• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.17-40
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• 1995

Rheumatoid arthritis is the one of the chronic diseases, one of its major symptoms is a chronic pain. Despite developing medical treatment and surgical techniques, it is suggested that to control the pain is the goal of the treatment. But pain is an inner experience and even those closest to the patient cannot truly observe its progress or share in its suffering. The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine's report on Pain and Disability concluded that there is no objective measure of pain-(exactly) no pain thermometer-nor can there ever be one, because the experience of pain is inseparable from personal perception and social influence such as culture. To explore chronic pain experience is to understand the process and property of the patient's perception of pain through the response to pain, the coping with pain, and the adaptation to pain. Therefore a qualitative study was conducted in order to gain an understanding of pain experience of patients with RA in korea. I used naturalistic inquiry as a research methodology, which had 5 axioms, the first is that realities are multiple, constructed, and holistic, the second is that knower and known are interactive, inseparable, the third is only time and context bound working hypotheses(idiographic statements) are possible, the forth is all entities are in a state of mutual simultaneous shaping, so that it is impossible to distinguish causes from effects and the last is that inquiry is value-bound. Purposive sampling was conducted as a sampling. 20 subjects who experienced pain over 10 years, lived in middle-sized city and big city in Korea, and 17 women and 3 men. The subject's age was from 32 to 62 (average 48.8), all were married, living with their spouse and children, except two-one divorced and the other widow before they became ill. I collected data using In depth structured interview. I had interviews two or three times with each subject, and the interviews were conducted at each subject's home. Each interview lasted about two hours an average. A recording was taken with the consent of the subject. I used inductive data analysis-such as unitizing and categorizing. unitizing is a process of coding, whereby raw data are systematically transformed and aggregated into units. Categorizing is a process wherby previously unitized data are organized into categories that provide descriptive or inferential information about the context or setting from which the units were derived. This process is used constant comparative method. The pain controlling process is composed of behavior of pain control. The behaviors of pain control are rearranging of ADL, hiddening role conflict, balancing treatment, and changing social relation. Rearranging of ADL includes diet management, sleep management, and the adjustment of daily life activities. The subjects try to rearrange their daily activities by modified style of motions, rearranging time span & range of activities, using auxillary facilities, and getting help in order to keep on the pace of daily life. Hiddening role conflict means to reduce conflicts between sick role and their role as a family member. In this process, the subjects use two modes, one is to control the pain complaints, and the other is to internalize the value which is to stay home is good for caring her children and being a good mother. To control pain complaints is done by 'enduring', 'understanding' the other family members, or making them undersood in order to reduce pain. Balancing treatment is composed of two aspects. One is to keep the pain within the endurable level, the other is to keep in touch with medical personnel in order to get the information of treatment and emotional support. Changing social relation is made by information seeking and sharing, formation of mutual support relation, and finally simplification of social relationships. The subjects simplify their social relationships by refraining from relations with someone who makes them physically and psychologically strained. In particular the subjects are apt to avoid contact with in-laws, and the change of relation to in-laws results in lessening the family boundary. In the course of this process, they confront the crisis of family confict result in family dissolution. This crisis is related to the threat of self-existence. Findings from this study contribute to understanding the chronic pain experience. To advance this study, we should compare this result with other cases in different cultural contexts. I think to interpret these results, korean cultural background should be considered. Especially the different family concept, more broader family members and kinship network, and the traditional medical knowledge influences patients' behavior.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.127-159
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• 1990

This study was investigated to elucidate the effect of chlorambucil on the heart in aging rats. Male rat ranging in age from 3 to 36 months were used. Each age groups(3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 months) included control and chlorambucil treated rats. As a part of the study, the ultrastructural changes in the left ventricular myocardial cells were described by using the qualitative and morphometric techniques. The results are summarized as follows. Age associated ultrastructural changes included: an increase in vacuoles, protrusion of plasma membranes, lipid droplets, and lipofuscins in myocardium of control groups. These changes which begin to occur at 12 months and continue through 36 months. At the 36 months some instance of unusual formation of contraction band and separation of intercalated discs were encountered. Morever, these changes and contents with chlorambucil treatment were remarkably increased in comparison with control groups. Age-dependent changes of control group measured with morphometry were not observed in the volume densities of mitochondria and myofibrils. But there was increase in interstitium. On the other hand decrease in sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule system. In chlorambucil treated groups, volume densities of mitochondria and interstitium were increased in comparison with those of the control groups. But sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule system were remarkably decreased.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.1043-1051
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• 2008

폴리올레핀 공정의 melt index(MI or MFI)는 제품의 품질을 결정짓는 가장 중요한 제어변수이다. MI는 실시간으로 측정하는 것이 어렵기 때문에 MI를 예측하여 상관관계를 나타내고자 하는 많은 방법들이 제안되었다. 본 연구에서는 시스템 인식기법을 바탕으로 MI 예측을 위한 새로운 1차의 동적 예측모델을 고안하였다. 이 모델의 예측성능은 등급변경이 수반되는 고밀도 폴리에틸렌 공장의 실제 운전데이터에 근거한 모사로 검증하였으며 다른 예측방법들과의 비교로부터 본 연구에 의한 예측모델의 우수성을 확인하였다. 구성된 MI 동적 예측모델을 토대로 하는 모델예측제어방법의 적용을 통하여 각 단위공정별 MI를 계산하고 운전데이터와 비교하였다. 제어운전의 모사를 통하여 등급변경이 이루어지는 운전 동안의 전이시간과 불량제품 발생량이 현저한 감소를 보임을 확인하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제78권3호
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• pp.305-317
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• 2021

An AMD control system is usually built based on the original model of a target building. As a result, the fact leads a large calculation workload exists. Therefore, the orders of a structural model should be reduced appropriately. Among various model-reduction methods, a suitable reduced-order model is important to high-rise buildings. Meanwhile, a partial structural information is discarded directly in the model-reduction process, which leads to the accuracy reduction of its controller design. In this paper, an optimal technique is selected through comparing several common model-reduction methods. Then, considering the dynamic characteristics of a high-rise building, an improved balanced truncation (BT) method is proposed for establishing its reduced-order model. The abandoned structural information, including natural frequencies, damping ratios and modal information of the original model, is reconsidered. Based on the improved reduced-order model, a new reduced-order controller is designed by a regional pole-placement method. A high-rise building with an AMD system is regarded as an example, in which the energy distribution, the control effects and the control parameters are used as the indexes to analyze the performance of the improved reduced-order controller. To verify its effectiveness, the proposed methodology is also applied to a four-storey experimental frame. The results demonstrate that the new controller has a stable control performance and a relatively short calculation time, which provides good potential for structural vibration control of high-rise buildings.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.27-37
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• 2024

Objectives: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent mental health condition, and techniques using sensory stimulation in processing traumatic memories have gained attention. The Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) is a psychotherapy that combines tapping on acupoints with exposure to cognitive reframing. This pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility of EFT as a treatment for PTSD by answering the following research questions: 1) What is the compliance and completion rate of patients with PTSD with regard to EFT protocol? Is the dropout rate reasonable? 2) Is the effect size of EFT protocol for PTSD sufficient to justify a future trial? Methods: Thirty participants diagnosed with PTSD were recruited. They received weekly EFT sessions for five weeks, in which they repeated a statement acknowledging the problem and accepting themselves while tapping the SI3 acupoint on the side of their hand. PTSD symptoms were evaluated using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) before and after the intervention. Results: Of the 30 PTSD patients (mean age: 34.1 ± 9.1, 80% female), 96.7% showed over 80% compliance to the EFT sessions, and 86.7% completed the entire study process. The mean PCL-5 total score decreased significantly after the intervention, with a large effect size (change from baseline: -14.33 [95% CI: -19.79, -8.86], p < 0.0001, d = 1.06). Conclusion: The study suggests that EFT is a feasible treatment for PTSD, with high session compliance and low dropout rates. The effect size observed in this study supports the need for a larger trial in the future to further investigate EFT as a treatment for PTSD. However, the lack of a control group and the use of a self-rated questionnaire for PTSD symptoms are limitations of this study. The findings of this pilot study can be used to plan a future trial.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.2382-2392
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• 2014

본 논문에서는 초고속 광인터넷 구축을 위한 광링액세스네트워크(ORAN: Optical Ring Access Network)의 구조에서 파장 라우팅을 위한 새로운 데이터 프레임 구조를 설계하고 각 필드의 기능을 정의하였다. 또한 IP 패킷의 전송을 위하여 필요한 네트워크의 계층별 구조에 대응하는 프로토콜 스택의 구조를 새로이 제시하여 네트워크 프로토콜을 설계하였다. ORAN의 데이터 전송 및 파장 라우팅에 관한 프로토콜 검증을 위하여 서브망 내의 IP 패킷 전송, 서브망 내의 브로드캐스팅 패킷 전송 그리고 다른 서브망으로의 IP 패킷 전달 과정을 예시를 통하여 보여 주었다. 이 과정에서 라우팅을 위한 파장정보가 인캡슐레이션 되는 프레이밍 과정을 기술하였고 각 단계에서 이루어지는 패킷 스위칭 및 패킷의 전달 과정을 자세히 묘사하였다. 이어서 ORAN의 가입자 노드와 두 링의 제어노드에 대하여 데이터 전송 프로토콜의 송/수신 모듈 구조를 자세히 보여주었다. 링 형태의 광액세스 네트워크 프로토콜은 아직 연구되지 않은 분야이다. 본 논문에서는 파장을 이용한 라우팅이 이루어지도록 ORAN의 패킷 전송 프로토콜을 디자인하였다. 그리고 데모 시나리오를 구성한 망에서의 장시간 전송 테스트에서도 안정적으로 파장 라우팅을 통한 패킷 전송이 이루어졌음을 확인하였다. 따라서 이러한 프로토콜의 검증을 통하여 초고속 인터넷 액세스망 구축 설계의 새로운 해법을 제시하였다.

• 한국전자거래학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전자거래학회 1999년도 학술대회지 vol.1
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• pp.277-299
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• 1999

Since Chrysler Motor Co. had experienced the digital development system in the beginning of 1990's, most of leading automobile companies are trying to apply a digital information system for their own business process reengineering based upon concurrent engineering system from product planning phase. This is called as virtual DMU(Digital Mock-Up) system instead of the traditional PMU(Physical Mock-Up) system. By using the virtual prototype, all of the design requirements and system specifications can be checked, changed and optimized more quickly and more efficiently. This paper consists of five chapters for the DMU information system. In the 1$^{st}$ chapter, the principle of digital design system is suggested by using four basic modules such as product design module, process design module, manufacturing system design module and central control module. The basic scheme of DMU is introduced with the benefits of application in the chapter 2. In the chapter 3, a digital design process of new car development is explained with the detailed DMU design and design review processes. In the chapter 4, the practical DMU manufacturing techniques and applications are introduced as CAD/CAM analyses, DPA(Digital Pre-Assembly)reviews for development, production, operation and maintenance phases, digital tolerance analyses and digital factory analyses for assembling line simulation, automated robot welding processes, production jig ＆ fixtures and painting process simulation. Finally, the activities of digital design support; CAS-styling, CAE-engineering and CAT-testing are summarized for design optimization in the chapter 5. As today's automobile manufactures and related business organizations are struggling to compete in the global marketplace, they are concentrating on efficient use of DMU information system to reduce the new car development cost, to have shorten the delivery schedule and to improve product design quality. To meet the demand of those automobile industries on digital information systems, the CALS(Computer aided Acquisition and Logistics Support) and EC(Electronic Commerce)initiative has been focused as a dominant philosophy in defense ＆ commercial industries, specially automobile industries.s.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.194-202
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• 2003

In this paper, we introduce a category of Multi-FNN (Fuzzy-Neural Networks) models, analyze the underlying architectures and propose a comprehensive identification framework. The proposed Multi-FNNs dwell on a concept of fuzzy rule-based FNNs based on HCM clustering and evolutionary fuzzy granulation, and exploit linear inference being treated as a generic inference mechanism. By this nature, this FNN model is geared toward capturing relationships between information granules known as fuzzy sets. The form of the information granules themselves (in particular their distribution and a type of membership function) becomes an important design feature of the FNN model contributing to its structural as well as parametric optimization. The identification environment uses clustering techniques (Hard C - Means, HCM) and exploits genetic optimization as a vehicle of global optimization. The global optimization is augmented by more refined gradient-based learning mechanisms such as standard back-propagation. The HCM algorithm, whose role is to carry out preprocessing of the process data for system modeling, is utilized to determine the structure of Multi-FNNs. The detailed parameters of the Multi-FNN (such as apexes of membership functions, learning rates and momentum coefficients) are adjusted using genetic algorithms. An aggregate performance index with a weighting factor is proposed in order to achieve a sound balance between approximation and generalization (predictive) abilities of the model. To evaluate the performance of the proposed model, two numeric data sets are experimented with. One is the numerical data coming from a description of a certain nonlinear function and the other is NOx emission process data from a gas turbine power plant.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.504-510
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• 2004

본 논문은 필드 워핑과 모핑을 위한 pseudomedian 필터 기반 영상 보간법을 제안하고 주관적인 화질을 분석?평가함에 그 목적이 있다. 필드 워핑은 상대적으로 많은 연산량을 요구하는 것에 반해 제어선을 이용하여 좀 더 세밀하게 워핑 결과를 제어할 수 있는 것이 장점이다. 필드 영상 워핑 및 모핑의 동작 특성상, 국부적인 영상 확대와 축소 및 회전 등과 같은 다양한 기하학적인 변형이 복합적으로 발생하게 되는데 역방향 매핑 과정에서 소스 영상과 목적 영상의 화소가 정수 화소 단위로 대응되지 않을 경우, 목적 영상에 대응시킬 화소값을 산출하기 위해 적합한 영상 보간 기술이 필요하다. 다양한 보간 기술들 중에서 평균적으로 우수한 결과를 제공하는 양선형 보간이 보편적으로 사용되고 있으나, 이 보간 기술은 대각선 방향의 윤곽선 재현에 한계를 가지고 있다. 제안된 보간 방법은 양선형 보간과 윤곽선 재현에 우수한 특성을 보이는 pseudomedian 필터 보간를 효과적으로 결합한 것이다. 제안된 방법에 따르면 다른 보간 기법에 비해 상대적으로 자연스러운 워핑 및 모핑 결과를 얻을 수 있다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.94-104
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• 2004

This study creates the LCP (Landscape Control Point) through the survey of spot sites for the quality of landscape assessment, which is based on an objective and departmentalized data base; the landscape assessment was achieved by production of weight value with the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) technique, selection of requisites for the landscape assessment with the IVERSON method and visual area analysis with GIS (Geographic Information System). Futhermore, validity of the landscape assessment was verified by analysis of the correlation between physical amount and aesthetic amount. The purpose of this study is to suggest the basic essential data for landscape assessment and landscape planning by the characteristics of landscape based on verification of the suggested landscape assessment methods. The results of this study are summarized below. 1. In the adaptation of landscape assessment using GIS, the landscape assessment points of LCP 18, 17 and 16, which have more visible elements such as hill area, mountain area, and forest and farm land, were indicated to be higher than the others. In contrast, the landscape assessment points of LCP 13, 6 and 10, which have less visible elements, were relatively lower than the others. 2. In the visible preference measuring method, LCP 4, 14, and 16 showed high points of landscape assessment with 3.46, 3.4, and 3.18 each. With the more natural environments such as hill area, mountain area, and forest and farm land, higher results were shown. In contrast, LCP 7, 1, and 9 showed low points of landscape assessment with 2.24, 2.36, and 2.53 each. 3. In this study, a coefficient of 0.746 was gained by the analysis of correlation between the points of landscape assessment method and the points of visual preference from a slide show. This has 99 percent of probability in statistical data. 4. In conclusion, with the demonstration of the correlation between the landscape assessment method based on the AHP technique and the aesthetic amount (preference proportion), the practical use of landscape assessment can be demonstrated by the suggested landscape assessment method.