• Title/Summary/Keyword: principal period-2 component

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The Component and Statistical Analyses of Early-Joseon Metal Types in National Museum of Korea (국립중앙박물관 소장 조선 전기 금속활자의 조성성분과 통계분석)

  • Shin, Yong Bi;Huh, Il Kwon;Lee, Su Jin
    • Conservation Science in Museum
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    • v.28
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    • pp.89-108
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    • 2022
  • Among about 500,000 characters in metal types in National Museum of Korea, this study conducts a statistical analysis of 62 metal types from the early Joseon Dynasty, including 33 gabinja (甲寅字) types and 29 eulhaeja (乙亥字) Hangeul types by examining the shape, measuring the specific gravity, and identifying the components based on previously-studied Joseon metal types. Among them, 33 gabinja types and 24 eulhaeja types were made of two-component bronze (copper and tin) (Group A), and four eulhaeja types were produced with three-component bronze (copper, tin and lead). (Group B), and one eulhaeja type was created with two-component bronze (copper and tin) with a high tin content (Group C). By comparing with imjinja (壬辰字) types of the late Joseon Dynasty based on multiple statistical analyses of type components, this study confirms that late-Joseon types have low copper content and high zinc and lead content, and therefore it may be possible to distinguish between the types of early and late Joseon Dynasty.

Studies on Classification and Genetic Nature of Korean Local Corn Lines (한국(韓國) 재래종(在來種) 옥수수의 계통분류(系統分類) 및 유전적(遺傳的) 특성(特性)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Lee, In Sup;Choi, Bong Ho
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.396-450
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    • 1982
  • To obtain basic information on the Korean local corn lines a total of 57 lines were selected from 1,000 Korean local collection at Chungnam National University, classified by principal component analysis, and genetic nature was investigated. The results are summarized as follows. 1. There were a great variation in mean values of plant characters of the lines. The mean values of plant characters except for density of kernels varied with types of crossing. All characters except. for tasselling dates were reduced in magnitude when selfed, while those characters were increased when topcrossed. 2. The correlation coefficients among characters studied ranged front 0.99 to -0.59. The correlation coefficients among characters were not greatly changed depending upon types of crosses. 3. In order to classify the lines more effectively, selected 12 plant characters were used to classify 57 local lines by principal component analysis. The first four component could explain 86.4%, 83.4% and 81.1% of the total variations in sibbed lines, selfed lines and topcrossed lines, respectively. 4. Contribution of characters to principal component was high at upper principal components and low at lower principal components. 5. Biological meaning of the principal component and plant types corresponding to the each principal component were explained clearly by the correlation coefficient between principal components and characters. The first principal component appeared to correspond to the size of plant and ear. The second principal component appeared to correspond to the degree of differentiation in organs and the duration of vegetative growing period. But biological meaning of the third and fourth principal components was not clear. 6. The lines were classified into 4 lineal groups by the taxonomic distance. Group I included 52 lines which was 91.2% of total lines, group II 3 lines, group III 1 lines and group IV I lines, respectively. Four groups could be characterized as follows : Group I : early maturity, short-culmed, medium height plant, small ears, medium kernels and medium yielding. Group II : late maturity, medium height plant, small ears, small kernels, prolific ears and higher yielding. Group III : medium maturity, tall-culmed, small ears, small kernels and low yielding. Group IV : medium maturity, tall-calmed, large ears, one ear plant and me yielding. 7. The inbreeding depression varied with plant characters and lines. The characters such as yield, kernel weight per ear, ear weight and plant height showed great degree of inbreeding depression. Group I showed high inbreeding depression in such characters as 100 kernel weight, leaf number, plant height and days to tasselling, while group II showed high inbreeding depression in other plant characters. 8. Heterosis of plant characters varied also with lines. The ear weight, kernel weight per ear, yield, 100 kernel weight, and plant height were some of the plant characters showing high heterosis. Group II showed high values of heterosis in such characters as ear length, ear diameter, ear weight, kernel weight per ear, 100 kernel weight, and leaf length, while group I was high in heterosis in other plant characters. 9. The degree of homozgosity was highest in ear weight (79.1%) and lowest in ear number per plant (-21%). Group II showed higher degree of homozygosity than group I. 10. Correlation coefficients between characters of ribbed and topcrossed lines were positive for all characters. Highly significant. correlation coefficients between ribbed and topcrossed lines were obtained especially for characters such as ear number per plant, plant height, leaf length and yield per plot.

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A Study on the Regionalization of Point Rainfall by Statistical Methods (통계적 방법에 의한 지점강우의 권역화 연구)

  • Lee, Jung-Sik;Shin, Chang-Dong;Kim, Young-Wook
    • 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2007.02a
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    • pp.575-578
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    • 2007
  • The objective of this study is to analyze the regionalization of point rainfall by statistical methods for regional frequency analysis of the rainfall. The rainfall data used in this study are annual maximum rainfall at 57 stations during the period of more than 30 years for 12 durations(10min, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24hr) in Korea. The Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance of nonparametric test the principal component and the cluster analysis have been performed to analyze the regionalization of rainfall. The results of this study are as follows; (1) The region which hydrological homogeneous is accepted does not exist for whole duration in Korea. (2) The result of nonpametric test shows that hydrological homogeneous regions of point rainfall are divided by 5 regions. (3) In case of cluster analysis hydrological homogeneous regions of point rainfall are divided by 6 regions and 4 other areas.

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Isoflavone Distribution and $\beta$-Glucosidase Activity in Home-made and Factory-produced Doenjang (재래식 및 개량식 된장의 아이소플라본 분포 및 $\beta$-glucosidase 활성 연구)

  • Lee, Seung-Wook;Park, Yong-Woo;Chang, Pahn-Shick;Lee, Jae-Hwan
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.42 no.2
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    • pp.125-129
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    • 2010
  • Isoflavone distribution and $\beta$-glucosidase activity in 16 commercially available doenjang samples were determined. Twelve of the samples were home-made doenjang (HMD) with a relatively long fermentation period and 4 of the samples were factory-produced doenjang (FPD) from four different manufactures. Total isoflavones (TI) in the HMD ranged from $370-723\;{\mu}g/g$, while those in FPD ranged from $179-537\;{\mu}g/g$. The isoflavone distribution in HMD was different from those in FPD. Generally, the TI in HMD was higher than those in FPD. The major isoflavone was aglycones, which ranged from 42.98 to 89.96% in HMD and from 35.51 to 93.48% in FPD. Isoflavones in the $\beta$-glucoside forms were not detected in tested FPD samples. Principal components analysis (PCA) of the isoflavone profiles showed that HMD were differentiated from FPD. First principal component (PC1) and second principal component (PC2) expressed 43.6 and 22.9% of the data variability, respectively. $\beta$-Glucosidase activity in doenjang was lower than that in raw soybeans. The results of this study can be used to understand the differences in the isoflavone distribution in traditionally manufactured and factory produced doenjang.

Spatial and Seasonal Water Quality Variations of Han River Tributries (한강 주요지천의 지역적 및 계절적 수질변화)

  • Lee, Young Joon;Park, Minji;Son, Juyeon;Park, Jinrak;Kim, Geeda;Hong, Changsu;Gu, Donghoi;Lee, Joonggeun;Noh, Changwan;Shin, Kyung-Yong;Yu, Soon-Ju
    • Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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    • v.26 no.6
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    • pp.418-430
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    • 2017
  • The quality of surface water is a very important issue to use various demands like as drinking water, industrial, agricultural and recreational usages. There has been an increasing demand for monitoring water quality of many rivers by regular measurements of various water quality variables. However precise and effective monitoring is not enough, if the acquired dataset is not analyzed thoroughly. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate differences of seasonal and regional water quality using multivariate data analysis for each investing tributaries in Han River. Statistical analysis was applied to the data concerning 11 mainly parameters (flow, water temperature, pH, EC, DO, BOD, COD, SS, TN, TP and TOC) for the time period 2012~2016 from 12 sampling sites. The seasonal water quality variations showed that each of BOD, TN, TP and TOC average concentration in spring and winter was higher than that of summer and fall, respectively. In summer each flow rate and average concentration of SS was higher than any other seasons, respectively. The correlation analysis were explained that EC had a strong relationship with BOD (r=0.857), COD (r=0.854), TN (r=0.899) and TOC (r=0.910). According to principal component analysis, five principal components (Eigenvalue > 1) are controlled 98.0% of variations in water quality. The first component included TP, DO, pH. The second component included EC, TN. The third component included SS. The fourth component included flow. The last component included Temp. Cluster analysis classified that spring is similar to fall and winter with water quality parameters. AnyA, WangsA, JungrA and TancA were identified as affected by organic pollution. Cluster analysis derived seasonal differences with investigating sites and better explained the principal component analysis results.

Identification of Volatile Compounds of 4 Grape Species by Storage Conditions (전자코와 GC/MS를 이용한 포도 품종별 저장 조건에 따른 휘발성 향기 성분 연구)

  • Lee, Yun-Jeung;Lee, Ki-Teak
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.36 no.7
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    • pp.874-880
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    • 2007
  • Volatile flavor compounds of 4 grape species (Campbell, Sheridan, Red globe, and Meoru) were identified during 3-day storage at either $4^{\circ}C$ or room temperature. Each sample was analyzed by solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) method combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Also electronic nose composed of 12 different metal oxide sensors was used to differentiate flavors of grapes. Sensitivities (delta $R_{gas}/R_{air}$) of sensors from electronic nose were obtained by principal component analysis (PCA). Proportion of the first principal component was 99.30% at $4^{\circ}C$ and 99.36% at room temperature, respectively. In our result, flavor patterns of grape can be differentiated according to the storage period. The major volatile flavor compounds were 1-hexanol, hexanoic acid and its ethyl ester, and phenylethyl alcohol with the presence of butanoic acid and its ethyl ester, acetic acid, benzeneacetic acid and its ethyl ester.

Isolation and Physiological Characterization of a Novel Algicidal Virus Infecting the Marine Diatom Skeletonema costatum

  • Kim, JinJoo;Kim, Chang-Hoon;Youn, Seok-Hyun;Choi, Tae-Jin
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • v.31 no.2
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    • pp.186-191
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    • 2015
  • Diatoms are a major component of the biological community, serving as the principal primary producers in the food web and sustaining oxygen levels in aquatic environments. Among marine planktonic diatoms, the cosmopolitan Skeletonema costatum is one of the most abundant and widespread species in the world's oceans. Here, we report the basic characteristics of a new diatom-infecting S. costatum virus (ScosV) isolated from Jaran Bay, Korea, in June 2008. ScosV is a polyhedral virus (45-50 nm in diameter) that propagates in the cytoplasm of host cells and causes lysis of S. costatum cultures. The infectivity of ScosV was determined to be strain- rather than species-specific, similar to other algal viruses. The burst size and latent period were roughly estimated at 90-250 infectious units/cell and <48 h, respectively.

Coastal Eutrophication caused by Effluent from Aquaculture Ponds in Jeju (제주연안 육상양식장 밀집지역 주변해역의 영양염 과잉 요인)

  • Koh, Hyuk-Joon;Park, Sung-Eun;Cha, Hyung-Kee;Chang, Dae-Soo;Koo, Jun-Ho
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.315-326
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    • 2013
  • This study investigated the temporal-spatial distribution and variations in water quality parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, DO, COD, SPM, DIN, DIP, silicate, TN, TP, and chlorophyll-a) in the coastal area of Jeju, Korea, adjacent to aquaculture ponds (Aewol-ri, Haengwon-ri, Pyosun-ri, and Ilkwa-ri). Data were collected bimonthly from February 2010 to December 2011. A principal component analysis (PCA) identified three major factors controlling variations in water quality during the sampling period. Aquaculture effluent water led to large changes in nutrient levels. The highest nutrient values were observed during the investigation period. The relatively large increase in organic matter at the sampling stations coupled with sea area runoff events during the summer rainy period. Variation in chlorophyll-a concentration was mainly driven by meteorological factors such as air temperature and rainfall in the coastal areas of Aewol and Haengwon. In the coastal areas of Pyosun and Ilkwa, pollution was caused by anthropogenic factors such as discharge of aquaculture effluent water. High nutrient concentrations at the majority of the coastal stations indicate eutrophication of coastal waters, especially within a distance of 300 m and depth of 10m from drainage channels. Coastal eutrophication driven by aquaculture effluent may be harmful inshore. Events such as eutrophication may potentially influence water pollution in aquaculture ponds when seawater intake is detected because of aquaculture effluent water.

Influences of Different Planting Times on Harvest Index and Yield Determination Factors in Soybean

  • Park, Sei-Joon;Kim, Wook-Han;Seong, Rak-Chun
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.45 no.2
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    • pp.97-102
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    • 2000
  • This experiment was conducted to investigate the changes of harvest index and the relationship between harvest index and yield determination factors by different planting times in the determinate soybean cultivars, Shinpaldal and Danbaeg. Optimum planting were 23 May in 1995 and 1996. Late planting were 13 June in 1995 and 6 June in 1996. Growth period from planting to physiological maturity (R7) was shortened as planting time was delayed in two cultivars due to shortening of reproductive growth period in Shinpaldal, and of vegetative growth period in Danbaeg. Stem weight was distinctly decreased in late planting compared to optimum planting, but seed weight of both cultivars was not different between planting times. Also, seed number per pod and harvest index were significantly increased in late planting and the high correlation was found between two factors. It was suggested that increase of harvest index in late planting would be related with high assimilate use efficiency due to increase of sink capacity. The results of correlation and principal component analysis for yield determination factors showed that main factor on yield determination was pod number per plant at R5 stage associated with dry matter accumulation during early reproductive growth period, seed number per pod and harvest index were the second factor, and one hundred seed weight was the third factor. The result of this experiment indicated that yield determination in soy-bean was dependent mainly on pod number per plant related to dry matter accumulation by early reproductive growth period, and the increase of seed number per pod and harvest index could compensate for yield decrease by shortening of vegetative growth period in late planting. Such result suggests that optimum planting date can be delayed from mid May to early June in improved soybean cultivars in Korea.

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Quality Characteristics and Volatile Flavor Compounds of Oriental Melon Wine Using Freeze Concentration (동결농축 참외와인의 품질 특성과 휘발성 향기 성분)

  • Hwang, Hee-Young;Hwang, In-Wook;Chung, Shin-Kyo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.44 no.9
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    • pp.1347-1355
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    • 2015
  • In this study, the physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacities, and volatile flavor compounds of oriental melon wine prepared by freeze concentration after heat treatment (HA), ascorbic acid treatment (AAT), and heat and ascorbic acid treatment (HAAT) were investigated. During fermentation period, the melon wine by HAAT showed greater reduction of soluble solids and reducing sugar contents compared to other treatments. In addition, the melon wine treated with HAAT also showed a higher L value and lower browning index compared to other treatments. After aging, free sugar including fructose, and organic acids including citric acid, succinic acid, and malic acid were detected in all samples. For antioxidant activities and contents, HAAT treated wine showed greater antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents than those of others. In GC/MS analysis, a total of 33 volatile flavor compounds were identified. In the principal component analysis of volatile flavor compounds, principal components 1 and 2 represented 88.15% of the whole date distribution and showed opposite tendencies. Taken together, HAAT enhanced the antioxidant activities and sensory properties of oriental melon wine. Moreover, freeze concentration gave the different volatile flavor characteristics in oriental melon wine.