• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.163-191
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to explore the factors affecting the welfare needs of the rural marriage migrant females. A survey was conducted on 300 rural marriage migration females using probability sampling and for the analysis stepwise regression was used. The major findings of this study can be summarized as follows. The welfare needs of counselling on husband' behavior problem were higher in cases of worse mental health, better physical health, younger age and lower participation in the meetings with her fellow countrymen. The welfare needs on the children raising and education were relatively higher among the migrant females from Vietnam and younger age. The needs on the job skills training were lower in cases of the migrant females from Philippines, China(the Chinese) and were higher in cases of lower level of family understanding. The welfare needs on the job placement were higher among older and lower community affinity, and were lower in cases of the migrant females from Philippines. The results suggest that the welfare services should be differently provided to the migrant females in reflection of the age, education level, nationality and community resources. Further, the mental health screening test and treatment services for migrant females are needed since the welfare needs increase when the migration females have worse mental health condition.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2004

Tuberculosis (TB) remains an enormous global health problem, and a new vaccine against TB more potent than the current inadequate BCG vaccine is urgently needed. We constructed three recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG (rBCG) strains over-expressing antigen (Ag) 85A, Ag85B, or both of M. tuberculosis using their own promoter and secretory sequence, or hsp60 promoter. SDS-PAGE analysis of rBCG proteins showed overexpression of Ag85A and Ag85B proteins in higher level than of those in their parental strain of BCG. In addition, rBCG(rBCG/B.FA) over-expressing Ag85A and Ag85B induced strong IFN-${\gamma}$ production in splenocytes. However, there was no significant difference in protective efficacy between rBCG and their parental BCG strain. In this study, therefore, rBCG over-expressing Ag85A, Ag85B, or both failed to show enhanced protection against M. tuberculosis infection in a mouse model.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.21-30
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• 1989

The U.S. response to increased international competition was examined in the present study in order to have more comprehensive understanding of the U.S. textile and clothing market. The method employed to conduct the study was the analysis of the written materials, interview with professionals, and the survey of the actual situations of the U.S. textile and apparel industries. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Official U.S. textile and apparel trade policy has been quite has been quite protective since 1950's. The protective trend has been embodied in Japan Cotton Textile Export Control (reciprocal trade agreement signed by the U.S. and Japan in 1957), Short Term Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Cotton Textiles, Long Term Cotton Textile Arrangement (1962∼1973), and Multi-fiber Arrangement (1974∼). Other governmental programs designed to improve the competitiveness of the U.S. textile and apparel industries include Long-term Textile and Apparel Products Export-expansion Program, and 807 Trade to take labor cost advantage. 2. Along with the quite protective governmental trade policy, the corporate responses have been made such as new sourcing mixes, investment in technology, specialization in the textile and apparel industries, and recent strategies pursued by retailer's. The apparel industry was subject to pressure from imports that increased at moderate levels, and the U.S. textile and apparel industries have made extensive efforts to adjust to the increasing competition from abroad. The textile and apparel industries have taken steps to increase labor productivity through automation, to speed management to create and introduce new products and new methods, and have lowered indirect overhead costs. Several industrywide promotion campaigns have attempted to establish a greater public awareness of international competition and to develop a preference for apparel produced in the United States. 3. Regarding these response of the U.S. and other situations of world textile and apparel trade market, much of the sense of crisis that pervades Korean textile and apparel industries has to do with the problem of adjusting government and corporate policy. Textile and apparel industry of Korea faces on going pressure to reduce costs, improve quality, increase service, develop new markets, diversify, and differentiate itself from its foreign competitors. The strategies that have been adopted in the past have generally worked in the past, but the time has come to adopt strategies that reflect present conditions. If this is not done, then we stand to lose large segments of these industries, which once lost will not easily be regenerated.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.585-597
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to find an analytic solution to the problem of determining the optimal capacity (lot-size) of a batch-storage network to meet demand for a finished product in a system undergoing random failures of operating time and/or batch material. The superstructure of the plant considered here consists of a network of serially and/or parallel interlinked batch processes and storage units. The production processes transform a set of feedstock materials into another set of products with constant conversion factors. The final product demand flow is susceptible to short-term random variations in the cycle time and batch size as well as long-term variations in the average trend. Some of the production processes have random variations in product quantity. The spoiled materials are treated through regeneration or waste disposal processes. All other processes have random variations only in the cycle time. The objective function of the optimization is minimizing the total cost, which is composed of setup and inventory holding costs as well as the capital costs of constructing processes and storage units. A novel production and inventory analysis, the PSW (Periodic Square Wave) model, provides a judicious graphical method to find the upper and lower bounds of random flows. The advantage of this model is that it provides a set of simple analytic solutions while also maintaining a realistic description of the random material flows between processes and storage units; as a consequence of these analytic solutions, the computation burden is significantly reduced.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.113-126
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• 1990

With the introduction of the national pension, efficient integration of Korea's four public pension schemes has been discussed. The main point of such discussions is whether to have a progressive scheme or an income-proportional one. Under the assumption of a perfect labor market, it has been proved in the income tax literature that the regressive tax scheme with the 0 % tax rate to the most able person (person earning highest income) is pareto efficient, if there is an incentive problem in the labor supply. In this paper, a life-cycle model with a linear benefit schedule, when there is uncertainty about future earning ability, is studied. It is proved that the second best pension scheme is that having a progressive benefit schedule. This result implies that integration into a progressive pension scheme, like the current national pension, is required not only for efficiency but also for equity.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.271-276
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• 2010

This study manufactured spot lighting fixtures for the broadcasting stage and LED lighting fixtures, measured the illumination, dimming, and color temperature, and installed LED lighting and spot Fresnel lighting to the camera by turns with the same subject to confirm and look into the possibility of replacement of LED lighting fixtures by shooting the figures and comparing them. The analysis of the photographed subject found that the lighting apparatus of LED 144[W] was superior to the tungsten halogen illuminator of 1 [kW] in terms of brightness and color of an image. The measuring of the energy used in 144 [W] LED lighting equipment and tungsten halogen 1[kW] lighting equipment suggested that LED saved more than 80 [%] of energy in the same intensity of illumination. The comparison of the light distribution and light intensity distribution of halogen tungsten illuminator of 1[kW] and LED 144[W] lighting apparatus found that when a subject received concentrated lighting, effective lighting is possible because the illumination intensity on the surface of the lighted subject was high. In performance halls or studios of about 6 [m] height, there is no problem of illumination intensity in LED 144 [W] illuminator. Therefore, it is possible to replace the existing tungsten halogen 1 [KW] illuminator one to one.

• 한국정보교육학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.01a
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• pp.91-101
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• 2011

The purpose of this paper is to quickly identify school parents, teachers, students, community needs and opinions for curriculum organizing and the implementation of an online survey system for operating educational activities. Online survey system should be implemented based on Limesurvey to reduce costs and administrative costs. Limesurvery is available without the development of the separate program and offers the form of web-based template system, complete design, layout. Also, Limesurvey offers basic statistical analysis of survey data. Limesurvey can be executed by installing the program on a web hosting, typing database information. Limesurvey can be made a graph of the statistical results. Besides, Limesurvery can be stored in the form of HTML, Word, Excel, CSV Files and can be stured as basic datas for SPSS or PASW, R data, other statistical processing programs. If we could be operate Limesurvey in the form of open source-based survey program in elementary school, we could be reduced teacher's unnecessary work for statistics and overcame the problem of offline survey system.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.280-293
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• 2004

Statement of problem. Glass fiber post is one of recent developments to accommodate esthetic restoration for endodontically treated teeth. This has many advantages over conventional post system in physical properties, esthetic factor, risk of root and restoration fracture, adhesion to core, radiopacity, removal and retrievabilty, biocompatibility and chemical stability. Purpose. This in vitro study was to evaluate the most suitable type of resin core for the glass fiber post through surveying the fracture modes and the maximum load that fractures the tooth. Material and methods. 50 sound maxillary premolars restored with glass fiber posts($ParaPost^{(R)}$ Fiber White) and different types of resin cores(ParaCore, $Z100^{TM}$, $Rebilda^{(R)}$ and $Admira^{(R)}$) were prepared and loaded to faiure in a universal test machine. The maximum fracture load and fracture mode were investigated in the specimens that were restored with resin and those of metal cast and core. With the data, Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to validate the significance between the test groups, and Tukey' s studentized range test was used to check if there is any significant statistical difference between each test group. Every analysis was approved with 95% reliance. Results. On measuring the maximum fracture load of teeth specimens, there was a significant difference between the maximum fracture loads of the tooth specimens. ParaCore showed the highest mean maximum fracture load followed by $Z100^{TM}$. And, the distribution of fracture mode of tooth specimens showed generally Type D, the three parted fracture of the core around the post was mostly seen(62.5%), and specifically, ParaCore showed 90% and $Z100^{TM}$ showed 100% Type D fracture. Conclusion. Referring to the values of maximum fracture load and mean compressive fracture load, ParaCore and $Z100^{TM}$ had high values and are recommended as tooth colored resin core material for glass fiber post. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS. This study was carried out intending to be of aid in selecting the appropriate resin core for the glass fiber post. The dual cure type composite resin ParaCore and light cure type composite resin $Z100^{TM}$ have good properties and are recommended as tooth colored resin core material for glass fiber post.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.307-326
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• 2004

Statement of problem. The long-term success of implants is the development of a stable direct connection between bone and implant surface, which must be structural and functional. To improve a direct implant fixation to the bone, various strategies have been developed focusing on the surface of materials. Among them, altering the surface properties can modify cellular responses such as cell adhesion, cell motility and bone deposition. Purpose. This study was to evaluate the cellular behaviors on the surface-modified titanium by morphological observation, cellular proliferation and differentiation. Material and methods. Specimens were divided into five groups, depending on their surface treatment: electropolishing(EP) anoclizing(AN), machining(MA), blasting with hydroxyapatite particle(RBM) and electrical discharge machining(EDM). Physicochemical properties and microstructures of the specimens were examined and the responses of osteoblast-like cells were investigated. The microtopography of specimens was observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Surface roughness was measured by a three-dimensional roughness measuring system. The microstructure was analyzed by X-ray diffractometer(XRD) and scanning auger electron microscopy(AES). To evaluate cellular responses to modified titanium surfaces, osteoblasts isolated from neonatal rat were cultured. The cellular morphology and total protein amounts of osteoblast-like cell were taken as the marker for cellular proliferation, while the expression of alkaline phosphatase was used as the early differentiation marker for osteoblast. In addition, the type I collagen production was determined to be a reliable indicator of bone matrix synthesis. Results. 1. Each prepared specimen showed specific microtopography at SEM examination. The RBM group had a rough and irregular pattern with reticulated appearance. The EDM-treated surface had evident cracks and was heterogeneous consisting of broad sheet or plate with smooth edges and clusters of small grains, deep pores or craters. 2. Surface roughness values were, from the lowest to the highest, electropolished group, anodized group, machined group, RBM group and EDM group. 3. All groups showed amorphous structures. Especially anodized group was found to have increased surface oxide thickness and EDM group had titaniumcarbide(TiC) structure. 4. Cells on electropolished, anodized and machined surfaces developed flattened cell shape and cells on RBM appeared spherical and EDM showed both. After 14 days, the cells cultured from all groups were formed to be confluent and exhibited multilayer proliferation, often overlapped or stratified. 5. Total protein amounts were formed to be quite similar among all the group at 48 hours. At 14 days, the electropolished group and the anodized group induced more total protein amount than the RBM group(P<.05). 6. There was no significant difference among five groups for alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activity at 48 hours. The AN group showed significantly higher ALP activity than any other groups at 14 days(P<.05). 7. All the groups showed similar collagen synthesis except the EDM group. The amount of collagen on the electropolished and anodized surfaces were higher than that on the EDM surface(P<.05).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.253-261
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• 2004

Game theory is mathematical analysis developed to study involved in making decisions. In 1928, Von Neumann proved that every two-person, zero-sum game with finitely many pure strategies for each player is deterministic. As well, in the early 50's, Nash presented another concept as the basis for a generalization of Von Neumann's theorem. Another central achievement of game theory is the introduction of evolutionary game theory, by which agents can play optimal strategies in the absence of rationality. Not the rationality but through the process of Darwinian selection, a population of agents can evolve to an Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS) introduced by Maynard Smith. Keeping pace with these game theoretical studies, the first computer simulation of co-evolution was tried out by Hillis in 1991. Moreover, Kauffman proposed NK model to analyze co-evolutionary dynamics between different species. He showed how co-evolutionary phenomenon reaches static states and that these states are Nash equilibrium or ESS introduced in game theory. Since the studies about co-evolutionary phenomenon were started, however many other researchers have developed co-evolutionary algorithms, in this paper we propose Game theory based Co-Evolutionary Algorithm (GCEA) and confirm that this algorithm can be a solution of evolutionary problems by searching the ESS.To evaluate newly designed GCEA approach, we solve several test Multi-objective Optimization Problems (MOPs). From the results of these evaluations, we confirm that evolutionary game can be embodied by co-evolutionary algorithm and analyze optimization performance of GCEA by comparing experimental results using GCEA with the results using other evolutionary optimization algorithms.