• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.27-55
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• 2008

Due to the increasing and intensifying competition in the Internet shopping market, it has been recognized as very important to develop an effective policy and strategy for acquiring loyal customers. For this reason, web site designers need to know if a new Internet shopping mall(ISM) will be accepted. Researchers have been working on identifying factors for explaining and predicting user acceptance of an ISM. Some studies, however, revealed inconsistent findings on the antecedents of user acceptance of a website. Lack of consideration for individual differences in user ability is believed to be one of the key reasons for the mixed findings. The elaboration likelihood model (ELM) and several studies have suggested that individual differences in ability plays an moderating role on the relationship between the antecedents and user acceptance. Despite the critical role of user ability, little research has examined the role of user ability in the Internet shopping mall context. The purpose of this study is to develop a user acceptance model that consider the moderating role of user ability in the context of Internet shopping. This study was initiated to see the ability of the technology acceptance model(TAM) to explain the acceptance of a specific ISM. According to TAM. which is one of the most influential models for explaining user acceptance of IT, an intention to use IT is determined by usefulness and ease of use. Given that interaction between user and website takes place through web interface, the decisions to accept and continue using an ISM depend on these beliefs. However, TAM neglects to consider the fact that many users would not stick to an ISM until they trust it although they may think it useful and easy to use. The importance of trust for user acceptance of ISM has been raised by the relational views. The relational view emphasizes the trust-building process between the user and ISM, and user's trust on the website is a major determinant of user acceptance. The proposed model extends and integrates the TAM and relational views on user acceptance of ISM by incorporating usefulness, ease of use, and trust. User acceptance is defined as a user's intention to reuse a specific ISM. And user ability is introduced into the model as moderating variable. Here, the user ability is defined as a degree of experiences, knowledge and skills regarding Internet shopping sites. The research model proposes that the ease of use, usefulness and trust of ISM are key determinants of user acceptance. In addition, this paper hypothesizes that the effects of the antecedents(i.e., ease of use, usefulness, and trust) on user acceptance may differ among users. In particular, this paper proposes a moderating effect of a user's ability on the relationship between antecedents with user's intention to reuse. The research model with eleven hypotheses was derived and tested through a survey that involved 470 university students. For each research variable, this paper used measurement items recognized for reliability and widely used in previous research. We slightly modified some items proper to the research context. The reliability and validity of the research variables were tested using the Crobnach's alpha and internal consistency reliability (ICR) values, standard factor loadings of the confirmative factor analysis, and average variance extracted (AVE) values. A LISREL method was used to test the suitability of the research model and its relating six hypotheses. Key findings of the results are summarized in the following. First, TAM's two constructs, ease of use and usefulness directly affect user acceptance. In addition, ease of use indirectly influences user acceptance by affecting trust. This implies that users tend to trust a shopping site and visit repeatedly when they perceive a specific ISM easy to use. Accordingly, designing a shopping site that allows users to navigate with heuristic and minimal clicks for finding information and products within the site is important for improving the site's trust and acceptance. Usefulness, however, was not found to influence trust. Second, among the three belief constructs(ease of use, usefulness, and trust), trust was empirically supported as the most important determinants of user acceptance. This implies that users require trustworthiness from an Internet shopping site to be repeat visitors of an ISM. Providing a sense of safety and eliminating the anxiety of online shoppers in relation to privacy, security, delivery, and product returns are critically important conditions for acquiring repeat visitors. Hence, in addition to usefulness and ease of use as in TAM, trust should be a fundamental determinants of user acceptance in the context of internet shopping. Third, the user's ability on using an Internet shopping site played a moderating role. For users with low ability, ease of use was found to be a more important factors in deciding to reuse the shopping mall, whereas usefulness and trust had more effects on users with high ability. Applying the EML theory to these findings, we can suggest that experienced and knowledgeable ISM users tend to elaborate on such usefulness aspects as efficient and effective shopping performance and trust factors as ability, benevolence, integrity, and predictability of a shopping site before they become repeat visitors of the site. In contrast, novice users tend to rely on the low elaborating features, such as the perceived ease of use. The existence of moderating effects suggests the fact that different individuals evaluate an ISM from different perspectives. The expert users are more interested in the outcome of the visit(usefulness) and trustworthiness(trust) than those novice visitors. The latter evaluate the ISM in a more superficial manner focusing on the novelty of the site and on other instrumental beliefs(ease of use). This is consistent with the insights proposed by the Heuristic-Systematic model. According to the Heuristic-Systematic model. a users act on the principle of minimum effort. Thus, the user considers an ISM heuristically, focusing on those aspects that are easy to process and evaluate(ease of use). When the user has sufficient experience and skills, the user will change to systematic processing, where they will evaluate more complex aspects of the site(its usefulness and trustworthiness). This implies that an ISM has to provide a minimum level of ease of use to make it possible for a user to evaluate its usefulness and trustworthiness. Ease of use is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the acceptance and use of an ISM. Overall, the empirical results generally support the proposed model and identify the moderating effect of the effects of user ability. More detailed interpretations and implications of the findings are discussed. The limitations of this study are also discussed to provide directions for future research.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.355-362
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aimed to develop a tool for assessing foreigners' understanding of oral health information in Korea called the Test of Korean Functional Health Literacy in Dentistry(TOKFHLiD) and examined validity and reliability of the tool. The TOKFHLiD consists of two literacy assessment parts: Dental Information Sentence(DIS) aims to assess one's literacy of sentences containing oral health information. Dental Information Document(DID) aims to assess one's numeracy and literacy of documents containing oral health information. Methods: Twenty eight preliminary questions were developed based on various medical care literature such as the agreement to diagnosis and treatment and the treatment precautions. DID using 14 preliminary questions was developed based on the appointment card, the treatment schedule, and labels on oral care products. The 42 preliminary questions in the DIS and the DID were subsequently put through four separate expert reviews, in which questions with content validity score of less than 0.8(13/15 points) were corrected and modified by five dental experts and then were corrected for language errors by two Korean language experts. The preliminary assessment tool was tested on 153 Koreans, and ${\chi}^2$ test was performed on the ratio of respondents who comprehended each question, the ratio of respondents who chose the correct answer for each question with a significance level of 0.05. Results: Of the 42 preliminary questions, 1 question in DIS and 1 question in DID, for which the ratio of Korean respondents who chose the correct answers did not exceed the acceptable level of 80%, were excluded and a final assessment tool was completed with 40 questions. Conclusions: Following the development and application of the tool, examination of the TOKHLiD for validity and reliability revealed that this assessment tool is adequate for assessing oral health information literacy of foreigners who are using oral hygiene medical services in Korea.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2000년도 제26회 펄프종이기술 국제세미나
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• pp.16-23
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• 2000

The increasing functional needs of top-quality printing papers and packaging paperboards, and especially the rapid developments in electronic printing processes and various computer printers during past few years, set new targets and requirements for modern paper quality. Most of these paper grades of today have relatively high filler content, are moderately or heavily calendered , and have many coating layers for the best appearance and performance. In practice, this means that many of the traditional quality assurance methods, mostly designed to measure papers made of pure. native pulp only, can not reliably (or at all) be used to analyze or rank the quality of modern papers. Hence, introduction of new measurement techniques is necessary to assure and further develop the paper quality today and in the future. Paper formation , i.e. small scale (millimeter scale) variation of basis weight, is the most important quality parameter of paper-making due to its influence on practically all the other quality properties of paper. The ideal paper would be completely uniform so that the basis weight of each small point (area) measured would be the same. In practice, of course, this is not possible because there always exists relatively large local variations in paper. However, these small scale basis weight variations are the major reason for many other quality problems, including calender blacking uneven coating result, uneven printing result, etc. The traditionally used visual inspection or optical measurement of the paper does not give us a reliable understanding of the material variations in the paper because in modern paper making process the optical behavior of paper is strongly affected by using e.g. fillers, dye or coating colors. Futhermore, the opacity (optical density) of the paper is changed at different process stages like wet pressing and calendering. The greatest advantage of using beta transmission method to measure paper formation is that it can be very reliably calibrated to measure true basis weight variation of all kinds of paper and board, independently on sample basis weight or paper grade. This gives us the possibility to measure, compare and judge papers made of different raw materials, different color, or even to measure heavily calendered, coated or printed papers. Scientific research of paper physics has shown that the orientation of the top layer (paper surface) fibers of the sheet paly the key role in paper curling and cockling , causing the typical practical problems (paper jam) with modern fax and copy machines, electronic printing , etc. On the other hand, the fiber orientation at the surface and middle layer of the sheet controls the bending stiffness of paperboard . Therefore, a reliable measurement of paper surface fiber orientation gives us a magnificent tool to investigate and predict paper curling and coclking tendency, and provides the necessary information to finetune, the manufacturing process for optimum quality. many papers, especially heavily calendered and coated grades, do resist liquid and gas penetration very much, bing beyond the measurement range of the traditional instruments or resulting invonveniently long measuring time per sample . The increased surface hardness and use of filler minerals and mechanical pulp make a reliable, nonleaking sample contact to the measurement head a challenge of its own. Paper surface coating causes, as expected, a layer which has completely different permeability characteristics compared to the other layer of the sheet. The latest developments in sensor technologies have made it possible to reliably measure gas flow in well controlled conditions, allowing us to investigate the gas penetration of open structures, such as cigarette paper, tissue or sack paper, and in the low permeability range analyze even fully greaseproof papers, silicon papers, heavily coated papers and boards or even detect defects in barrier coatings ! Even nitrogen or helium may be used as the gas, giving us completely new possibilities to rank the products or to find correlation to critical process or converting parameters. All the modern paper machines include many on-line measuring instruments which are used to give the necessary information for automatic process control systems. hence, the reliability of this information obtained from different sensors is vital for good optimizing and process stability. If any of these on-line sensors do not operate perfectly ass planned (having even small measurement error or malfunction ), the process control will set the machine to operate away from the optimum , resulting loss of profit or eventual problems in quality or runnability. To assure optimum operation of the paper machines, a novel quality assurance policy for the on-line measurements has been developed, including control procedures utilizing traceable, accredited standards for the best reliability and performance.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.159-175
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 인플루언서의 전문성, 진정성 및 상호작용성 등 개인 특성요인과 정확성, 완전성 및 다양성으로 구성된 콘텐츠 품질요인이 인플루언서에 대한 신뢰와 자아일치성을 통해 브랜드 태도와 구매태도에 미치는 관계를 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 국내 20대 이상의 성인 201명을 대상으로 주요 변인 간 관계를 분석하였다. 주요 분석결과를 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 인플루언서의 개인특성요인과 신뢰와의 관계에서 전문성과 상호작용성이 신뢰에 통계적으로 유의한 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 콘텐츠 품질과 신뢰와의 관계에서는 정확성, 완전성, 다양성도 신뢰에 모두 유의한 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 인플루언서의 개인특성요인과 자아일치성과의 관계에서는 전문성과 진정성이 자아일치성에 통계적으로 유의한 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 콘텐츠 품질과 자아일치성과의 관계에서는 정확성, 완전성, 다양성이 신뢰와 함께 자아일치성에 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 신뢰와 자아일치성이 브랜드 태도와 구매의도에 미치는 관계에서는 신뢰와 자아일치성 모두 브랜드 태도에 통계적으로 유의한 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 구매의도에는 자아일치성과 브랜드 태도만이 통계적으로 유의한 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과는 콘텐츠 이용자들이 인플루언서에 대해 전문성과 상호작용성을 지각할 때, 신뢰가 증가하며, 전문성과 진전성은 인플루언서와 자아일치감이 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 콘텐츠 품질의 경우, 콘텐츠의 정확성, 완전성, 다양성을 통해 콘텐츠 품질을 지각할 때 신뢰와 자아일치성도 긍정적으로 반응하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 더불어 신뢰와 자아일치성은 브랜드에 대한 태도를 증가시키고 구매의도 등 소비행동으로 영향력을 미칠 수 있는 관계를 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 제품과 브랜드에 대한 정보전달 성격이 강한 인플루언서 마케팅 분야에서 인플루언서의 영향력을 이용한 효과적인 마케팅 성과를 위해서는 전문성, 진정성, 상호작용성 등 개인적 특성요인뿐만 아니라, 콘텐츠의 질적인 부분도 함께 고려되어야 할 것이다. 이상의 연구결과는 인플루언서를 활용한 마케팅의 기대효과를 발휘하기 위해 하나의 활용 가능한 기초자료로서 마케팅 전략 및 실무에 시사점을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• 무역학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.185-219
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• 2016

본 연구는 중국 화장품 시장에서 한류 스타를 휴먼브랜드로 간주하고, 중국소비자들의 한류 스타에 대한 애착이 한류 스타가 광고한 브랜드에 대해 중국소비자들이 진정성을 인식하게 만들고, 이 브랜드 진정성이 한국 화장품 브랜드에 대한 중국소비자들의 신뢰에 영향을 미치는 지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 또한 본 연구에서는 브랜드 진정성이 제품의 종류에 따라 다르게 정의되고, 구분될 수 있다는데 착안하여, 화장품 브랜드 진정성을 대상으로 살펴 본 선행연구를 기초로 한국 화장품 브랜드 진정성을 제품, 판매인, 기업 진정성으로 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 총 1개월 간 중국소비자들을 대상으로 화장품과 관련된 정보를 활발하게 공유하는 대표적 설문 조사사이트(http://www.sojump.com)를 이용하여 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 총 394부가 실증분석에 이용되었다. 실증분석 결과 중국소비자들의 한류 스타에 대한 애착은 한류스타가 광고한 한국 화장품 브랜드로 전이되어, 중국소비자들이 한국 화장품의 제품, 판매인, 기업진정성을 내포한 브랜드 진정성에 긍정적인 영향을 미침을 확인하였다. 또한 제품, 판매인, 기업진정성 등을 포함한 한국 화장품 브랜드 진정성은 중국소비자들의 한국 화장품 브랜드에 대한 신뢰에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 브랜드 진정성 및 신뢰가 중요한 이슈인 중국 화장품 시장에서 한국 화장품 기업들이 자사 브랜드의 진정성 및 신뢰를 중국소비자들에게 인식시키기 위해 취할 수 있는 한류 스타를 이용한 광고 및 마케팅 전략 등의 시사점을 제언할 수 있을 것이다.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.61-101
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• 2014

This study investigates when and how disagreements in online customer ratings prompt more favorable product evaluations. Among the three metrics of volume, valence, and variance that feature in the research on online customer ratings, volume and valence have exhibited consistently positive patterns in their effects on product sales or evaluations (e.g., Dellarocas, Zhang, and Awad 2007; Liu 2006). Ratings variance, or the degree of disagreement among reviewers, however, has shown rather mixed results, with some studies reporting positive effects on product sales (e.g., Clement, Proppe, and Rott 2007) while others finding negative effects on product evaluations (e.g., Zhu and Zhang 2010). This study aims to resolve these contradictory findings by introducing preference heterogeneity as a possible moderator and causal attribution as a mediator to account for the moderating effect. The main proposition of this study is that when preference heterogeneity is perceived as high, a disagreement in ratings is attributed more to reviewers' different preferences than to unreliable product quality, which in turn prompts better quality evaluations of a product. Because disagreements mostly result from differences in reviewers' tastes or the low reliability of a product's quality (Mizerski 1982; Sen and Lerman 2007), a greater level of attribution to reviewer tastes can mitigate the negative effect of disagreement on product evaluations. Specifically, if consumers infer that reviewers' heterogeneous preferences result in subjectively different experiences and thereby highly diverse ratings, they would not disregard the overall quality of a product. However, if consumers infer that reviewers' preferences are quite homogeneous and thus the low reliability of the product quality contributes to such disagreements, they would discount the overall product quality. Therefore, consumers would respond more favorably to disagreements in ratings when preference heterogeneity is perceived as high rather than low. This study furthermore extends this prediction to the various levels of average ratings. The heuristicsystematic processing model so far indicates that the engagement in effortful systematic processing occurs only when sufficient motivation is present (Hann et al. 2007; Maheswaran and Chaiken 1991; Martin and Davies 1998). One of the key factors affecting this motivation is the aspiration level of the decision maker. Only under conditions that meet or exceed his aspiration level does he tend to engage in systematic processing (Patzelt and Shepherd 2008; Stephanous and Sage 1987). Therefore, systematic causal attribution processing regarding ratings variance is likely more activated when the average rating is high enough to meet the aspiration level than when it is too low to meet it. Considering that the interaction between ratings variance and preference heterogeneity occurs through the mediation of causal attribution, this greater activation of causal attribution in high versus low average ratings would lead to more pronounced interaction between ratings variance and preference heterogeneity in high versus low average ratings. Overall, this study proposes that the interaction between ratings variance and preference heterogeneity is more pronounced when the average rating is high as compared to when it is low. Two laboratory studies lend support to these predictions. Study 1 reveals that participants exposed to a high-preference heterogeneity book title (i.e., a novel) attributed disagreement in ratings more to reviewers' tastes, and thereby more favorably evaluated books with such ratings, compared to those exposed to a low-preference heterogeneity title (i.e., an English listening practice book). Study 2 then extended these findings to the various levels of average ratings and found that this greater preference for disagreement options under high preference heterogeneity is more pronounced when the average rating is high compared to when it is low. This study makes an important theoretical contribution to the online customer ratings literature by showing that preference heterogeneity serves as a key moderator of the effect of ratings variance on product evaluations and that causal attribution acts as a mediator of this moderation effect. A more comprehensive picture of the interplay among ratings variance, preference heterogeneity, and average ratings is also provided by revealing that the interaction between ratings variance and preference heterogeneity varies as a function of the average rating. In addition, this work provides some significant managerial implications for marketers in terms of how they manage word of mouth. Because a lack of consensus creates some uncertainty and anxiety over the given information, consumers experience a psychological burden regarding their choice of a product when ratings show disagreement. The results of this study offer a way to address this problem. By explicitly clarifying that there are many more differences in tastes among reviewers than expected, marketers can allow consumers to speculate that differing tastes of reviewers rather than an uncertain or poor product quality contribute to such conflicts in ratings. Thus, when fierce disagreements are observed in the WOM arena, marketers are advised to communicate to consumers that diverse, rather than uniform, tastes govern reviews and evaluations of products.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.216-224
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• 2005

혈장분획제제 중 혈액응공인자제제와 일부 면역글로불린제제는 혈장에 존재하는 다양한 단백질로부터 유효한 단백성분만을 선택적으로 분리 정제하기 위해 크로마토그래피 방법을 사용하여 생산된다. 효율적인 세척(cleaning) 공정이 이루어지지 않는다면 크로마토그래피는 다양한 종류의 불순물뿐만 아니라 혈액 중 내재 또는 오염 가능성이 있는 위해인자가 오염될 가능성이 있다. 본 연구에서는 혈장분획제제 제조공정에 사용되는 크로마토그래피의 세척 공정에서 혈장유래 바이러스의 제거 및 불활화 공정의 검토 강화로 혈장분획제제의 안전성을 확보하기 위해 크로마토그래피 세척 검증 시스템을 구축하고자 하였다. 크로마토그래피 세척 공정 중 바이러스 제거 검증을 위해 혈장유래 바이러스 중 물리${\cdot}$화학적 처리에 가장 큰 저항성을 갖는 human parvovirus B19의 모델 바이러스의 porcine parvovirus(PPV)를 대상으로 real-time PCR 정량법을 확립하였다. PPV에 특이적인 primer를 선별하였으며 형광염료 SYBR Green I을 사용하여 PPV DNA를 정량하였다. 세포배양법에 의한 감염 역가와 비교한 결과 PCR 민감도는 1.5 $TCID_{50}/ml$이었다. 확립된 검증법의 신뢰성(reliability)을 보증하기 위해 실험법의 특이성(specificity), 재현성(reproducibility) 등을 검증하였다. 구축된 검증시스템을 thrombin 분리${\cdot}$정제를 위한 SP-Sepharose 양이온 크로마토그래피 공정과 factor VIII 분리${\cdot}$정제를 위한 Q-Sepharose 음이온 크로마토그래피 공정에 적용하여 크로마토그래피 세척 검증을 실시하고, 세척 검증 시스템의 적합성을 확인하였다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.1-25
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• 2011

Internet-based commerce has undergone an explosive growth over the past decade as consumers today find it more economical as well as more convenient to shop online. Nevertheless, the shift in the common mode of shopping from offline to online commerce has caused consumers to have worries over such issues as private information leakage, online fraud, discrepancy in product quality and grade, unsuccessful delivery, and so forth, Numerous studies have been undertaken to examine the role of perceived risk as a chief barrier to online purchases and to understand the theoretical relationships among perceived risk, trust and purchase intentions, However, most studies focus on empirically investigating the effects of trust on perceived risk, with little attention devoted to the effects of perceived risk on trust, While the influence trust has on perceived risk is worth studying, the influence in the opposite direction is equally important, enabling insights into the potential of perceived risk as a prohibitor of trust, According to Pavlou (2003), the primary source of the perceived risk is either the technological uncertainty of the Internet environment or the behavioral uncertainty of the transaction partner. Due to such types of uncertainty, an increase in the worries over the perceived risk may negatively affect trust, For example, if a consumer who sends sensitive transaction data over Internet is concerned that his or her private information may leak out because of the lack of security, trust may decrease (Olivero and Lunt, 2004), By the same token, if the consumer feels that the online merchant has the potential to profit by behaving in an opportunistic manner taking advantage of the remote, impersonal nature of online commerce, then it is unlikely that the merchant will be trusted, That is, the more the probable danger is likely to occur, the less trust and the greater need to control the transaction (Olivero and Lunt, 2004), In summary, a review of the related studies indicates that while some researchers looked at the influence of overall perceived risk on trust level, not much attention has been given to the effects of different types of perceived risk, In this context the present research aims at addressing the need to study how trust is affected by different types of perceived risk, We classified perceived risk into six different types based on the literature, and empirically analyzed the impact of each type of perceived risk upon consumer trust in an online merchant and further its impact upon purchase intentions. To meet our research objectives, we developed a conceptual model depicting the nomological structure of the relationships among our research variables, and also formulated a total of seven hypotheses. The model and hypotheses were tested using an empirical analysis based on a questionnaire survey of 206 college students. The reliability was evaluated via Cronbach's alphas, the minimum of which was found to be 0.73, and therefore the questionnaire items are all deemed reliable. In addition, the results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) designed to check the validity of the measurement model indicate that the convergent, discriminate, and nomological validities of the model are all acceptable. The structural equation modeling analysis to test the hypotheses yielded the following results. Of the first six hypotheses (H1-1 through H1-6) designed to examine the relationships between each risk type and trust, three hypotheses including H1-1 (performance risk ${\rightarrow}$ trust), H1-2 (psychological risk ${\rightarrow}$ trust) and H1-5 (online payment risk ${\rightarrow}$ trust) were supported with path coefficients of -0.30, -0.27 and -0.16 respectively. Finally, H2 (trust ${\rightarrow}$ purchase intentions) was supported with relatively high path coefficients of 0.73. Results of the empirical study offer the following findings and implications. First. it was found that it was performance risk, psychological risk and online payment risk that have a statistically significant influence upon consumer trust in an online merchant. It implies that a consumer may find an online merchant untrustworthy if either the product quality or the product grade does not match his or her expectations. For that reason, online merchants including digital storefronts and e-marketplaces are suggested to pursue a strategy focusing on identifying the target customers and offering products that they feel best meet performance and psychological needs of those customers. Thus, they should do their best to make it widely known that their products are of as good quality and grade as those purchased from offline department stores. In addition, it may be inferred that today's online consumers remain concerned about the security of the online commerce environment due to the repeated occurrences of hacking or private information leakage. Online merchants should take steps to remove potential vulnerabilities and provide online notices to emphasize that their website is secure. Second, consumer's overall trust was found to have a statistically significant influence on purchase intentions. This finding, which is consistent with the results of numerous prior studies, suggests that increased sales will become a reality only with enhanced consumer trust.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.228-236
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• 2008

세포배양 유래 생물의 약품 생산 공정에서 다양한 바이러스가 오염된 사례가 있기 때문에 바이러스 안전성 검증이 필수적이다. Reovirus type 3 (Reo-3)는 동물 세포주와 동물 세포 배양 공정에 오염되는 대표적인 바이러스이다. 세포배양 유래 생물의약품의 Reo-3 안전성을 확보하기 위해, 세포주, 원료물질, 제조공정, 완제품에서 Reo-3를 정략적으로 검출하고, 제조공정에서 Reo-3 제거 검증을 위한 시험법으로 활용이 가능한 real-time RT-PCR 시험법을 확립하였다. Reo-3에 특이적인 primer를 선별하였으며, 형광염료 SYBR Green I을 사용하여 Reo-3 RNA 정략 검출 시험법을 최적화하였다. 세포배양법에 의한 감염역가와 비교한 결과 real-time RT-PCR 민감도는 $3.2{\times}10^0\;TCID_{50}/ml$이었다. 확립된 시험법의 신뢰성(reliability)을 보증하기 위해 시험법 검증을 실시한 결과 특이성(specificity)과 재현성(reproducibility)이 우수함을 확인하였다. 확립된 real-time RT-PCR을 생물의약품 제조공정 검증에 적용할 수 있는지 확인하기 위하여 인위적으로 Reo-3를 오염시킨 CHO 세포에서 Reo-3 검출 시험을 실시한 결과 Reo-3를 감염시킨 CHO 세포와 세포배양 상청액에서 Reo-3를 정략적으로 검출할 수 있었다. 또한 바이러스필터 공정에서 Reo-3제거 효과를 감염역가 시험법과 비교 검증한 결과 더 빠른 시간에 동일한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 위와 같은 결과에서 확립된 Reo-3 real-time RT-PCR 시험법은 생물의약품 안전성 보증을 위한 세포주 검증, 생물의 약품 생산 공정 검증, 바이러스 제거 공정 검증 등에서 감염 역가 시험법을 대신할 수 있는 신속하고, 특이성과 민감성이 우수한 시험법임을 확인하였다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.107-117
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• 2004

농업분야에서의 IT역할에 대한 요약과 함께, 일본의 경험을 살펴보는 한편 당면 현안의 파악, 그리고 정보기술 활용의 성공사례를 들어 문제해결 방안의 하나로 신기술을 소개하였다. IT 활용능력 여부는 성공적인 IT현장활용의 매우 중요한 요소로,. IT 관련 교육/훈련의 강화 외에, 사용이 용이한 인터페이스 여하는 IT활용력 제고의 커다란 도전이기도 하다. 기존의 자판형 PC 인터페이스는 대다수 농민들이 쉽게 받아들이기 어려운 면이 있는 것이 분명하다. 이러한 최종사용자들에게 사용이 보다 쉬운 컴퓨터시스템을 제공하기 위한 여러 가지 기술들이 현재 개발되어 있다. 예를 들어 휴대폰기반의 사용자 인터페이스는 이러한 문제에 대한 해결책의 하나로 매우 유망한 기술임에 틀림없다. 휴대폰 사용은 개도국에서도 점차 확대되고 있으며, 단 몇 개의 키만으로 쉽게 사용할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 농민들은 복잡한 의사결정지원을 필요로 하지 않기 때문에 휴대폰의 이러한 단순한 화면도 대개 충분한 기능을 구현할 수 있는 것이다. 제2, 3세대 휴대폰은 인터넷에 대한 무결성 접속을 제공하므로, 휴대폰인터페이스에 적합한 활용물을 개발한다면 기존 PC의 역할을 대신할 수도 있을 것이다. 실지로 현재 휴대폰은 자료수집 뿐만 아니라 포장에서의 현장 의사결정지원에 사용되고 있다. 예를 들어 로렌슨 등과 사사끼 등은 휴대폰기반 기상정보취득프로그램을 개발하여 농민이 항상 자신의 포장내 기상상태를 파악할 수 있게 되었다. 병충해예찰시스템과 같은 보다 실용적인 응용 프로그램도 이미 초기모형이 개발되어 있다. PC보다 사용이 용이한 인터페이스와 포장에서의 기동성 등이 농민들에 의해 환영받고 있는 점이다. 또 다른 중요한 문제는 농촌의 미진한 네트워크 하부구조에 기인한다. 불행히도 농촌지역에서는 상업통신업자간 치열한 경쟁을 기대할 수 없기 때문에 이 문제는 결국 정부의 책임일 수 밖에 없다. 거대한 산맥에서 금을 채굴하는 것과 유사한 정보탐색이라는 기술도 매우 중요한 요소이다. 근대농업이 시작된 이래 약 한세기에 걸친 농업 생산과 실험연구의 결과, 일본은 방대한 농업자료를 보유하고 있다 이러한 장기자료는 농업생산에서의 신지식을 생산제공하는 데 필수적인 결정적인 정보원일지 모른다. 정보탐색 기술은 이러한 방대한 자료의 분석을 통한 미지의 사실을 추론하는 유망한 기술로 이용될 것이다. 많은 이들이 IT기술에 의해 농업이 힘을 얻기를 기대하고 있다. 그러나 어떠한 실용적인 IT 대응책이 농업을 강화할 수 있느냐는 질문에 대한 답변에는 궁색할 수밖에 없다. 이는 이러한 질문에 대한 보편적인 해답이 없기 때문이다. 농업은 전형적으로 기후와 토양조건, 작부양식, 시장요구도 등에 좌우되는 지역 특이적 특성을 지닌다. 그러므로 이는 개별 여건에 알맞는 유연한 기술 적용 여부를 결정하는 IT활용시 의사 결정자을 하는 사람의 몫이 될 것이다.