• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.308-313
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• 1999

Direct seeding is a cultivation method of Korean ginseng which can cut down production cost and increase productivity. This study was conducted to obtain detailed information about this method and to aid the development of it in Korea. Major pre-crops before ginseng cultivation were rice, corn and rye, and organic matters, such as rice straw, rye straw and poultry feces were used for basal fertilization. In direct seeding of the ginseng field, seeding density was 196 to 210 seeds per $3.3m^2$ and germination ratio was 67%. Survival ratio of 4-year-old ginsengs which were products of direct seeding was 51%, and more than 100 plants per $3.3m^2$ survived. The most critical diseases in the directly seeded ginseng field were grey mold, damping off, and stem diseases including stem spot disease. Plant growth of the ginseng cultivated by the direct seeding method was not different from the ginseng cultivated by transplanting method. But the root of the ginseng cultivated by the direct seeding method took the shape of a shorter main root compared to the ginseng cultivated by the transplanting method. Root yield per $3.3m^2$ of the direct seeding ginseng field was larger compared to the field of the transplanting cultivation.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.352-360
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• 2012

Bacillus clausii I-52 which produced SDS- and $H_2O_2$-tolerant extracellular alkaline protease (BCAP) was isolated from heavily polluted tidal mud flat of West Sea in Incheon, Korea and stable strain (transformant C5) of B. clausii I-52 harboring another copy of BCAP gene in the chromosome was developed using the chromosome integration vector, pHPS9-fuBCAP. When investigated the production of BCAP using B. clausii transformant C5 through pilot-scale submerged fermentation (500 L) at $37^{\circ}C$ for 30 h with an aeration rate of 1 vvm and agitation rate of 250 rpm, protease yield of approximately 105,700 U/mL was achieved using an optimized medium (soybean meal 2%, wheat flour 1%, sodium citrate 0.5%, $K_2HPO_4$ 0.4%, $Na_2HPO_4$ 0.1%, NaCl 0.4%, $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ 0.01%, $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ 0.05%, liquid maltose 2.5%, $Na_2CO_3$ 0.6%). The enzyme stability of BCAP was increased by addition of polyols (10%, v/v) and also, the stabilities of BCAP towards not only the thermal-induced inactivation at $50^{\circ}C$ but also the SDS and $H_2O_2$-induced inactivation at $50^{\circ}C$ were enhanced. Among the polyols examined, the best result was obtained with propylene glycol (10%, v/v). The BCAP supplemented with propylene glycol exhibited extreme stability against not only the detergent components such as ${\alpha}$-orephin sulfonate (AOS) and zeolite but also the commercial detergent preparations. The granulized enzyme of BCAP was prepared with approximately 1,310,000 U/g of granule. Wash performance analysis using EMPA test fabrics revealed that BCAP granule exhibited high efficiency for removal of protein stains in the presence of anionic surfactants as well as bleaching agents. When compared to Savinase 6T$^{(R)}$ and Everlase 6T$^{(R)}$ manufactured by Novozymes, BCAP under this study probably showed similar or higher efficiency for the removal of protein stains. These results suggest that the alkaline protease produced from B. clausii transformant C5 showing high stability against detergents and high wash performance has significant potential and a promising candidate for use as a detergent additive.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.380-389
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• 2020

The conversion characteristics and fuel properties for producing biodiesel (BD) by blending beef-tallow, an animal waste resource with a high-saturated fatty acid content, and sunflower-oil, a vegetable oil with a high-unsaturated fatty acid content, were investigated. For this investigation, the effects of the control factors, such as the oil-blend ratio and methanol-to-oil molar ratio, on the fatty acid methyl ester and BD production yield were also investigated. The kinematic viscosity reduction effects of BD using heating and ultrasonic irradiation were verified, and the optimal temperature of each BD-diesel fuel blend for reducing the kinematic viscosity was derived using the correlation equation. As a result, the optimal conditions for producing blended biodiesel were verified to be TASU7 and a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 10:1. The analysis results of the fuel properties of TASU7 satisfied the BD quality standard; hence, the viability of BD blended with waste tallow as fuel was verified. The experimental results on the kinematic viscosity reduction showed that heating is more effective in reducing the kinematic viscosity because it took less time than ultrasonic irradiation, and the equipment was cheaper and more straightforward than the ultrasonic irradiation method.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.115-121
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• 1983

This experiment was conducted to investigate the growing process, nitrogen content of leaves and grain weight of the tillers of three wheat and one barley cultivars under space planting condition. The rates of the ear-bearing tillers were highest in the main stem (MS) and followed by the Ist, 2nd, 3rd tiller of the first order tiller. The leaf emergencies on main stem and tillers of barley were found simmilar results to synchronously emerging leaf theory reported by katayama, however, one or more leaves were emerged from the tillers of wheat comparing to the theoretical numbers. The orders of the ear primordia development were MS 1st 2nd 3rd tiller. The differences of ear development between main stem and tillers were greatter in wheat than in barley. Total nitrogen content in leaf decreased accompanying with growth and the highest content were found on the higher ordered tillers. The order of the proportion of each stem grain weight to the grain yield per unit area was MS > 1st≒2nd > 3rd tiller.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1678-1684
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• 2006

The objectives of this study were to estimate genetic parameters and sire breeding values for average daily gain (ADG) and carcass traits using sire-maternal grandsire model with REML approach, sire model with REML approach, sire model without relationships among sires and with REML and ANOVA approach, and to investigate advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Data were collected from 42,325 Japanese Black steers and heifers finished and slaughtered from 1991 to 2004. Traits analyzed in this study were average daily gain (ADG) during the fattening period, live weight at slaughter (LW), cold carcass weight (CW), estimated lean yield percentage (LYE), longissimus muscle area (LMA), subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), rib thickness (RT), and marbling score (BMS). Bivariate analyses were also performed to obtain genetic and phenotypic correlation coefficients among traits. Estimated breeding values were obtained from each model, and simple and rank correlations among breeding values from each model were calculated. Estimates of heritability using the four models ranged from 0.25 to 0.31 in ADG, from 0.21 to 0.24 in LW, from 0.23 to 0.27 in CW, from 0.10 to 0.17 in DP, from 0.40 to 0.42 in LYE, from 0.19 to 0.31 in LMA, from 0.31 to 0.34 in SFT, from 0.26 to 0.33 in RT, and from 0.18 to 0.44 in BMS. The differences in heritability estimates using the four models seemed to be feasible in ADG, CW, DP, LMA, RT, and BMS. Genetic correlation coefficients of ADG with CW, SFT, RT and BMS were moderate to high and positive while the genetic correlation coefficients between ADG and LYE was low and negative. Correlation coefficients of BMS with SFT were negligible for both genetic and phenotypic correlations. The correlations of estimates evaluated from sire models with those from sire-maternal grandsire model were not large enough to convincing that breeding values using a sire model were corresponding to those using a sire-maternal grand sire model. If information of maternal grand sires are not available, the sire model with incomplete pedigree information included only sire of sire (Model 2) is optimal among the sire models evaluated in this study.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.292-298
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• 2010

This study aims to understand the contribution rate of plant parts on biomass in five winter forage crops including barley, wheat, oat, rye and triticale. In barley and oat, the major plant parts on dry matter yields were changed from culm to spike at 20 days after heading(DAH), but culm was very important part on biomass of rye, wheat and triticales until 30DAH. Wheat, rye and triticales showed same pattern in dry weight increase indicating that culm was main component of biomass from heading stage but spike became heavier after 30 DAR. Barley and oat were similar in dry weight increase where spike was the main components of biomass at 20 DAR. After heading stage the major biomass of most winter forage crops were dependent on the weight of culm and spike, while the contribution of leaves to plant biomass was lower as compared to culm and spike. Thus culm and spike were very important factors for improving the dry matter production of winter forage crops breeding and early maturing is also additively required under Korean climatic condition.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.329-334
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• 2002

Tributyl phosphate(TBP) is used in solvent extraction process for radioactive waste. This compound may be degraded to dibutyl phosphate($DBP^-$), monobutyl phosphate($MBP^{2-}$) and ${PO_4}^{3-}$ by radioactive material. Amount of $DBP^-$ and $MBP^{2-}$ in TBP must be monitored because they production of these compounds means degradation of which leads to a decrease in the extraction yield. Retention behavior for $DBP^-$, $MBP^{2-}$, $F^-$, $Cl^-$, ${NO_2}^-$, ${NO_3}^-$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ and ${PO_4}^{3-}$ are studied with AS4A-SC(Dionex) analytical column and $Na_2CO_3$/NaOH eluent by Ion chromatography. Optimum condition for these anions is 2 mM $Na_2CO_3$/1 mM NaOH eluent. All anions by this condition is well separated within 15min. Dynamic range is $10{\mu}g/mL$ - $100{\mu}g/mL$ for DBP and $5{\mu}g/mL$ - $50{\mu}g/mL$ for $MBP^{2-}$, respectively. The Detection limit for AS4A-SC are $1{\mu}g/mL$ for $DBP^-$ and $0.5{\mu}g/mL$ for $MBP^{2-}$ in this system with a $25{\mu}L$ sample loop.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.409-420
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to investigate effects of fermented feedstuff added Saccharomyces cerevisiae(FFSC) on growth performance and carcass grade of growing Hanwoo bulls. Twenty six Hanwoo bulls averaging 230$\pm$24kg were randomly assigned within two dietary treatments which were control and FFSC. Average daily gain and feed intake were significantly higher in FFSC compared with control during growing, fattening and finishing period. Feed conversion was improved in FFSC compared with control during fattening and finishing period. During the whole experimental period, average daily gains were 1.06 and 0.98kg in FFSC and control, respectively, and it indicated that 19% was improved in FFSC compared with control(P<0.05). Feed intake was not significantly different between treatments during whole experimental period. In addition, feed conversion was not significantly different between treatments, there was a tendency to be beneficially increased about 7% in FFSC compared with control. There was no differences on yield traits including carcass weight, dressing, back fat thickness, rib-eye area and meat production between treatments. Marbling score was improved in FFSC compared with control(P<0.05). Appearances of ‘A’ ranked meat quantity were 44.4 and 25.0% in FFSC and control, respectively. Only FFSC had ‘1’ ranked appearance, but there was no ‘1’ ranked appearance in the control.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.296-296
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• 2009

국제기준(Codex)에 부합하는 유기농산물의 생산을 위해서는 저항성 품종의 유기종자 사용을 원칙으로 규정하고 있으나, 현재까지 우리나라의 경우는 찰옥수수 등 주요 식량작물에 대한 유기채종기술이 거의 전무한 실정이다. 본 연구는 찰옥수수 유기채종기술 확립을 위한 기초 자료로 이용하고자 찰옥수수 유기 채종에 따른 파종기별 생육 및 수량특성에 대하여 검토하였다. 유기종자 생산을 위한 채종시험은 홍천군 남면에 위치한 농가 유기포장에서 수행되었으며, 시험품종은 옥수수시험장에서 육성 보급되고 있는 미백2호 및 미흑찰 원종종자를 이용하였다. 파종기는 4월 16일, 5월 4일, 5월 27일 등 3처리로 구분하여 모 부본 동시파종 하였다. 재식밀도는 80${\times}$25cm로 하여 점파하였고 모 부본의 재식비율은 2:1로 웅주간파 하였다. 잡초방제는 흑색 P.E. Film으로 멀칭 재배하였고, 유기질비료는 H사에서 생산된 혼합유박비료를 전량 기비로 시용하였다. 파종기별 출사일수는 미백2호의 경우 4월 파종에서 79일로 가장 길었고, 파종 시기가 늦을수록 출사일수는 짧아지는 경향을 보였다. 미흑찰의 경우에는 미백2호의 결과와 같은 경향으로 파종시기가 늦을수록 출사일수가 빨라지는 경향을 보였으며, 간장 및 착수고 또한 미백2호와 미흑찰 모두 4월 파종에서 가장 높았고, 파종기가 늦을수록 낮아지는 경향이었다. 이삭특성에 있어서 이삭장과 착립장은 미백2호 및 미흑찰 모두 4월 중순 및 5월 상순 파종간에 큰 차이가 없었으나, 5월 하순 파종에서 현저하게 짧아지는 경향을 보였다. 발아율의 경우 미백2호는 4월 중순 및 5월 상순 파종에서, 미흑찰은 5월 상순 파종에서 높게 나타났다. 종실중과 100립중은 미백2호 및 미흑찰 모두 4월 중순과 5월 상순 파종간에 큰 차이가 없었고, 5월 하순 파종에서 현저하게 감소하였다. 10a당 채종수량은 미백2호의 경우 4월 상순 파종에서 217㎏으로 가장 높았고, 미흑찰은 5월 상순 파종에서 164kg/10a으로 가장 많았으며, 두 품종 모두 5월 하순 파종에서 채종수량의 뚜렷한 감소가 나타났다. 따라서 찰옥수수 유기종자의 안정적 채종과 정상수량 확보를 위해서 미백2호는 4월 중순 파종시에 그리고 미흑찰은 5월 상순 파종시에 채종 안전성이 가장 우수한 것으로 판단되었고, 또한 채종수량에 직접적으로 영향을 미치는 1개 이삭당 종실중과 100립중도 크게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.99-102
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• 1990

Pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) has been found as a promising new forage crop of higher quality and yield in Korea since 1985. The objective of the study was to select preemergence herbicides for weed control in growing pearl millet in order to reduce production cost and with increased yields. Propazine (Milogard 4L) was the best in controlling weeds without its phytotoxicity at the standard application rate, and with the highest survival rate of seedlings of peal millet "Suwon 1" hybrid. Sprayings with Atrazine and Simazine caused lower survival rate of peal millet and with their light phytotoxicity as compared with manual weeding and Propazine spraying. Alachlor killed pearl millet seedlings almost completely. Pendimethalin also was not good for weed control of peal millet due to its severe phytotoxicity and with very low survival rate of pearl millet seedlings.