• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제33권
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• pp.4-35
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• 2000

The paddling technique is a Kind of secondary treatments in the process of ceramic forming, which appeared in the Chinese Neolithic Age pottery making. In the case of Korean prehistoric pottery making, it was first introduced together with the kiln firing method from Tongpei region(東北地方) of China in Yan(燕) dynasty occupation period. Korean archaeologists have recognized the adoption of the new technologies as a drastic innovation of ceramic production. And most of them have thought that the diffusion of new techniques, accompanied by the migration of the northern ethnic groups, had been immediately followed by the innovative changes in pottery procdution. However, rejecting the arguments from the simple diffusionist viewpoint, I have first tried to describe the innovation processes in the ceramic production systems as a spatio-temporal process. The paddling technique by the cord-wound paddle, which was first introduced among the various paddles, was associated with the new sort of pottery, round pots fired in low temperature of reducing atmosphere condition. The cord-marked round pots first tried by the indigenous potters in the southern part of Korean were characterized by the relatively low leveled techniques in forming and firing, compared to those of north-east China. The techniques of the round pots were hardly improved in the domestic production system until the appearance of the fully-specialized one. The specialized production system of the round pot, which appeared first in the mid-western region of Korea, showed the diversified paddling techniques and made the noticeable improvements in forming and firing processes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.421-427
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• 2012

The production of therapeutic proteins from transgenic animals is one of the most important successes of animal biotechnology. Milk is presently the most mature system for production of therapeutic proteins from a transgenic animal. Specifically, ${\beta}$-casein is a major component of cow, goat and sheep milk, and its promoter has been used to regulate the expression of transgenic genes in the mammary gland of transgenic animals. Here, we cloned the porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene and analyzed the transcriptional activity of the promoter and intron 1 region of the porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene. Sequence inspection of the 5'-flanking region revealed potential DNA elements including SRY, CdxA, AML-a, GATA-3, GATA-1 and C/EBP ${\beta}$. In addition, the first intron of the porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene contained the transcriptional enhancers Oct-1, SRY, YY1, C/EBP ${\beta}$, and AP-1, as well as the retroviral TATA box. We estimated the transcriptional activity for the 5'-proximal region with or without intron 1 of the porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene in HC11 cells stimulated with lactogenic hormones. High transcriptional activity was obtained for the 5'-proximal region with intron 1 of the porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene. The ${\beta}$-casein gene containing the mutant TATA box (CATAAAA) was also cloned from another individual pig. Promoter activity of the luciferase vector containing the mutant TATA box was weaker than the same vector containing the normal TATA box. Taken together, these findings suggest that the transcription of porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene is regulated by lactogenic hormone via intron 1 and promoter containing a mutant TATA box (CATAAAA) has poor porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene activity.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2000년도 국제심포지움
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• pp.1-2
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• 2000

High production of milk and its components are necessary to allow maximal growth of developing piglets. In this study, transgenic pigs were produced containing the $\alpha$-lactalbumin gene, whose product is a potential limiting component in the production of milk. Two lines of transgenic pigs were produced to analyze the effects that overproduction of the milk protein $\alpha$-lactalbumin may have on milk production and piglet growth. Transgenic pigs were produced through microinjection of the bovine $\alpha$-lactalbumin gene. The gene construct contained 2.0 kb of 5 flanking region, the 2.0 kb coding region and 329 bp of 3 flanking region. Sows hemizygous for the transgene produced as much as 0.9 g of bovine $\alpha$-lactalbumin per liter of pig milk. The production of the bovine protein caused approximately a 50 % increase in the total $\alpha$-lactalbumin concentration in pig milk throughout lactation. The concentration of bovine $\alpha$-lactalbumin was highest on day 0 and 5 of lactation and decreased as lactation progressed. The ratio of bovine to porcine $\alpha$-lactalbumin changed during the sow's lactation. This ratio was 4.3 to 1 on day 0 of lactation, but by day 20 of lactation the ratio was 0.43 to 1. This suggested that the bovine transgene and the endogenous porcine gene were under slightly different control mechanisms. The higher level of total $\alpha$-lactalbumin present on day 0 of lactation was correlated with higher lactose percentage on day 0 in transgenic sows (3.8 %) as compared to controls (2.6 %) (P < 0.01). Although there was also a trend for higher lactose percentage in transgenic sows on day 5 and 10 of lactation, no significant differences were observed. These data suggest that $\alpha$-lactalbumin is limiting early in lactation of swine. Furthermore, higher concentrations of $\alpha$-lactalbumin early in lactation may boost milk output.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.481-492
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• 1999

Asian-Australasian region comprises of 82 countries spread over varying agro economic zones, habitats and ecosystems varying from dry hot to humid tropics and cold deserts. The literacy standards vary from very low to almost 100 percent. On the basis of economic development there are 4 countries Japan, Australia, New Zealand and Korea which are developed countries, rest are in varying states of development and growing economically very rapidly. Based on Agro ecosystems and farming practices, we have chosen four countries for indepth study in this paper namely China, Thailand, Indonesia and India. They represent 70% of the bovine and poultry population of the region. This paper makes a comparative study of the grain and roughage production and utilization at present and in 2000 A.D. by examining information on feed rates demand patterns and feed requirements in these four countries keeping in view the size and growth of bovine and poultry population and dietary pattern of the people. It has been observed, there has so far been no country level detailed study on the livestock feed requirements. Apart from conceptual discrepancies, most of the estimates given in various reports brought out by the national governments and international agencies do not have any scientific basis. Hence an inter-country comparison is virtually impossible on the basis of the available information. We have however, attempted to analyse the dietary pattern in the different countries, feedgrains requirements, availability of feed based on the information available from the various published and unpublished reports. We have given an inter-country comparison of feed rate and feed requirements which, however, needs to be tested by carrying out a micro level study in each selected country.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.321-333
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• 2000

High production of milk and its components are necessary to allow maximal growth of developing piglets. In this study, transgenic pigs were produced containing the $\alpha$ -lactalbumin gene, whose product is a potential limiting component in the production of milk. Two lines of transgenic pigs were produced to analyze the effects that overproduction of the milk protein $\alpha$ -lactalbumin may have on milk production and piglet growth. Transgenic pigs were produced through microinjection of the bovine $\alpha$ -lactalbumin gene. The gene construct contained 2.0 kb of 5'flanking region, the 2.0 kb coding region and 329 bp of 3'flanking region. Sows hemizygous for the trans gene produced as much as 0.9 g of bovine $\alpha$-lactalbumin per liter of pig milk. The production of the bovine protein caused approximately a 50% increase in the total $\alpha$ -lactalbumin concentration in pig milk throughout lactation. The concentration of bovine $\alpha$ -lactalbumin was highest on day 0 and 5 of lactation and decreased as lactation progressed. The ratio of bovine to porcine $\alpha$ -lactalbumin changed during the sow's lactation. This ratio was 4.3 to 1 on day 0 of lactation, but by day 20 of lactation the ratio was 0.43 to 1. This suggested that the bovine transgene and the endogenous porcine gene were under slightly different control mechanisms. The higher level of total $\alpha$-lactalbumin present on day 0 of lactation was correlated with higher lactose percentage on day 0 in transgenic sows (3.8%) as compared to controls (2.6%) (P＜0.01). Although there was also a trend for higher lactose percentage in transgenic sows on day 5 and 10 of lactation, no significant differences were observed. These data suggest that $\alpha$ -lactalbumin is limiting early in lactation of swine. Furthermore, higher concentrations of $\alpha$ -lactalbumin early in lactation may boost milk output.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권4_spc호
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• pp.786-793
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• 2024

Latin America is a culturally, geographically, politically, and economically diverse region. Agriculture in Latin America is marked by a remarkable diversity of production systems, reflecting various agroecological zones, farm sizes, and technological levels. In the last decade, the swine industry increased by 30.6%, emerging as a great contributor to food security and economic development in Latin America. Brazil and Mexico dominate the pig production landscape, together accounting for 70% of sow inventory in the region. The swine industry in Latin America is predominantly comprised of small and medium-sized farms, however, in the past 30 years, the number of pig producers in Brazil dropped by 78%, whereas pork production increased by 326%. Similar to the global pork industry, the growing demand for pork, driven by population growth and changing dietary habits, presents an opportunity for the industry with an expected growth of 16% over the next decade. The export prospects are promising, however subject to potential disruptions from global market conditions and shifts in trade policies. Among the challenges faced by the swine industry, disease outbreaks, particularly African Swine Fever (ASF), present significant threats, necessitating enhanced biosecurity and surveillance systems. In 2023, ASF was reported to the Dominican Republic and Haiti, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) in Mexico, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Venezuela, and Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED) in Mexico, Peru, the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Ecuador. Additionally, feed costs, supply chain disruptions, and energy expenses have affected mainly the smaller and less efficient producers. The swine industry is also transitioning towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly practices, including efficient feed usage, and precision farming. Ensuring long-term success in the swine industry in Latin America requires a holistic approach that prioritizes sustainability, animal welfare, and consumer preferences, ultimately positioning the industry to thrive in the evolving global market.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2012

This study aimed to analyze the economic feasibility of Mackerel offshore aquaculture production performance in Jeju region, Korea. Based on the collected biological, costs and market price data, farming revenue and expenses during the farming period were evaluated, and the net present value and the internal rate of return of a 10-year cash inflow and cash outflow were estimated to determine the economic feasibility of Mackerel offshore aquaculture production system. Model results indicated that the Mackerel offshore aquaculture production performance would have high profitability under the current production and market situation. This is because of the relatively high survival rate, relatively low feed conversion ratio and good market prices. However, sensitivity analyses of main important biological and economic variables showed that the economic viability of Mackerel offshore aquaculture production system would be highly vulnerable to production and market condition changes.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권4_spc호
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• pp.742-754
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• 2024

Asia is not only the primary region for global pig production but also the largest consumer of pork worldwide. Although the pig production in Asia has made great progress in the past, it still is confronted with numerous challenges. These challenges include: inadequate land and feed resources, a substantial number of small-scale pig farms, escalating pressure to ensure environmental conservation, control of devastating infectious diseases, as well as coping with high temperatures and high humidity. To solve these problems, important investments of human and financial capital are required to promote large-scale production systems, exploit alternative feed resources, implement precision feeding, and focus on preventive medicine and vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics, improve pig breeding, and increase manure recycling. Implementation of these techniques and management practices will facilitate development of more environmentally-friendly and economically sustainable pig production systems in Asia, ultimately providing consumers with healthy pork products around the world.

• 한국초지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국초지조사료학회 2002년도 창립 30주년 International Symposium
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• pp.5-56
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• 2002

The problems in the current domestic forage production were evaluated, and the prospective improvement was suggested in this paper. Grassland development in forest, production of high quality forages in upland and paddy land, efficient utilization of rice straw, development of new varieties of forages suitable for our environmental conditions and imported forages were described Among them, preferential production and utilization of forages using paddy field after rice harvest . should be enlarged for domestic supply of forages in Korea. Several studies were carried out to select the promising forage crops and barley cultivars for whole crop silage production, to determine productivity, nutritive value and production cost of forages produced in paddy field, and feeding effect of forages with Hanuwoo and milking cow for whole crop silage with forages produced in paddy field, 1999 to 2001, and also discussed restraint factors and activation plans for enlargement of forage production in paddy land. The promising forage crops in paddy field were rye and barley for Middle region, and rye, barley, early maturing Italian ryegrass and wheat for Southern region. The promising barley cultivars for whole crop silage in paddy field were Albori in Suwon, Keunalbori, Milyang 92, Saessalbori, and Naehanssalbori in Iksan, and Keunalbori, Albori, Naehanssalbori, and Saegangbori in Milyang, respectively. Silage production, quality and animal palatability of silage by trench and round bale were also compared. The production yields of whole crop barley silage(WBS) were 17,135kg as a fresh matter, and 6,011kg as a dry matter per ha, and the quality of WBS was 2∼3 grade, while that of rice straw silage was 4 grade as a farm basis. The production cost of WBS per kg was 83won as a fresh matter, and 238won as a dry matter. Feeding of WBS as forages on Hanwoo was very desirable for the improvement of live-weight gain, beef quality and farm income, particularly in growing stage of Hanwoo. Milk production and income were also increased, and feed cost was decreased by feeding of WBS. The daily voluntary intake of WBS in milking cow was 26.3kg as a fresh matter(DM 7.7kg) per head. Milk production when WBS was fed, was very similar to that of imported hay feeding such as Kentucky bluegrass or domestic corn silage. The issues to be solved in near future f3r stable forage production and supply in paddy land are sustainable livestock-forages policy, development & seed production of new varieties of barley, rye, Italian ryegrass and other promising forages, efficient demand & supply system of forages, solidification for mass production and utilization of forages, efficient application management of animal slurry on paddy field considering environmental agriculture/livestock industry, and break k development of bottleneck technique in production field. Domestic production & supply of high cost agricultural machine (round baler, wrapper, handler and so on), plastic wrapping film, and silage additives are also important.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.475-488
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• 1995

한반도 남서연안에 위치한 득량만에서 1992년 7월부터 1993년 3월까지 계절별로 염분과 영양염류의 농도를 측정하여 득량만 표층수중 영양염류의 시공간적 변화특성과 기초생산 제한인자의 계절변화에 대해 고찰하였다. 염분의 평균농도는 추계에 가장 낮고 춘계에 가장 높았으며, 용존무기질소는 동계에 가장 높고 하계에 가장 낮았다. 그러나, 인산염과 규산염은 하계에 가장 높았으나, 최소 값은 인산염의 경우 추계와 동계에, 규산염은 추계에 나타났다. 계절별로 다소의 차이는 있으나, 염분은 만 입구 쪽에서 북쪽으로 갈수록 점차 낮아지는 경향을 보이며, 득량도 서쪽이 동쪽 보다 다소 낮았다. 용존무기질소는 하계의 경우 거의 고갈된 농도를 보이나, 나머지 계절에는 고염수가 존재하고 있는 만의 입구 쪽 정점들에서 상대적으로 높고 만의 안쪽에서는 거의 고갈된 농도를 보인다. 인산염은 하계의 경우 염분과 상반된 분포를 보이며, 춘계의 경우 만 입구 쪽 정점들에서 상대적으로 높은 농도를 나타내는 것을 제외하면 추계와 동계에는 거의 고갈된 농도를 보인다. 규산염은 하계의 경우 염분과 상반된 분포를 보이나, 나머지 계절에는 염분과 유사한 분포양상을 보인다. 용존무기질소는 하계의 경우만의 전 해역에서 생물생산의 제한인자로 작용하고 있으나, 나머지 계절에는 만의 안쪽 해역에서만 제한인자로 작용하고 있다고 생각된다. 인산염은 추계와 동계에는 전 해역에서 생물생산을 제한하고 있으나, 춘계의 경우는 만의 안쪽 해역에서만 제한인자로 작용하고 있다고 생각된다. 규산염의 경우는 담수의 공급량이 작은 동계와 춘계에 만의 안쪽 해역에서 규조류의 생산을 제한하고 있다고 생각된다. 인산염과 규산염은 하계의 경우 염분과 부(-)의 상관성을 나타내는 것으로 보아 주로 담수의 유입에 의해 만내로 공급되고 있다. 그러나, 나머지 계절에는 용존무기질소와 규산염의 농도가 염분과 정의 상관성을 나타내는 것으로 보아 용존무기질소 및 규산염 농도가 비교적 높은 외해수가 만내로 유입되고 있음을 의미한다.