• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.31-50
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• 2002

The purpose of this study were the effects of principal related factors on the choice of the subject of environmental education in curriculum of middle and high school. We select 495 middle and high schools from 3 district of Chungbuk, Daejeon and Incheon. And, we send the questionnaires to the principals and withrowed answer questionnaire of 313(63.2%) from them. From the analysis of questionnaire, we obtained the reliability coefficient cronbach alpha value(0.8684). The results of this research as fallows : the principal factors that had chosen the subject of environmental education have significantly higher knowledge, recognition, attitude and practice than that not choiced on the subject of environmental education(p=0.000). The correlation between principal's attitude on the choice of the subject of environmental education and choice state of school was significantly higher than the other factors, and it's correlation coefficient was 0.328(p<0.01). Principal's attitude factor on the choice of the subject of environmental education have a great influence on his practice factor of them, and standard regression coefficient was 0.642(p<0.001). We found that principal's attitude factor on the choice of the subject of environmental education to have a great influence on the choice state of school in view of the results so far achieved.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2003

The Theory for Monarch, Minister, Adjuvant and Dispatcher (or the Theory of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant and Guiding Korean Oriental Herbal Medicines) has served as a standard principle for newly developed prescription formulas as well as established ones. Despite its significance, however, this theory hasn't been thoroughly studied and covered in the academic journals of Korean Oriental Herbal Medicines (KOHM) yet. This paper inquires into the origin of the theory while presenting the definitions and functions of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant, and Guiding KOHM. In the end, the recommended doses and number of the KOHM comprising each of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant, and Guiding KOHM are suggested. The compatibility theory of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant, and Guiding KOHM can be traced back to the Warring States Period during which it was recorded in the treatise of the various schools of thoughts and their exponents. The theory was firmly established as a full system in ${\ulcorner}Shinnong's\;Pharmacopoeia{\lrcorner}\;and\;{\ulcorner}Yellow\;Emperor's\;Cannon\;of\;Internal\;Medicine{\lrcorner}$. While ${\ulcorner}Shinnong's\;Pharmacopoeia{\lrcorner}$ focuses on the classification of the properties of KOHM, ${\ulcorner}Yellow\;Emperor's\;Cannon\;of\;Internal\;Medicine{\lrcorner}$ mainly deals with the principles for writing prescriptions. In this regard, it is ${\ulcorner}Yellow\;Emperor's\;Cannon\;of\;Internal\;Medicine{\lrcorner}$ that systemized the Theory of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant, and Guiding KOHM in a real sense. Principal KOHM aims at the causes of diseases and treat main symptoms. The doses are greater than Assistant, Adjuvant and Guiding KOHM. With their comprehensive effects, Principal KOHM is a leading ingredient of any prescription formula. Assistant KOHM are similar to Principal KOHM in its natures and flavors. Although its natures, flavors as well as efficacies may slightly differ from those of Principal KOHM, Assistant KOHM strengthens the therapeutic effects, jointly working with Principal KOHM. They mainly treat accompanying diseases and symptoms. Adjuvant KOHM is divided into two types: facilitator and inhibitor. Facilitators with the similar properties to those of Principal and Assistant KOHM help strengthen the therapeutic effects. Since they usually treat accompanying symptoms or secondary accompanying symptoms (minor accompanying symptoms), there are two kinds of facilitators. (1) The first kind of facilitators assists Principal KOHM, targeting accompanying symptoms. (2) The second ones supporting Assistant KOHM are for accompanying or secondary accompanying symptoms (or minor accompanying symptoms). Inhibitors counteract and thereby complement Principal and Assistant KOHM. Some of them inhibit the side effects or toxicity of Principal KOHM for the sake of the safety of the whole prescription formula while the others generate induced interactions. Guiding KOHM can be used for two purposes: guiding and mediating. The Guiding KOHM for the former purpose leads the other KOHM in a prescription formula to the lesion. But, the Guiding KOHM for mediating coodinate and harmonize all the ingredients in a prescription formula. The number of KOHM for those Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant and Guiding KOHM and their doses are different, depending on the types of prescriptions: classical prescriptions, prescriptions after ${\ulcorner}$Treatise of Cold-Induced Diseases${\lrcorner}$ and prescriptions of Sasang Constitutions Medicines. In the case of the prescriptions after ${\ulcorner}$Treatise of Cold-Induced Diseases${\lrcorner}$, it is highly recommended to follow the view of ${\ulcorner}$Thesaurus of Korean Oriental Medicine Doctors in Chosun Dynasty${\lrcorner}$ for the number of KOHM to be used. For the doses, however, ${\ulcorner}$Elementary Course for Medicine${\lrcorner}$, is found to be more accurate. The most appropriate number of KOHM per prescription is 11-13. To be more specific, for one prescription formula, it is recommended to administer one kind of KOHM for Principal KOHM, 2-3 for Assistant KOHM, 3-4 for Adjuvant KOHM and 5 for Guiding KOHM. As for the proportion of the doses, when 10 units are to be administered for Principal KOHM in a formula, the doses for the other three should be 7-8 units for Assistant KOHM, 5-6 for Adjuvant KOHM and 3-4 for Guiding KOHM. The doses of the KOHM added to or taken out of the prescription correspond to those of Adjuvant and Guiding KOHM.

• 한국의료질향상학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.52-64
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• 2002

Background : Coding of principal diagnosis is essential component for producing reliable health statistics. We performed this study to evaluate the current practice of principal diagnoses determination and coding, and to give some basic data to improve coding of principal diagnosis. Method : Nineteen medical record administrators (MRAs) of 3 university hospitals participated in coding principal Dx. from August 1, 2001 to August 31, 2001. From each hospital, 10 medical records of patients with high frequency disease were selected randomly. Each 10 medical records were grouped into three (A. B, C). Then, these 30 medical records were given to each MRAs for coding. At the same time questionnaire was given to each of them. Questions were to prove how they decide and code the principal diagnosis among many current diagnoses; how they decide and code the principal diagnosis when they see irrelevant diagnosis recorded as the principal diagnosis in medical record, when only tentative diagnoses were recorded without final diagnosis, and when different diagnoses were recorded in different sheets of same record. Agreement of coding among 3 hospitals were compared and survey results were analysed with SAS 6.12. Results : Agreement of coding was found in medical records 5-6 of each 10 medical records. Causes of disagreement were as follows. Difference of clinician's opinion from each hospital; mixed use of guideline from KCD-3 and guideline from DRG; difference in 4th digit classification according to the absence of pathology report in the medical record; difference of abbreviations among hospitals. 57.9% of MRAs selected the principal diagnosis recorded by physician, 42.1% of MRAs decided principal diagnosis after consulting to KCD-3 guideline. When there were difficulties in determining the principal diagnosis, 42.1% of MRAs decided principal diagnosis after discussion with the physician, 26.3% after discussion with fellow MRAs. Conclusion : There were differences in codings among hospitals. To minimize the difference, we suggest the development of disease-specific guidelines for coding in addition to the current general guideline such as KCD-3. To do this, Coding Clinic which can produce guidelines is needed.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.655-660
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• 1999

Let R be an integral domain with identity. In this paper we will show that if R is integrally closed or if t-dim $R{\leq}1$, then R[{$X_{\alpha}$}] satisfies the principal ideal theorem for each family {$X_{\alpha}$} of algebraically independent indeterminates if and only if R is an S-domain and it satisfies the principal ideal theorem.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.683-696
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• 2005

The results of using principal coordinates prior to cluster analysis are investigated on the samples from multiple binary outcomes. The retrieval ability of the known clustering algorithm is significantly improved by using principal coordinates instead of using the distance directly transformed from four association coefficients for multiple binary variables.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.1057-1068
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• 2003

Results of using principal component analysis prior to cluster analysis are compared with results from applying agglomerative clustering algorithm alone. The retrieval ability of the agglomerative clustering algorithm is improved by using principal components prior to cluster analysis in some situations. On the other hand, the loss in retrieval ability for the agglomerative clustering algorithms decreases, as the number of informative variables increases, where the informative variables are the variables that have distinct information(or, necessary information) compared to other variables.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.1025-1036
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• 2003

Variable selection algorithm for principal component analysis using penalty function is proposed. We use the fact that usual principal component problem can be expressed as a maximization problem with appropriate constraints and we will add penalty function to this maximization problem. Simulated annealing algorithm is used in searching for optimal solutions with penalty functions. Comparisons between several well-known penalty functions through simulation reveals that the HARD penalty function should be suggested as the best one in several aspects. Illustrations with real and simulated examples are provided.

• 충청수학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.29-48
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• 2008

We deal with the classification problem of real hypersurfaces in a complex hyperbolic space. In order to classify real hypersurfaces in a complex hyperbolic space we characterize a real hypersurface M in $H_n(\mathbb{C})$ whose structure vector field is not principal. We also construct extrinsically homogeneous real hypersurfaces with four distinct curvatures and their structure vector fields are not principal.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.623-630
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• 2003

Recently, Tanaka(1988) derived two influence functions related to an eigenvalue problem $(A-\lambda_sI)\upsilon_s=0$ of real symmetric matrix A and used them for sensitivity analysis in principal component analysis. In this paper, we deal with the perturbation expansions up to quadratic terms of the same functions and discuss the application to sensitivity analysis in principal component regression analysis(PCRA). Numerical example is given to show how the approximation improves with the quadratic term.

• 한국통계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국통계학회 2003년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.151-156
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• 2003

Variable selection algorithm for principal component analysis using penalized likelihood method is proposed. We will adopt a probabilistic principal component idea to utilize likelihood function for the problem and use HARD penalty function to force coefficients of any irrelevant variables for each component to zero. Consistency and sparsity of coefficient estimates will be provided with results of small simulated and illustrative real examples.