• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.235-245
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• 2023

Smart applications based on the Network of Everything also known as Internet of Everything (IoE) are increasing popularity as network connectivity requires rise further. As a result, there will be a greater need for developing 6G technologies for wireless communications in order to overcome the primary limitations of visible 5G networks. Furthermore, implementing neural networks into 6G will bring remedies for the most complex optimizing networks challenges. Future 6G mobile phone networks must handle huge applications that require data and an increasing amount of users. With a ten-year time skyline from thought to the real world, it is presently time for pondering what 6th era (6G) remote correspondence will be just before 5G application. In this article, we talk about 6G dreams to clear the street for the headway of 6G and then some. We start with the conversation of imaginative 5G organizations and afterward underline the need of exploring 6G. Treating proceeding and impending remote organization improvement in a serious way, we expect 6G to contain three critical components: cell phones super broadband, very The Web of Things (or IoT and falsely clever (artificial intelligence). The 6G project is currently in its early phases, and people everywhere must envision and come up with its conceptualization, realization, implementation, and use cases. To that aim, this article presents an environment for Presented Distributed Artificial Intelligence as-a-Services (DAIaaS) supplying in IoE and 6G applications. The case histories and the DAIaaS architecture have been evaluated in terms of from end to end latency and bandwidth consumption, use of energy, and cost savings, with suggestion to improve efficiency.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2024

In light of the development of modern high-tech industries, where human sustainability is becoming increasingly important, anorthosite needs to be reevaluated not only for its potential as a new source of aluminum, but also as a primary resource with a wide range of industrial applications. In particular, a relatively simple chemical composition with a high CaO content and Al₂O₃/SiO₂ ratio, along with its relatively low impurity levels and chemically stable nature offers significant advantages in industrial processes. Thus, anorthosite is considered as an important industrial resource in the age of energy transition. In this review, we examine the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of anorthosite that determines their stability and reactivity. Based on their characteristics, we propose the potential use of utilizing the anorthosite as an alternative to the Bayer process which has the limitations. We also explore its application as the eco-friendly geo-synthetic materials, and as the new materials for carbon dioxide storage and utilization. As the demand for aluminum applications accelerates, anorthosite is gaining their importance in the geological industry and clean energy field. Therefore, advanced and extensive research on anorthosite complex occurring in the Hadong and Sancheong regions of Korea is critical to obtain opportunities to enhance economic advantages through efficient utilization of national resources and to lead to sustainable development.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.366-377
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• 2016

Water use efficiency (WUE) is considered as an important ecological indicator which may provide information on the process-structure relationships associated with energy-matter-information flows in ecosystem. The WUE at ecosystem-level can be defined as the ratio of gross primary productivity (GPP) to evapotranspiration (ET). In this study, KoFlux's long-term (2007-2015) eddy covariance measurements of $CO_2$ and water vapor fluxes were used to examine the WUE of needle fir plantation in Korea National Arboretum. Our objective is to ascertain the seasonality and inter-annual variability in WUE of this needle fir plantation so that the results may be assimilated into the development of a holistic ecological indicator for resilience assessment. Our results show that the WUE of needle fir plantation is characterized by a concave seasonal pattern with a minimum ($1.8-3.3g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$) in August and a maximum ($5.1-11.4g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$) in February. During the growing season (April to October), WUE was on average $3.5{\pm}0.3g\;C\;(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$. During the dormant seasons (November to March), WUE showed more variations with a mean of $7.4{\pm}1.0g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$. These values are in the upper ranges of WUE reported in the literature for coniferous forests in temperate zone. Although the growing season was defined as the period from April to October, the actual length of the growing season (GSL) varied each year and its variation explained 62% of the inter-annual variability of the growing season WUE. This is the first study to quantify long-term changes in ecosystem-level WUE in Korea and the results can be used to test models, remote-sensing algorithms and resilience of forest ecosystem.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.174-179
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• 2016

To protect the ocean environment, the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers, bunkering ships, and fueled ships is increasing. Recently, Korean shipbuilders have developed and supplied a partial reliquefaction facility for boil-off-gas (BOG). Despite reasonable insulation, heat leakage in vessel storage tanks causes LNG to be continuously evaporated as BOG. This research analyzed the maximum liquid yield rate for various partial reliquefaction systems (PRS) and considered related factors affecting yields. The results showed a liquid yield of 48.7% from an indirect PRS system (heat exchanges between cold flash gas and compressed natural gas), and 41% from a direct PRS system (BOG is mixed with flash gas and discharged from a liquid-vapor separator). The primary factor affecting liquid yield was heat exchanger effectiveness; the exchanger's efficiency and insulation characteristics directly affect the performance of BOG reliquefaction systems.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2015

A recent increase of interests on the influence of 3D printing and low prices of 3D printers makes a high possibility of 3D printer adoption as a educational equipment in public education settings. The Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning and Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy proposed '3D printing industry development strategies', and had pilot schools to include understanding of 3D printing concepts and practices in the primary, secondary and high schools' curriculum. However, even if 3D printers were provided in educational settings, the research on educational content and methods to properly react to this change is very limited. Therefore, this study reviewed various 3D modeling software because a modeling skill is a prerequisite skill to use 3D printers, and proposed a creative design spiral based teaching content that can be incorporated in elementary school contexts.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.573-583
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• 2011

In this paper, we propose an occlusion compensation algorithm which is used for virtual view generation. In general, since occlusion region is recovered from neighboring pixels by taking the mean value or median value of neighbor pixels, the visual characteristics of a given image are not considered and consequently the accuracy of the compensated occlusion regions is not guaranteed. To solve these problem, we propose an algorithm that considers primary visual characteristics of a given image to compensate the occluded regions by using seam carving algorithm. In the proposed algorithm, we first use Sobel mask to obtain the edge map of a given image and then make it binary digit 0 or 1 and finally thinning process follows. Then, the energy patterns of original and thinned edge map obtained by the modified seam carving method are used to compensate the occlusion regions. Through experiments with many test images, we verify that the proposed algorithm performed better than conventional algorithms.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1557-1565
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• 2016

Itaconic acid (IA) is a dicarboxylic acid included in the US Department of Energy's (DOE) 2004 list of the most promising chemical platforms derived from sugars. IA is produced industrially using liquid-state fermentation (LSF) by Aspergillus terreus with glucose as the carbon source. To utilize IA production in renewable resource-based biorefinery, the present study investigated the use of lignocellulosic biomass as a carbon source for LSF. We also investigated the production of fumaric acid (FA), which is also on the DOE's list. FA is a primary metabolite, whereas IA is a secondary metabolite and requires the enzyme cis-aconitate decarboxylase for its production. Two lignocellulosic biomasses (wheat bran and corn cobs) were tested for fungal fermentation. Liquid hydrolysates obtained after acid or enzymatic treatment were used in LSF. We show that each treatment resulted in different concentrations of sugars, metals, or inhibitors. Furthermore, different acid yields (IA and FA) were obtained depending on which of the four Aspergillus strains tested were employed. The maximum FA yield was obtained when A. terreus was used for LSF of corn cob hydrolysate (1.9% total glucose); whereas an IA yield of 0.14% was obtained by LSF of corn cob hydrolysates by A. oryzae.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.261-267
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• 2008

The tendency of metabolism in oyster, Crassostrea gigas, was investigated in relation to the water temperature and salinity. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were measured and O:N ratio were calculated according to the water temperature from February 2007 to September 2008 and body size. The relationship between oxygen consumption and body weight has been examined in C. gigas. The weight-specific oxygen consumption rate (mg $O_2$/g/h) varied inversely with size. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion increased with an increase in water temperature. O:N ratio measured in this study ranged from 8 to 40 under ordinary sea water and the ratio was 8 at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16 at $10^{\circ}C$. This indicates that oyster mainly use the protein as the primary catabolic substrate during gametogenesis. Lower O:N ratio in winter suggests that oysters have to meet their energy demand by metabolizing protein to survive in stressful conditions such as low temperature and lack of sufficient food supply. This studies will provide the basic data for oyster culture farm in assessing the carrying capacity and sustainable management.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2017

The substation is a critical node in the power network where power is transformed in the power generation, transmission and distribution system. The IEC 61850 is a global standard which proposes efficient substation automation by defining interoperable communication and data modelling techniques. In order to achieve this level of interoperability and automation, the IEC 61850 (Part 6) defines System Configuration description Language (SCL). The SCL is an XML based file format for defining the abstract model of primary and secondary substation equipment, communications systems and also the relationship between them. It enables the interoperable exchange of data during substation engineering by standardizing the description of applications at different stages of the engineering process. To achieve the seamless interoperability, multi-vendor devices are required to adhere completely to the IEC 61850. This paper proposes an efficient algorithm required for verifying the interoperability of multi-vendor devices by checking the adherence of the SCL file to specifications of the standard. Our proposed SCL validation algorithm consists of schema validation and other functionalities including information model validation using UML data model, the Vendor Defined Extension model validation, the User Defined Rule validation and the IED Engineering Table (IET) consistency validation. It also integrates the standard UCAIUG (Utility Communication Architecture International Users Group) Procedure validation for quality assurance testing. Our proposed algorithm is not only flexible and efficient in terms of ensuring interoperable functionality of tested devices, it is also convenient for use by system integrators and test engineers.

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.285-296
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• 2005

In mobile distributed systems the data on the air can be accessed by a lot of mobile clients. And, we need an indexing scheme in order to energy-efficiently access the data on the wireless broadcast stream. In conventional indexing schemes, they use the values of primary key attributes and construct tree-structured index. Therefore, the conventional indexing schemes do not support content-based retrieval queries such as partial-match queries. In this paper we propose an indexing scheme, called B2V-Tree, which supports partial match queries on wireless broadcast data stream. For this purpose, we construct a tree-structured index which is composed of bit-vectors, where the bit-vectors are generated from data records through multi-attribute hashing.