• Journal of Life Science
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.1039-1046
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• 2009

The cytochrome P450s (P450s) metabolizing natural products are among the most versatile biological catalysts known in plants, but knowledge of the structural basis for their broad substrate specificity has been limited. The activity of p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H) is thought to be essential for the biosynthesis of lignin and many other phenylpropanoid pathway products in plants however, all attempts to express and purify the protein corresponding C3H gene have failed. As a result, no conditions suitable for the unambiguous assay of the enzyme are known. The detailed understanding of the mechanism and substrate-specificity of C3Hdemands a method for the production of active protein on the milligram scale. We have developed a bacterial expression and purification system for the plant C3H, which allows for the quick expression and purification of active wild-type C3H via introduction of combinational mutagenesis. The modified cytochrome P450 C3H ($C3H_{mod}$) could be purified in the absence of detergent using immobilized metal affinity chromatography and size exclusion chromatography following extraction from isolated membranes in a high salt buffer and catalytically activated. This method makes the use of isotopic labeling of C3H for NMRstudies and X-ray crystallography practical, and is also applicable to other plant cytochrome P450 proteins.

• Journal of Life Science
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.994-1002
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• 2009

A bacteriocin-producing bacterium identified as Bacillus licheniformis was isolated from soybean sauce. Antibacterial activity was confirmed by paper disc diffusion method, using Micrococcus luteus as a test organism. The bacteriocin also showed antibacterial activities against Bacillus sphaericus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus planiarum, Paenibacillus polymyxa, and Pediococcus dextrinicus. Optimal culture conditions for the production of bacteriocin was attained by growing the cells in an MRS medium at a pH of 6.5~ 7.0 and a temperature of 37$^\circ$C for 36$\sim$48 hr. Solvents such as chloroform, ethanol, acetone, and acetonitrile had little effect on bacteriocin activity. However, about 50% of bacteriocin activity diminished with treatment of methanol and isopropanol at the final concentration of 50% at 25$^\circ$C for 1 hr. It was stable against a pH variation range from 3.0 and 7.0, but the activity reduced to 50% at a pH range from 9.0 to 11.0. It's activity was not affected by heat treatment at 100$^\circ$C for 30 min and 50% of activity was retained after heat treatment at 100$^\circ$C for 60 min, showing high thermostability. The bacteriocin was purified to a homogeneity through ammonium sulfate precipitation, SP-Sepharose ion-exchange chromatography, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The entire purification protocol led to a 75-fold increase in specific activity and a 13.5% yield of bacteriocin activity. The molecular weight of purified bacteriocin was estimated to be about 2.5 kDa by tricine-SDS-PAGE.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.255-260
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate the enhancement of UV-protection activities and skin-whitening effects from Angelica gigas Nakai extracts on ultra high pressure extraction process. Extraction at $60^{\circ}C$ treated by ultra high pressure for 15 minute and associated with ultrasofication (HPE15) was showed more than double yield, compare conventional extraction, as 12.24% (w/w) from A. gigas. Extracts of HPE15 reduced expression of MMP-1 on UV-irradiated CCD-986sk cells as 122.2% and revealed high inhibitory potency on tyrosinase as 69.4% by adding samples. Extracts of HPE15 from A. gigas showed strong inhibition effect on melanin production test by Clone M-3 cells as 82.4% by adding extracts. From the preliminary observations, we considered that the extracts from A. gigas could be potent natural materials for skin-whitening agent, and could be used as a potential anti-aging agent for the photo-damaged skin.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.177-186
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• 2010

This study was carried out to compare the physicochemical characteristics and preference as a sensory quality of Sogokju (Korean traditional rice wine) from waxy rice varieties. The protein and moisture contents of milled waxy rice varieties were ranged 6.9~7.2% and 12.1~ 12.6%, respectively. Nunbora had the largest grain size. In pasting properties, Hangangchalbyeo had the highest peak, trough and final viscosities, and Dongjinchalbyeo had the lowest viscosity curve. These differences suppose to be caused by the amylopectin(AP) structure: Dongjinchalbyeo has the largest short AP chains (degree of polymerization (DP) 6-12) and the smallest middle AP chains (DP 13-24) in 9 waxy rice varieties, while Hangangchalbyeo has the smallest short AP chains and the largest middle AP chains. The alcohol contents of Sogokju brewed from 9 waxy rice varieties were 17.6～19.9%. The brix degree were ranged $20.5{\sim}23.9^{\circ}Bx$. The organic acid of Sogokju consisted mainly of succinic acid, and the free sugar of it consisted mostly of glucose. The sensory evaluation showed the highest palatability at the Sogokju from Baegseolchalbyeo. The palatability was positively correlated with the brix degree, the glucose content, and the turbidity, and negatively correlated with the production yield of Sogokju.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.162-169
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• 2014

In the course of study for the development of functional food using red beans (azuki beans, Phaseolus radiatus L.), the ethanol extracts from raw-red bean (RRB) and boiled-red bean (BRB) were prepared, and the components and various biological activities of both were compared. It was observed that the extraction yield, and the total polyphenol content, of the BRB were 1.2 times higher than that of the RRB. However, the contents of total flavonoid, total sugar and reducing sugar in the BRB were 30, 27.9 and 30.8% respectively when compared with those of RRB. In relation to antioxidative activity, both RRB and BRB exhibited moderate DPPH anion, ABTS cation, and nitrite scavenging activities and reducing power, though in all cases RRB demonstrated stronger activities than BRB. The extracts of RRB and BRB did not reveal any antimicrobial activities. In a ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activity assay, RRB was higher than BRB, while BRB showed higher ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity than RRB. A strong and particular activity was observed in an anti-thrombosis activity assay of RRB. The extract of RRB demonstrated strong inhibitions against prothrombin and blood coagulation factors, with moderate thrombin inhibition. However, the extract of BRB did not exhibit any significant anti-thrombosis activity. Our results indicate that RRB has different, but useful biological activities, and loss or elimination of the biologically active substances in RRB occurs during the production of BRB. Therefore, to develop more functional foods from red beans, a study of suitable boiling, heating and drying processes is essential, and the efficient re-use of boiled waste water from the boiling process is necessary. These results could be applied to the further development of functional red bean beverages and sweat red bean pastes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.279-290
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• 2016

The performance of upflow anaerobic bioelectrochemical reactor (UABE), equipped with electrodes (anode and cathode) inside the upflow anaerobic reactor, was compared to that of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for the treatment of acidic distillery wastewater. The UASB was stable in pH, alkalinity and VFAs until the organic loading rate (OLR) of 4.0 g COD/L.d, but it became unstable over 4.0 g COD/L.d. As a response to the abrupt doubling in OLR, the perturbation in the state variables for the UABE was smaller, compared to the UASB, and quickly recovered. The UABE stability was better than the UASB at higher OLR of 4.0-8.0 g COD/L.d, and the UABE showed better performance in specific methane production rate (2,076mL $CH_4/L.d$), methane content in biogas (66.8%), and COD removal efficiency (82.3%) at 8.0 g COD/L.d than the UASB. The maximum methane yield in UABE was about 407mL/g $COD_r$ at 4.0 g COD/L.d, which was considerably higher than about $282mL/g\;COD_r$ in UASB. The rate limiting step for the bioelectrochemical reaction in UABE was the oxidation of organic matter on the anode surface, and the electrode reactions were considerably affected by the pH at 8.0 g COD/L.d of high OLR. The maximum energy efficiency of UABE was 99.5%, at 4.0 g COD/L.d of OLR. The UABE can be an advanced high rate anaerobic process for the treatment of acidic distillery wastewater.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2014

In general, whey obtained from various cheese batches is being reused, so as to improve the texture and to increase the yield and the nutrient value of the various final milk-based products. In fact, re-usage of whey proteins, including whey cream, is a common and routine procedure. Unfortunately, most bacteriophages can survive heat treatments such as pasteurization. Hence, there is a high risk of an increase in the bacteriophage population during the cheese-making process. Whey samples contaminated with bacteriophages can cause serious problems in the cheese industry. In particular, the process of whey separation frequently leads to aerosol-borne bacteriophages and thus to a contaminated environment in the dairy production plant. In addition, whey proteins and whey cream reused in a cheese matrix can be infected by bacteriophages with thermal resistance. Therefore, to completely abolish the various risks of fermentation failure during re-usage of whey, a whey treatment that effectively decreases the bacteriophage population is urgently needed and indispensable. Hence, the purpose of this review is to introduce various newly developed methods and state-of-the-art technologies for removing bacteriophages from contaminated whey and whey products.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.130-135
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• 2010

To select the viable alternative substrates among the variable organic substrates for productivity enhancement and production cost-reduction of oyster mushroom in bottle culture, this study was carried out at mushroom research institute of GGRDA in 2007. In bottle culture of oyster mushroom (Plerutus ostreatus), the seedcakes of rape (RS), soybean (SS), coconut (CCS), and kapok (KS) were examined as substitute of cotton seedcake which was primary nutritive material of mushroom growing substrate. The chemical properties of substrate mixed with kapok seedcake is similar to the mixture with cotton seedcake in T-C, T-N, C/N ratio, and other nutrients. Mixed growing substrate containing cotton seedcake and kapok seedcake was superior to other mixtures 99.2% and 99.5%, respectively in spawning ratio and was faster mycellium growth in column test than that of soybeen seedcake, cotton + soybeen seedcake, and coconut seedcake. The period required in first pin-heading was 1-2 days longer in rape and soybeen seedcake mixture. Also there wad no primodia and fruitbody formation at soybeen seedcake mixture which had highest T-N content among the other mixed substrates. Yield per bottle and biological efficiency were highest of 144.6 g and 75.4%, respectively at kapok seedcake mixture. As a result, this study found that cotton seedcake can be replaced with kapok seedcake in bottle culture of oyster mushroom.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2016

This study was carried out to determine the effect of mixed pasture using domestic varieties orchardgrass 'Kodione' and tall fescue 'Purumi' on forage yields and botanical composition from 2013 to 2015 in middle region of Korea. The following mixed pastures were used in this study: treatment A (orchardgrass oriented mixture with imported varieties), treatment B (orchardgrass oriented mixture), treatment C (orchardgrass and tall fescue oriented mixture), treatment D (tall fescue oriented mixture), treatment E (tall fescue oriented mixture without orchardgrass), treatment F (only orchardgrass), and treatment G (only tall fescue). In botanical compositions at last cutting time in 2015, treatment A had orchardgrass at 7.1%, tall fescue at 47.9%, kentucky bluegrass at 15.2% and white clover at 25%. Meanwhile, treatment B had orchardgrass at 25.9%, tall fescue at 47.0%, kentucky bluegrass at 4.9% and white clover at 18.3%. Consequentially, in botanical composition from 2014 to 2015, treatment A was changed more compare to other treatments B, C, D and E. The average of dry matter (DM) yield for 2 years of treatment E (18,369 kg/ha) was the highest among the seven treatments, but there was no significant difference among other treatments except treatment A (p>0.05). The crude protein (CP) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of treatment A were 14.5% and 74.8%, and treatment E were 14.1% and 73.0%, respectively. The content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were lower in treatment E and A than other treatments, and treatment E showed high content of total digestible nutrient (TDN). Therefore, tall fescue oriented mixture using domestic tall fescue variety Purumi had good forage productivity, quality and botanical composition in middle region of Korea for the establishment of grassland.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2016

This study was conducted to find out the effects of Improvement of Botanical Composition Technology (IBCT) on the forage production and ecological characteristics in a Rumex acetosella-dominated hilly pasture in Pyeongchang, in a period from August 2013 to the end of growing season in October 2015. $2MT\;ha^{-1}$ limestone was applied in August 2013 and April 2014. Liming significantly increased soil pH from 4.69 to 5.47 and then the soil pH consistently hovered at 4.91~4.98. For every grazing time, plant height was found to be higher with the application of IBCT as compared with the control. After grazing, no significant difference in plant height was found between the IBCT group and the control. Changes in the botanical composition of grassland can be affected by a lot of circumstances, but application of IBCT decreased Rumex acetosella from 12% to 2%, while also increasing the proportion of pasture. In relation to the botanical composition of grass, orchardgrass and timothy showed the highest percentages throughout the whole study period. The proportion of Kentucky bluegrass increased over time while tall fescue steadily decreased. The totals for grazing days were 58 in 2014 and 55 in 2015. Average herbage dry matter intake was $7,848kg\;ha^{-1}$ in 2014 and $6,941kg\;ha^{-1}$ in 2015. Due to the application of IBCT, dry matter productivity showed a significant increase of 59% during the first grazing period in 2014 (3,437 kg ha and 5,460 kg ha in control and IBCT). In 2015, the total dry matter yield of the IBCT group was 51% greater than the control ($5,742kg\;ha^{-1}$ and $8,685kg\;ha^{-1}$ in control and IBCT). Under acidic soil conditions, red sorrel can grow more strongly than grasses because it has better tolerance in dry and acidic conditions. Therefore, constant management is required in order to keep red sorrel from dominating the hilly pasture. In this study, the application of IBCT was able to effectively control weeds at all points. As a result, total management, including improvement of soil, overseeding, and application of selective herbicide and fertilizer, is needed to maintain excellent grassland conditions due to the limiting effects of environmental factors on grassland productivity.