• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2004년도 제22회 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.768-773
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• 2004

When a gas expands through a convergent nozzle in which the ratio of the ambient to the stagnation pressures is higher than that of the critical one, the issuing jet from the nozzle is underexpanded. If a flat plate is placed normal to the jet at a certain distance from the nozzle, a detached shock wave is formed at a region between the nozzle exit and the plate. In general, supersonic moist air jet technologies with nonequilibrium condensation are very often applied to industrial manufacturing processes. In spite of the importance in major characteristics of the supersonic moist air jets impinging to a solid body, its qualitative characteristics can not even know. In the present study, the effect of the nonequilibrium condensation on the underexpanded moist air jet impinging on a vertical flat plate is investigated experimentally. Flow visualization and impact pressure measurement are performed for various relative humidities and flat plate positions. The obtained results show the plate shock and Mach disk are dependent on the nozzle pressure ratio and the relative humidity, but for a given nozzle pressure ratio, the diameters of the plate shock and Mach disk depend on the stagnation relative humidity. The impact pressure deviation from the flow of without condensation is large, as the relative stagnation humidity increases.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2017년도 제48회 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.1072-1076
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• 2017

고속 회전하는 로켓보조추진탄의 로켓 추진 유동특성을 수치해석적으로 연구하였다. 회전지상연소시험을 통해 연소실 내부 압력을 계측하였고 지상 조건, 작동 고도 조건, 기저부 압력 조건의 노즐압력비를 적용하여 수치해석을 수행하였다. 그리고 수치해석 결과를 등엔트로피 1차원 해와 지상회전시험 결과와 비교 하였다. 또한 동일 노즐압력비에서 유동의 회전 유/무에 따른 추력특성의 차이를 확인하였다.

• 에너지공학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.560-566
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• 1999

가압 조건하에서의 석탄가스화 특성을 규명하기위해 , 온도 압력 , 산소/석탄비, 수증기/석탄비 등을 변화시켜가며 로토탄(sub A)에 대하여 PDTF(Pressuized drop tube furnace)실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과, 상압 조건에서보다 가압조건에서의 가스화가 탄소전환율과 냉가스효율의 측면에서 더 유리한 것으로 측정되었다. 최대의 냉가스효율을 보이는 산소/석탄비의 증가가 냉가스효율의 증가를 가져왔다. 압력이 증가할수록 열분해에 의한 탄소전환의 비중은 감소하고 대신 기고반응에 의한 탄소전환의 비중이 증가하였다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.327-339
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• 2023

The expansion capacity and strength of expansive grout have a significant influence on the stress state of a supported rock mass and the strength of a grout-rock mass structure. The expansion and strength characteristics are vital in grouting preparation and application. To analyze the expansion performance and mechanical properties of expansive grout, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) tests, expansion ratio tests, XRD, SEM, and microscopic scanning tests (MSTs) of expansive grout under different curing pressure conditions were conducted. The microevolution was analyzed by combining the failure characteristics, XRD patterns, SEM images, and surface morphologies of the specimens. The experimental results show that: (1) The final expansion ratio of the expansive grout was linear with increasing expansion agent content and nonlinear with increasing curing pressure. (2) The strength of the expansive grout was positively correlated with curing pressure and negatively correlated with expansion agent content. (3) The expansion of expansive grout was related mainly to the development of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) crystals. With an increase in expansion agent content, the final expansion ratio increased, but the expansion rate decreased. With an increase in the curing pressure, the grout expansion effect decreased significantly. (4) The proportion of the concave surfaces at the centre of the specimen cross-section reflected the specimen's porosity to a certain extent, which was linear with increasing expansion agent content and curing pressure.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.24-31
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• 2004

A cylindrical constant volume combustion bomb is used to investigate the combustion characteristics and to analyzer the heat quantity of inhomogeneous charge methane-air mixture. To analyze the heat quantity, some definitions including the CHR ratio, the UHC ratio and the HL ratio are needed and are calculated. It is shown that the effect of stratification is not significant in case of the overall excess air ratio of 1.1, mainly due to the higher heat loss and lower thermal efficiency compared to those of homogeneous condition. In the case of the overall excess air ratio of 1.4, as the initial charge pressure decreases, the CHR ratio has been decreased while the HL ratio has been increased, Generally, as the initial charge pressure increases, the amount of injection mixture has been decreased and has resulted in lower mean velocity and turbulence intensity for injection mixture. Also, the injected mixture is too rich to result in mixing deficiency in combustion chamber. From these results, it could be possible to acquire the improvement of thermal efficiency and the reduction of heat loss simultaneously through the 2-stage injection in CNG direct injection engine.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.106-120
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• 2010

Objectives: Sanjointang has been clinically used much for treating sleeplessness. However, the effects of Sanjointang in artificial sleep deprivation situations are not known. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, left ventricular diastolic pressure, +dp/dt maximum, -dp/dt maximum, and -dp/dt / +dp/dt ratio which are related to the hemodynamic functions of the heart by using sleep-deprived Sparague-Dawley rats, in order to clarify the impact of Sanjointang on hemodynamic functions of the heart of sleep deprived rats. Methods: Eighteen hearts were removed from the male Sparague-Dawley rats weighting about 180g were perfused by the Langendorff technique with modified 37 Krebs-Henseleit's buffer solution at a constant perfusion pressure (60mmHg). They were randomly assigned to one of the following three groups, 1) Normal group (those which did not have sleep deprivation and received normal saline administration), 2) Control group (sleep deprived and normal saline administered), 3) Sample group (sleep deprived and Sanjointang was administered). Control and sample groups rats were deprived 96 hours of sleep by using the modified multiple platform technique. Heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, left ventricular diastolic pressure, +dp/dt maximum, -dp/dt maximum, -dp/dt / +dp/dt ratio were evaluated at baseline after the administration of either normal saline or Sanjointang. Results: The heart rate and -dp/dt / +dp/dt ratio was significantly decreased in rats with 96 hours of sleep deprived significantly decreased. The change in the heart rate after administering Sanjointang did not show any significant difference. The left ventricular systolic pressure of the removed heart significantly decreased due to Sanjointang administration, while the left ventricular diastolic pressure significantly increased (p<0.05). The +dp/dt maximum and -dp/dt maximum both significantly decreased in the removed heart after administering Sanjointang. (p<0.05). There was no significant difference observed in the -dp/dt / +dp/dt ratio after administering Sanjointang. Conclusions: According to the results above, sleep deprivation significantly decreases heart rate and -dp/dt / +dp/dt ratio. This is considered as a result of exhaustion due to accumulation of fatigue. Meanwhile, Sanjointang reduced left ventricular systolic pressure and raised left ventricular diastolic pressure, and relieved the contractility and relaxation of the myocardium. Consequently, this reduces the burden of the heart and creates a relatively stabilized heart condition similar to a sleeping condition.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제37권10호
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• pp.879-886
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 고농도 EGR을 사용하는 DME 예혼합압축자기착화 연소의 근본적인 연소메커니즘을 이해하기 위해 수치해석 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. EGR과 과급의 영향을 조사하면서 동시에 산소 분압과 산소 농도중 어느 것이 LTR 발열비율을 결정하는 핵심요소인지 확인하였다. EGR 비율과 과급압력을 매개변수 정하기 위해서 1) EGR 비율변화에 따라 산소농도, 산소함유량을 변화시키는 조건 2) 산소농도를 거의 일정하게 유지하면서 과급을 하여 산소 분압을 변화시키는 조건, 3) EGR과 과급을 조합하면서 산소 분압을 일정하게 유지 하기 위해 산소농도를 변화시키는 조건 세가지 조건에서 화학반응수치계산을 수행하여 검증했다. 연구결과 EGR율이 증가하면 연소의 시작, 종료시기가 지연되고, 과급을 하게 되면 연소의 시작, 종료시기가 앞당겨지는 것을 확인했다. EGR과 과급이 LTHR 발열비율 증가에 영향을 미치는 것도 확인하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제39권8호
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• pp.669-675
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• 2015

자동차용 터보차저 원심압축기의 재순환케이싱처리(RCT)부의 높이변화가 압축기의 성능에 미치는 영향이 조사되었다. 연구대상 RCT 부의 높이는 1.2mm, 1.5mm, 1.8mm 의 세가지이며, 회전수 범위는 90,000 - 150,000 rpm, 유량 범위는 0.015 kg/s - 0.08 kg/s 이다. 전압력비와 등엔트로피 효율 비교 결과, 본 수치계산은 실제압축기의 성능 제원과 최대오차 0.7%의 범위 내에서 잘 일치하였다. 해석결과, RCT 부 높이 1.2mm, 1.8mm, 1.5mm 순서로 균일 압력분포, 높은 압력비, 넓은 작동범위를 얻었다. 이들 세가지 경우 모두, 회전수가 증가할수록 이들의 압력비는 높아지나 운전범위는 좁아지는 전형적인 압축기 맵의 특성을 보여주었다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.180-186
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• 2022

Background: The craniocervical flexion test (CCFT) was developed for the activation and endurance of deep cervical flexors. However, the muscle thickness and muscle thickness changing ratio of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and deep cervical flexor (DCF) muscles in subjects with and without forward head posture (FHP) have not been reported. Objects: To determine the difference in thickness of the SCM and DCF muscles and the difference in the muscle thickness changing ratio between SCM, DCF, and DCF/SCM 20 mmHg and DCF/SCM 30 mmHg between subjects with and without FHP. Methods: Thirty subjects with and without FHP were enrolled. The muscle thickness of the SCM and DCF was measured when maintained at a baseline pressure of 20 mmHg and a maximum pressure of 30 mmHg using a pressure biofeedback unit during the CCFT. Ultrasonography was used to capture images of SCM and DCF muscle thickness during the CCFT, which was calculated using the picture archiving and communication system (PACS). Results: We observed a significant difference within the pressure main effect between SCM and DCF at a baseline pressure of 20 mmHg and a maximum pressure of 30 mmHg (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the muscle thickness and muscle thickness changing ratio for SCM and DCF during CCFT between subjects with and without FHP. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the muscle thickness recruitment pattern during CCFT in posture changes between subjects with and without FHP.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.637-648
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• 2023

When an earth pressure balance (EPB) shield machine bores a tunnel in gravelly sand stratum, the excavated natural soil is normally transformed using foam and water to reduce cutter wear and the risk of direct muck squeezing out of the screw conveyor (i.e., muck spewing). Understanding the undrained shear behavior of conditioned soils under pressure is a potential perspective for optimizing the earth pressure balance shield tunnelling strategies. Owing to the unconventional properties of conditioned soil, a pressurized vane shear apparatus was utilized to investigate the undrained shear behavior of foam-conditioned gravelly sands under normal pressure. The results showed that the shear stress-displacement curves exhibited strain-softening behavior only when the initial void ratio (e₀) of the foam-conditioned sand was less than the maximum void ratio (e_max) of the unconditioned sand. The peak and residual strength increased with an increase in normal pressure and a decrease in foam injection ratio. A unique relation between the void ratio and the shear strength in the residual stage was observed in the e-ln(τ) space. When e₀ was greater than e_max, the fluid-like specimens had quite low strengths. Besides, the stick-slip behavior, characterized by the variation coefficient of measured shear stress in the residual stage, was more evident under lower pressure but it appeared to be independent of the foam injection. A comparison between the results of pressurized vane shear tests and those of slump tests indicated that the slump test has its limitations to characterize the chamber muck fluidity and build the optimal conditioning parameters.