• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.141-151
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• 1987

A total of 1200 Korean native cow and 240 dairy cow genitalia were collected during the slaughtering process in Seoul and Kwang Ju abattoir and were examined from July 1985 to March 1986. Ovarian follicles were classified as cystic if the diameter was greater than 2.5cm or if follicles were multiple. In order to investigate the ovarian cysts, anatomical and histological examinations were performed. In addition progesterone and estrogen level in different types of cystic follicular fluid and serum were measured by radioimmunoassay. The results were summerized as follows: 1. The incidences of ovarian cysts were 2.0% in Korean native cow and 7.9% in dairy cow. 2. In distribution of cysts in the left, right and both ovaries, the most encountered ovary was right one. The frequency was 45.8% in right ovaries, 33.4% in left ovaries and 20.8% in both ovaries in Korean native cow. On the contrary the frequency was 42.1% in right ovaries, 31.8% in both ovaries and 26.3% in left ovaries in dairy cow. 3. Six speciemens (25.0%) of Korean native cow and six specimens (31.6%) of dairy cow were associated with corpora lutes in both ovaries. 4. The luteinization of theca layer was most significant in the group 2Aa (71.4%) and 2Ba (38.5%) which associated with no granulosa cell and corpora lutea in the same cystic ovaries. 5. Correlation of progesterone concentration between cystic fluid and serum was found only in the group 2Aa and 2Ab (r=0.86). Progesterone and estrogen concentrations in cystic fluid were closely related to the degree of degeneration of granulosa cell layer. The cystic follicles that consist of thickened theca and degenerated granulosa cell layers contained a large amount of progesterone, and small amount of estrogen. In conclusion, various types of ovarian cysts with various levels of progesterone and estrogen were observed in Korean native cow.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.769-775
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• 2000

This study was investigated the ovarian response following superovulation treatment at different day of diestrus. The criterion for the presence or absence of a dominant follicle based on their morphological examination. Dominant follicle was puntured 48 hrs before the oneset of superovulation treatment by ultrasonography guided aspiration needle. Superovulation was induced by subcutaneous administration of FSH twice a day for 4 day in a decreasing regimen. There was no significant different between presence of dominont follicle and progesterone concentration/diameter of corpus luteum in HanWoo. Number of corpus luteum of donor after superovulation treatment was not significantly different in FSH administration at day 9, 11 and day 13 of estrus($14.5{\pm}4.5$, $15.5{\pm}5.6$ and $11.0{\pm}5.5$, respectively). But, the diameter of CL was significantly correlate(R2 = 0.757) with progesterone levels on day of superovulatory induction. After 7 days of artificial insemination, the embryos at 7 days were collected by uterine flushing after dominant follicle aspiration and superovulation treatment, and evaluated their quality by morphological criteria. Fifty five embryos with excellent, good and fair grade were transferred into 24 recipient cows. Seventeen offsprings, 1 of triplet, 4 of twins and 6 of singlet, were yield from 10 recipient cow. In conclusion, the present study showed that 1) dominant follicle can be determined by ultrasonography with rectal palpation by morphological evaluations, 2) superovulation response after follicular aspiration was not differ at day 9, 11 and 13 of estrus, 3) dominant follicle did not affect to progesterone concentration and diameter of CL, and 4) diameter of CL was significantly correlate to the level of progesterone concentrations in HanWoo.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 1986

본 연구는 한개의 뇌하수체를 이식시켜 과배란된 미성숙 흰쥐에서 혈중 progesterone과 estradiol-17${\beta}$ 의 수준 변화를 관찰하기 위하여 시도되었다. 30일령 숫컷 휜쥐에서 뇌하수체를 제거하기 15일 전에 고환을 제거시켰으며 고환이 제거된 쥐에서 얻은 한개의 뇌하수체를 실험 시작일(임신 3일전 : D-2) 오전 7시에서 10시사이에 28일령의 암컷 흰쥐의 우측 신장 피막 아래 이식시켰다. 대조군은 같은날 오전 10시에 4 IU PMSG 를 투여하였다. 실험에 사용된 쥐들은 혈중 호르몬 수준을 측정하기 위하여 임신 3일전, 2일전, 1일전, 임신 1일, 2일, 3일 및 5일에 희생시켜 채혈하였다. 임신 1일에는 교배후 estrogen의 과량분비를 차단하기 위하여 난소를 제거한 후 난소 호르몬을 투여하고 임신 8일에는 착상 상태를 조사하였다. 혈중 progesteron과 estradiol-17${\beta}$ 수준은 gamma counter(Packard)로 계측하였다. 본 실험에서 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 난소를 제거하고 progesterone과 estradiol-17${\beta}$를 투여한 과배란된 흰쥐는 난소를 제거하지 않고 과배란된 흰쥐나 대조군에 비하여 효과적인 착상율을 보이지 않았다(P<0.001). 2. 과배란된 흰쥐에서 혈중 progesterone 수준은 대조군에 비해 교배후 계속적으로 높은 상승을 보였으나 교배전 수준은 대조군에 비해 낮았다(P<0.001). 3. 과배란된 흰쥐에서 혈중 estradiol-17${\beta}$ 수준은 과배란 2일전부터 임신 1일까지 아주 높은 상태를 유지하였으며 임신 1일전(발정전기)에는 638${\pm}$134 pg/ml 으로 절정을 나타내었으나 임신 1일 이후 부터는 급격히 감소하여 임신 5일에는 10pg/ml이하로 떨어졌다.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.18-33
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• 2006

Purpose : Endometriosis has been thought to be related with blood stasis in uterus. Onkyung-tang is a herb which has effectiveness of activating blood, warmy and regulating mensturation, therefore in the present study, the effects of Onkyung-tang on endometriosis were investigated. Methods : The endometrial tissue was autografted to Rat's small intestine. Rats with surgically induced endometriosis was orally administerd with Onkyung-tang for 40 days. Size of ectopic uterine implants at the serosal wall and concentration of progesterone, estradiol, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-2, 4, 6, 10 in serum were examined and compared with the control group. Results : The size of ectopic uterine implants of treated group was much smaller than that of control group. The concentration of estradiol, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-4 level were significantly decreased in experimental group compared with the control group. IL-10 level was significantly increased in experimental group compared with the control group. There was no significant difference in progesterone, IL-2, 6 level in experimental group and control group as well. Conclusion : My data suggest that Onkyung-tang reduce the size of ectopic uterine implants at the serosal wall and inhibit the growth of ectopic uterine implants. Judging from the above results, it can be suggested that Onkyung-tang should be a useful agent for inhibiting the proliferation of uterine endometrial tissue.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.106-118
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• 2005

Purpose : Deoyeongjeon(DYJ : 大營煎) is used in female infertility, caused by　ovulation disorder. so this study is to examine what are the effects of the Deoyeongjeon(DYJ) on the vulation and Ovary in Rats Methods : 4weeks Female Sprague-Dawley 12 rats of weighting 160-l80g, were divided into three groups including the DYJ oral administration(4ml/kg) groups(4heads) and DYJ oral administration(8m/lkg) groups(4heads). then we observed changes in the serum concentrations of FSH, LH, and estradiol(E2) and the histological changes of ovary and the immunohistochemical staining for progesterone receptor in ovary of rats. Results : 1. Blood FSH level significantly increased in experimental group as compared with control group. 2. In blood LH level, experimental group showed no efficacy as compared with control group. 3. In blood estradiol(E2) level, experimental group showed no efficacy as compared with control group. 4. In histological observations of ovary, ovulation increased in experimental group as compared with control group, which showed no efficacy. 5. In observations of immunohistochemical staining for progesterone receptor in ovary, immunohistochemical staining score (ISS) of atretic follicles significantly showed a tendency to decrease in experimental group as compared with control group. Conclusion : DYJ influences the pituitary gland and ovary to increase the ovulation of rats.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.87-91
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• 1998

The present study investigated the involvement of the phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathways during progesteroneinduced meiotic maturation in amphibian (Rana dybowskii) oocytes. Prosesterone-induced germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) of oocytes was significantly inhibited by a PKC inhibitor, staurosporine and a PLC inhibitor, U73122, in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, U73343, an inactive analogue of U73122, was ineffective in suppressing GVBD. PKC activity in oocytes reached a maximum level at 30 min after progesterone stimulation and this elevated PKC activity was effectively suppressed by U73122 or staurosporine, suggesting that the activation of PKC enzyme is closely linked to PLC signaling during oocyte maturation. In addition, these inhib itors blocked the maturation promoting factor (MPF) activity which appeared in oocytes in response to progesterone, suggesting that PKC activation is an important signal for MPF activity. Therefore, this study demonstrates that the activation of PKC via PLC signaling is directly linked to an intracellular protein kinase cascade related to the appearance of MPF activity during meiotic maturation in amphibian (Rana dybowskii) oocytes.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.9 no.1_2
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• pp.55-68
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• 1982

The present investigation has been undertaken to understand the mechanism of implantation process, by demonstrating the role of ovarian steroids in connection with phosphatase activity in the differentiation of uterine endometrium for implantation. The results obtained are as followings: The differentiation of the uterine endometrial tissue was closely influenced by the ovarian steroid hormones; at first, 17${\beta}$-estradiol initiated the differentiation of the uterine luminal and glandular epithelial cells, and then progesterone induced differentiation of stromal cells, and thereby two steroids maintain decidualization of the uterine tissues. We observed that the phosphatase activities seem to be dependent upon the ovarian steroids; that is the activity showed higher level in progesterone treated group than in estradiol treated one, and the highest activity was found in the group treated with both estradiol and progesterone. Acid phosphatase showed the highest activity whereas alkaline phosphatase showed the lowest in the rat uterine endometrium during early pregnancy.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.83-94
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• 2006

Purpose : This study examined effects of Paljin-tang on endometriosis. Methods : Sugically induced endometriosis in rats were given an oral dose of Paljin-tang for 40 days. The size of the ectopic uterine implants at the serosal wall and the concentration of progesterone, estradiol, tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interleukin(IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 in the blood were examined and compared with the control group. Results : The size of the ectopic uterine implants in the experimental group was much smaller than of that in the control group. The concentration of estradiol was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group. The TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-4, IL-6 levels was significantly lower in the experimental group than the control group and IL-10 level was higher in the experimental group than the control group. The progesterone, IL-2 levels were similar in the experimental and control groups. Conclusion : These results indicate that Paljin-tang reduces the size of ectopic uterine implants at the serosal wall and inhibits the growth of ectopic uterine implants. This suggests that Paljin-tang is an effective treatment for endometriosis.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 1985

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of unilateral ovariectomy on the weight of the remaining ovary, the change of number of ovarian follicle, number of corpus luteum and serum progesterone level. Sixty Sprague-Dawley female rats, 23$\pm$2 days old, were divided into 2 groups (control and unilaterally ovariectomized goup) with 30 heads per groups. Each group was again subdivided into 6 groups according to 6 experimental periods; Day 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 after uniteral ovariectomy. Five arts at every 4 day intervals were sacrificed for the measuring of ovarian weight and for quantitative histologic examination of ovary and at the same time, blood samples were taken for the determination of serum progesterone level of radioimmunoassy. The results obtained were as follows: During the experimental periods, a significant hypertrophy occured in the remaining ovary of unilaterally ovariectomized group from day 16 after operation. The average ovarian weight of control group at day 16 was 21.0$\pm$1.7mg, which is samller than that of unilaterally ovariectomized group weighing 50.5$\pm$8.4mg(P<0.01). The ovarian weight of the unilaterally ovariectomized rats at day 20 and day 24 was 75.9$\pm$2.2 mg and 63.3$\pm$7.0 mg, which is heavier than those of control group; 29.1$\pm$2.3 and 26.3$\pm$1.7 mg(P<0.01 and P<0.01). 2. A same degree of ovarian follicle development was observed in the unilaterally ovariectomized group. Following unilateral ovariectomy and there was no change in total number of follicles larger than 130$\mu$ during the period from day 4 till day 24 after operation. 3. Although the size fo ovarian follicle did not significantly change between two groups from day 4 till day 16, the size of vesicular follicle in unilaterally ovariectomized group (406.3$\pm$26.2$\mu$) was significantly greater as compared to that of control group (323.8$\pm$19.3$\mu$)(P<0.05). 4. Corpus luteum in unilaterally ovariectomized and control group began to a, pp.ar from day 16 after operation and then the number of corpus luteum slightly increased. The number of corpus luteum in unilaterally ovariectomized group at day 24 ws remarkably increased (13.7$\pm$1.41) than that of control (5.2$\pm$2.01)(P<0.01). 5. Serum progesterone levels in unilaterally ovariectomized group were slightly higher than those of control but there were no significant difference between treatment groups.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.1204-1210
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• 2011

Objective of this study was to examine the effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor on steroid synthesis, growth and apoptosis of buffalo granulosa cells (GCs) in vitro. Follicular fluid of antral follicles (3-5 mm diameter) was aspirated and GCs were cultured in 0 (control), $10^{-3}$, $10^{-5}$, $10^{-7}$, $10^{-9}\;M$ of SNP for 48 h. To evaluate whether this effect was reversible, GCs were cultured in presence of $10^{-5}\;M$ SNP+1.0 mM $N^{\omega}$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) a NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor or hemoglobin (Hb, $1.0{\mu}g$) as NO scavenger. Nitrate/nitrite concentration was evaluated by Griess method, progesterone and estradiol concentrations by RIA and apoptosis by TUNEL assay. SNP ($10^{-3}$, $10^{-5}$, $10^{-7}\;M$) significantly (p<0.05) inhibited estradiol and progesterone synthesis, growth, disorganized GCs aggregates and induced apoptosis in a dose dependent manner. However, $10^{-9}\;M$ SNP induced the progesterone synthesis and stimulated GCs to develop into a uniform monolayer. Combination of SNP $10^{-5}$ M+L-NAME strengthened the inhibitory effect while, SNP+Hb together reversed these inhibitory effects. In conclusion, SNP at greater concentrations ($10^{-3}$, $10^{-5}$ and $10^{-7}\;M$) has a cytotoxic effect and it may lead to cell death whereas, at a lower concentration ($10^{-9}\;M$) induced progesterone synthesis and growth of GCs. These findings have important implications that NOS derived NO are involved at physiological level during growth and development of buffalo GCs which regulates the steroidogenesis, growth and apoptosis.