of gas production were increased (p<0.01) as the proportions of clover increased in the straw-clover mixtures. The cumulative gas production at 48 h, IVDMD and IVOMD showed no consistent interaction effects between different mixtures of cereal straws and hays. The extent of interactive effects was affected by the types of cereal straw, legume hay and their proportions in the mixture. The appropriate combination for the mixture of rice straw or maize stover with leguminous hays was 75:25 and 25:75, respectively. The better combination occurred at a proportion of 50:50 for the mixture of wheat straw and alfalfa. We conclude that the suitable proportion of low-quality straw and high quality legume hay combination should be considered in the ration formulation system of ruminants according to the extent of positive interactive effects.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.49-55
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• 1984

총지방질의 함량은 인유(성숙유), 조제 분유 및 시유 다같이 비슷한 수준치를 보였다. 조제 분유는 인유에 비하여 인 지방질, 유리 지방산, 콜레스테롤 에스터 등이 유의하게 높은 반면 트리글리세리드는 유의하게 낮은 수준이었다. 시유와 인유는 트리글리세리드 함량에서는 비슷하였지만 기타 지방질 성분에서는 차이가 있었다. 조제 분유의 인 지방질/트리글리세리드의 비, 콜레스테롤/트리글리세리드의 비, 총토코페롤 그리고 총토코페롤 / 총지방질의 비 모두 인유는 물론 시유의 그것들에 비하여 유의하게 높은 수준이었다. 총토코페롤 / 18 : 2 ${\omega}6$의 비는 조제 분유, 시유 다같이 인유에 비하여 유의하게 높았다. 인유, 조제 분유 및 사유의 비타민 E 함량은 미국 유아 식이의 기준치를 상회하였다. 조제 분유의 포화 지방산 중에서 탄소수 8개 이하의 직쇄의 우수 지방산들은 인유의 그것들에 비하여 유의하게 높았으며, 10개 이상의 탄소수를 갖고 있는 직쇄의 우수 지방산들은 인유의 그것들과 대체로 비슷한 수준들이었다. 시유에서도 역시 탄소수 10개 이하의 것들과 18 : 0 등의 직쇄의 우수 지방산들 그리고 직쇄 및 측쇄의 기수 지방산들이 높은 경향이었고 12 : 0 은 낮았다. 불포화 지방산의 경우 인유의 18 : $2{\omega}6$은 조제 분유와는 거의 비슷한 수준인 반면 시유의 그것에 비하여 4.5 배 높은 수준이었고 탄소수 20개 이상의 장쇄 고도 불포화 지방산들은 조제 분유, 시유 다같이 낮은 수준치를 갖고 있었다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.243-250
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• 2001

본 연구는 미성숙 돼지 난포 난자의 체외성숙에 있어서 catalase (0.1 mg/$m\ell$)와 xanthine (5 mM)의 역할에 대하여 검토하였다. 그 결과, 체외에서 성숙배양 48시간 후 metaphase-II 단계로 발육한 난자의 비율은 xanthine (54%) 첨가 보다는 대조구 (72%), catalase (73%) 및 catalase+xanthine (70%) 첨가구에서 유의적으로 높은 성숙율을 나타냈다 (P＜0.05). 한편, 체외에서 30시간 동안 성숙배양한 경우 모든 실험구에서 성숙율의 유의적인 차이는 인정되지 않았으나, 성숙배양 36, 42 및 48시간 후 xanthine의 첨가 여부에 관계없이 catalase 무첨가 (29~50%) 보다는 첨가시 (49~70%)에 유의적으로 높은 성숙율을 나타냈다 (P＜0.05). 체외에서 xanthine의 첨가 또는 무첨가시 배양시간의 연장이 난자의 성숙에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과 배양 72시간에서 높은 성숙율을 나타냈으며, 퇴행난자의 비율은 배양 120시간에서 catalase무첨가(47%)에 비하여 첨가시 (28%) 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으나 xanthine이 첨가된 배양액내에서 catalase첨가유무에 의한 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 또한 xanthine을 첨가하여 72시간 배양한 경우 단위발생란이 처음으로 관찰되었지만 catalase의 첨가 유무에 의한 차이는 인정되지 않았지만 배양시간이 길어짐에 따라 발생비율이 증가하였다. 이와 같은 결과에서 돼지 난포난자는 catalase와 xanthine을 첨가한 배양액내에서 배양 72시간까지 성숙율이 증가할 수 있으며, 배양기간의 연장시 catalase에 의하여 난자의 퇴행을 억제하며 단위발생란의 증가를 가져오는 것으로 생각된다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.85-90
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• 2011

Relatively little has been studied on the AMA-1 vaccine against Plasmodium vivax and on the plasmid DNA vaccine encoding P. vivax AMA-1 (PvAMA-1). In the present study, a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding AMA-1 of the reemerging Korean P. vivax has been constructed and a preliminary study was done on its cellular immunogenicity to recipient BALB/c mice. The PvAMA-1 gene was cloned and expressed in the plasmid vector UBpcAMA-1, and a protein band of approximately 56.8 kDa was obtained from the transfected COS7 cells. BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly or using a gene gun 4 times with the vaccine, and the proportions of splenic T-cell subsets were examined by fluorocytometry at week 2 after the last injection. The spleen cells from intramuscularly injected mice revealed no significant changes in the proportions of CD8$^+$ T-cells and CD4$^+$ T-cells. However, in mice immunized using a gene gun, significantly higher (P<0.05) proportions of CD8$^+$ cells were observed compared to UB vector-injected control mice. The results indicated that cellular immunogenicity of the plasmid DNA vaccine encoding AMA-1 of the reemerging Korean P. vivax was weak when it was injected intramuscularly; however, a promising effect was observed using the gene gun injection technique.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.265-274
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was attempted to investigate the a, pp.arences of healthy or artretic follicles in ovaries following repeats of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin(PMSG) treatments for superovulation in nulliparous rats. Thirty two rats(Sprague-Dawely, about 200-250 gm) were randomized into 4 groups. Control group rats were sacrified at estrus phase confirmed by vaginal smear. PMSG-treated group 1 rats, PMSG-treated group 2 rats and PMSG-treated group 3 rats were sacrified at 48 hrs after injection once with PMSG 25 IU, after 2 repeated injection by a week interval, and 3 repeated injection, respectively. The ovaires of rats were removed and then sections by paraffin embedding were stained with H-E or immunohistochemical staining using proliferating cell nuclear antigen monoclonal antibody (PCNA m Ab) and apoptotic kit. The criteria of follicle classification was based as small follicles with preantral follicles with 2~4 layers of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte, as secondary follicles with more than 5 layers of granulosa cells and early signs of antral cavity or with small clefts on either side of the oocytes, and as tirtiary follicles with a single medium sized antral cavity or large well-formed antral cavity, respectively. The proportions of atretic follicles from small and middle follicles in immunohistochemical staining using PCNA m Ab were 17.9% and 21.3% in control group, 15.5% and 23.5% in PMSG-treated group 1, 24.3% and 26.7% in PMSG-treated group 2, 18.1% and 30.2% in PMSG-treated group 3, respectively. Groups with atretic follicles of higher proportion were ordered as PMSG-treated group 3, PMSG-treated group 2, PMSG-treated group 1 and control group. The proportions of positive cells in small, middle and large follicles were 31.1%, 33.5% and 28.5% respectively. The follicles with positive cells of higher proportion were ordered middle, small and large follicles. In immunohischemical staining using apoptotic kits, small follicles in all 4 groups did not contain positive cells, and proportions of atretic follicles from middle and large follicles were 24.9, 30.7, 33.8 and 40.1% in control, PMSG-treated gruop 1, PMSG-treated group 2 and PMSG-treated group 3, respectively. These results suggested that repeats of PMSG treatment increased proportion of atretic follicles in ovaries, and middle follicles are more quickly developing than small or large follicles.