• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.417-422
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• 1997

Recombinant Bacillus subtilis LKS88[pASA240] containing the amylase gene from Streptomyces albus KSM-35 was exploited in fed-batch cultivation for mass production of maltotetraose-producing amylase. The effects of dissolved oxygen, additional organic nutrients (peptone and yeast extract) and mixed carbon sources (glucose plus soluble starch) on amylase production were examined in fed-batch operations in an effort to determine the optimum conditions for a maximum amylase productivity. Under the optimum conditions, maximum amylase activity was about 4.2 times higher than that obtained in batch cultivations, indicating that mass production of maltotetraose-producing amylase could be accomplished in fed-batch cultivation of the recombinant B. subtilis strain.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.283-290
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• 2015

This study was carried out a trend analysis for analyzing change of meteorological elements in the main producing areas of Chinese cabbage, radish, pepper, garlic and onion. As meteorological elements, we selected air temperature (maximum, minimum), precipitation and duration of sunshine. We used monthly data of meteorological elements obtained from the main producing areas of vegetables for 30 years from 1981 to 2010. Mann-Kendall test used for significance test of trend and Sen's estimator of slope for computing the variance of meteorological elements. The study results showed that air temperature tended to increase, but duration of sunshine tended to decrease in most regions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.125-127
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• 2014

Major Japan animation production house, Studio Ghibli has produced many masterwork animations and achieved commercial and artistic success. Therefore they has surpassed regional Japan, became the world major animation company and acquired grate fame. But Hayao Miyazaki who is the leader of the Studio Ghibli has failed making a his heir. To make matter worse his retirement is approaching, rumors that break up the studio Ghibli has been spread in recent time. Finally, In a general meeting of stockholders of studio Ghibli, June 2014, they announced that split up the animationmaking team. That means studio Ghibli changed their animation producing process, not disband a studio Ghibli. This paper will analyze reasons why did they have to change their animation producing process.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.36.1-36.11
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• 2018

Background: To confirm whether shellfish are suitable for consumption, the quality of seawater and shellfish in shellfish-producing areas must be assessed regularly. This study was conducted to evaluate the bacterial quality on the Changseon area, containing a designated shellfish-producing area, in Korea during 2011-2013. Result: Even though many inland pollutants near the area were identified, they showed no significant impact on the designated area and the shellfish therein. The concentrations of fecal bacteria in all the seawater and mussel samples from the designated area during the harvesting season were within the standards of various countries. Pathogenic bacteria were not detected in any of the mussel samples. In our previous study, the hazardous metal levels in all the mussels from the same area were also within the limits of different countries. Conclusion: The mussel products in this area are suitable for consumption based on fecal pollution, pathogenic bacteria, and also heavy metals.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.069-078
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• 2022

This study studied the characteristics of cultured oyster marketing in Sacheon Bay. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the GULDAE aquaculture is a unique production method of Sacheon Bay. Second, oysters in Sacheon Bay were low in production, but the price was more than 70% higher than in other producing areas. Third, profit is 12.5% higher and rate of return was 179.8%. Fourth, there were more out-of-market sales than other than other producing areas, and it is a bidding method. Fifth, the marketing cost was higher than the longline hanging aquaculture; however, the advantage of price offseted this point. Although the Sacheon Bay Oyster aquaculture is small, it was confirmed that it was a producing area with high profitability and a unique marketing form from other regions. Although the Sacheon Bay Oyster culture is small, it has been confirmed that it is a producing area with high profitability and shows a unique distribution form.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.88-98
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• 2018

In this study, we isolated and characterized a bacteriocin-producing strain and two bacteriophages (P4, A3), showing antimicrobial effects against Clostridium perfringens, from chicken and swine feces by the spot-on-the lawn antagonism method. The selected strain was identified as Streptococcus hyointestinalis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The bacteriocin from the isolated strain exhibited strong inhibitory activity against four strains of C. perfringens and all the tested strains of Listeria monocytogenes, and the bacteriocin were highly heat- and pH-stable even at pH 2, pH 10 and $121^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. We also evaluated the combined effects of the isolated bacteriocin and phages. Combining the phage treatments and bacteriocin resulted in a synergetic effect compared with the phage or the bacteriocin alone. In addition, during the probiotic test, the bacteriocin-producing S. hyointestinalis B19 strain reduced the population of C. perfringens significantly. Treatment with S. hyointestinalis B19 and a cocktail of lytic bacteriophages eradicated the C. perfringens KCTC $3269^T$, completely. Consequently, the isolated bacteriocin and bacteriophages represent candidates for effective biocontrol of C. perfringens, and bacteriocin-producing S. hyointestinalis B19 is a potential probiotic candidate for use in domestic animals.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.166-174
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• 1999

Meridians are often defined as passway of Ki and Blood or something that can control funtions of the body. It is true but I think meridians have something more than that. Meridians are not just passway of Ki and Blood, rather they receive Ki from outside and transform it into Essence-Ki(精氣). If we draw a line in a body, we have Chang-Pu inside and meridians outside. Chang-Pu whim is inside our body hold Essence-Ki and manipulate it. These Chang-Pu also have variation of Ki accumulation-Tai-Yang, Soyang, T'ae$\breve{u}$m, Soum. Nevertheless, their gradients are not great so Ki flow among them are not great either. If there are much Ki flow in our body there will be much Ki consumption resulting in exhaustion of Essence-Ki, which is very hard to acquire. Therefore Chang-Pu keeps less gradient by not moving Ki a lot to preserve Essence-Ki. Chang-Pu, inside, are suitable for storing Ki while meridians, outside, are for producing Ki. Meridinas have great difference in Ki accumulation so there are great flow of Ki. This nature is suitable for producing Ki. For example, roots and limbs of a tree don't have much gradient in Ki. They are concentrated and their shape are not very distinct. On the other hand, leaves are wide and it's easy to tell front from back. It means their Ki gradient is great and their Ki flow is also great. Therefore they suitable for producing Ki. Just like this, meridians in our body are suitable for producing Ki. Areas that meridians cover are much wider than that of Chang-Pu. Four limbs and surface of our body are very distinctive. Ulnar side is high in Ki accumulation but is small in volume so it's better to store Ki there. Radial side is low in Ki accumulation but big in volume so it's better to receive and consume Ki there. Meridians are deeply involved in producing and storing Ki.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1643-1649
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• 2016

The aims of this study were to characterize the molecular epidemiological profiles of CTX-M-producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from a tertiary hospital in Daejeon, Korea, and to investigate the genetic diversity and compare the prevalence of sequence types (STs) in different areas. Extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli strains isolated from urine were analyzed for CTX-M, integrons, and insertion sequence common regions (ISCRs) by PCR and sequencing. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), phylogenetic analysis, and rep-PCR were also used for molecular typing of the isolates. Of 80 CTX-M producers, 31 and 46 expressed CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-14, respectively. MLST analysis indicated that the most prevalent ST was ST131 (n = 34, 42.5%), followed by ST38 (n = 22, 27.5%), ST405 (n = 8, 10.0%), and ST69 (n = 6, 7.5%). Most CTX-M producers harbored class 1 integrons. ST131 strains belonged to phylogenetic group B2 and showed identical rep-PCR patterns, whereas ST69, ST38, and ST405 strains belonged to phylogenetic group D; the ST38 and ST405 strains displayed the same rep-PCR pattern, respectively. ST131 and ST38 isolates showed 21 and 19 distinct types, respectively, by PFGE. In Daejeon, D-ST38 CTX-M-14 producers were relatively more prevalent than in other countries and Korean cities. Our results indicate that CTX-M-producing E. coli isolates belonged mostly to ST131 or ST38 and were more related to hospital-onset than to community-onset infections and that the bla_CTX-M gene may vary according to the ST.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1563-1572
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• 2018

Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and their conjugates have been gaining a great deal of recognition in the medical field. Meanwhile, extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamases (ESBL)-producing bacteria are also demonstrating a challenging problem for health care. The aim of this study was the biosynthesis of AuNP using Rosa damascenes petal extract and conjugation of ceftriaxone antibiotic (Cef-AuNP) in inhibiting ESBL-producing bacteria and study of in vitro anticancer activity. Characterization of the synthesized AuNP and Cef-AuNP was studied. ESBL-producing strains, Acinetobacter baumannii ACI1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PSE4 were used for testing the efficacy of Cef-AuNP. The cells of MCF-7 breast cancer were treated with previous AuNP and Cef-AuNP at different time intervals. Cytotoxicity effects of apoptosis and its molecular mechanism were evaluated. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy established the formation of AuNP and Cef-AuNP. Transmission electron microscope demonstrated that the formed nanoparticles were of different shapes with sizes of 15~35 nm and conjugation was established by a slight increase in size. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of Cef-AuNP against tested strains were obtained as 3.6 and $4{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Cef-AuNP demonstrated a decrease in the MIC of ceftriaxone down to more than 27 folds on the studied strains. The biosynthesized AuNP displayed apoptotic and time-dependent cytotoxic effects in the cells of MCF-7 at a concentration of $0.1{\mu}g/ml$ medium. The Cef-AuNP have low significant effects on MCF-7 cells. These results enhance the conjugating utility in old unresponsive ceftriaxone with AuNP to restore its efficiency against otherwise resistant bacterial pathogens. Additionally, AuNP may be used as an alternative chemotherapeutic treatment of MCF-7 cancer cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.889-895
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• 2006

To investigate the antibiotic-resistant patterns and the gene types of extended-spectrum $\beta$-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, we collected 226 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains from three general hospitals with more than 500 beds in Busan, Korea from September 2004 to October 2005, The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics was measured using the Gram-negative susceptibility (GNS) cards of Vitek (Vitek system, Hazelwood Inc., MO, U.S.A.). Of the 226 K, pneumoniae isolates, 65 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae strains were detected by the Vitek system and confirmed by the double-disk synergy test. TEM (Temoniera) type, SHV (sulfhydryl variable) type, and CTX-M (cefotaxime) type genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction. All 65 K. pneumoniae strains were resistant to ampicillin, cefazolin, cefepime, ceftriaxone, and aztreonam, and 83.0% of the organisms were resistant to ampicillin/sulbactam, 66.1% to tobramycin, 67.6% to piperacillin/tazobactam, 61.5% to ciprofloxacin, and 47.6% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and 43.0% to gentamicin. TEM-type ESBLs (TEM-1 type, -52 type) were found in 64.6% (42 of 65) of the isolates, SHV-type ESBLs (SHV-2a type, -12 type, -28 type) in 70.7% (46 of 65) of isolates, and CTX-M-type ESBLS (CTX-M-15 type) in 45% (29 of 65) of isolates. Of the 65 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae strains, two strains were found to harbor blaSHV-28, which were detected in Korea for the first time. Therefore, more investigation and research on SHV-28 are needed in order to prevent the ESBL type-producing K. pneumoniae from spreading resistance to oxyimino cephalosporin antibiotics.