• 아동학회지
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.221-233
• /
• 1996

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of age, sex, cognitive style and reward presentation on delay of gratification. The subjects of this study were 120 children 4, 6 and 8 years of age attending preschool and an elementary school in Pusan. They were identified as impulsive or reflective according to their performance on Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test. The levels of reward presentation consisted of the reward which was presented physically and the reward which wasn't presented physically. Length of waiting time was recorded as the measure of maintenance of delay of gratification. The data of this study were analyzed with Two-way ANOVA, Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The major finding were as follows: (1) Delay time increased with age. (2) No sex difference is found in delay time. (3) Reflective children delayed longer than impulsive children in all age groups. (4) The reward which wasn't physically presented produced loner delay time than the reward which was physically presented in all age groups.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.377-380
• /
• 2015

Background: There is strong evidence that delayed diagnosis of breast cancer is associated with poor survival. Our objectives were to determine the frequency of breast cancer patients with delayed presentation, the reasons of delay and its association with different socio-demographic variables in our North Pakistan setting. Materials and Methods: We interviewed 315 histologically confirmed breast cancer patients. Delay was defined as more than 3 months from appearance of symptoms to consultation with a doctor. Questions were asked from each patient which could reflect their understanding about the disease and which could be the likely reasons for their delayed presentation. Results: 39.0 % (n=123) of patients presented late and out of those, 40.7% wasted time using alternative medicines; 25.2 % did not having enough resources; 17.1 % presented late due to painless lump; 10.6% felt shyness and 6.5% presented late due to other reasons. Higher age, negative family history, < 8 school years of education and low to middle socio-economic status were significantly associated with delayed presentation (p< 0.05). Education and socioeconomic status were two independent variables related to the delayed presentation after adjustment for others (OR of 2.26, 2.29 and 95%CI was 1.25-4.10, 1.06-4.94 respectively). Conclusions: Significant numbers of women with breast cancer in North Pakistan experience presentation delay due to their misconceptions about the disease. Coordinated efforts with public health departments are needed to educate the focused groups and removing the barriers identified in the study. Long term impact will be reduced overall burden of the disease in the region.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.2105-2110
• /
• 2016

Purpose: A multicenter, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted to assess factors delaying presentation of breast cancer cases. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from a pair of highly specialized referral centers, both located in the center of the Sudanese capital, Khartoum. For a total of 153 eligible respondents, durations of delay, clinicodemographic factors and reasons of referral were collected from our respondents through self-administered questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis and ANOVA were used to test the relation between periods of delay and different factors. Odd ratios (OR's) and their correspondent Confidence intervals (95% CI's). Delay periods were studied with Andersen's model. Results: The average duration of delay in our study was 11.9 (${\pm}11.2$) months. Only a quarter of our patients presented early within the first 3 months after onset of their symptoms. About 47.7% arrived later during the course of the first year, while it took beyond that for the last 27% to come. A prior diagnosis of BC was the only predictor of early presentation (for 3-12 months OR=9.6 (p<0.00), 95% CI 9.55-9.75; for >12 months OR=9.3 (p<0.00), 95% CI 9.33-9.33). Out of the 12 different reasons for delay given by our respondents, none showed a significant difference between patients presenting early or late. Financial incapacity (17.5%), ignorance about BC (14.3), and misinterpreting symptoms (12.7%) were the top three whys of delay. Conclusions: Our findings support existence of a non-uniform pattern of delay among Sudanese BC patients. Changing currently adopted awareness elevating strategies into much more inclusive approaches is strongly recommended.

• 디지털콘텐츠학회 논문지
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.207-210
• /
• 2006

프리젠테이션 시간축 내에서 하나이상의 랜더링 간격에서 동기화 된 멀티미디어 프리젠테이션은 대상의 집합으로 구성된다. 이러한 간격은 프리젠테이션 시간축에 관련하여 물체의 시작 시간과 끝나는 시간이 명시된다. 본 논문에서는 대역제한 된 통신 네트워크상에서 서버에서 클라이언트로의 멀티미디어 프리젠테이션의 흐름을 고려한다. 각각의 정적인 대상은 계층 부호화 되었다고 가정한다. 주어진 최대 지연에 대해서는 프리젠테이션의 전체적인 질적 측정값을 최대로 하기 위해 각 대상내의 최적의 계층 수를 찾기 위한 문제를 고려한다. 몇몇 자연적 기준에서의 최적의 방법을 결정하기 위한 효율적인 알고리즘을 고려한다. 또한 이러한 것들의 시작 시간 이후의 대상들의 점차적인 랜더링 문제를 고려한다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.108-116
• /
• 2005

분산 멀티미디어 환경에서 교재 제시를 위한 미디어내${\cdot}$미디어간 동기화는 전송 데이터의 지연과 손실 및 미디어별 전송 특성 등과 같이 비동기 오차로 인해 미디어들간의 정확한 시간 관계성을 보장하기가 매우 어렵다. 미디어내 동기화는 표현률에 영향을 받기 때문에 네트워크 지연으로 인한 미디어 도착률이 비정상적일 때 지터 현상이 발생한다. 그리고 각각의 미디어 스트림에서 지터의 누적된 결과로 미디어간 스큐가 발생한다. 이런 현상은 원거리 교육에서 네트워크 지연으로 인해 학습자의 내용 인식에 혼란을 야기시키고, 송${\cdot}$수신측의 효율적인 상호 작용을 제공하지 못하고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 미디어 또는 하나 이상의 미디어 사이에서 시간 관계성의 요구 사항을 유지함으로써 네트워크 지연으로 인한 문제점을 해결할 수 있다. 또한 표현률에 영향을 받는 미디어내 동기화 방법을 제안하고, 원격 교육을 위한 교재 제시 시스템을 구현하였다.

• 자연과학논문집
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.123-129
• /
• 1995

본 논문은 멀티미디어 프리젠테이션을 위한 보정적 동기화 알고리즘에 관한 연구이다. 멀티미디어 프리젠테이션 시스템에서 표현되는 미디어들의 지연시간을 미리 예측하여 보정해 줌으로써 지연시간을 최소화하는 보정적 동기화 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 이 보정적 동기화 알고리즘을 이용하여 텍스트, 라스터 그래픽스, 도형 그래픽스, 오디오와 같은 미디어 객체를 갖는 멀티미디어 프리젠테이션 시스템을 설계 구현하였다.

• 보건행정학회지
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.115-130
• /
• 2003

Reperfusion delay in patients with acute myocardial infarction leads to increased morbidity and mortality. We sought to measure the rates of reperfusion delay and to identify factors associated with reperfusion delay after arrival to hospitals. We included 360 patients who had acute myocardial infarction with ST-elevation or left bundle branch block on electrocardiogram and received reperfusion therapy from the three participating academic medical centers from 1997 to 2000. Through retrospective chart review, we collected data about time to reperfusion therapy, patient and hospital factors potentially associated with reperfusion delay. Factors independently associated with reperfusion delay were determined by logistic regression analysis. Median door­to­needle time was 60.0 minutes, and median door­to­balloon time was 102.5 minutes. According to recommendation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines, 226 out of 264(85.6％) of thrombolytic patients and 43 out of 96(44.8％) percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty(PTCA) patients experienced reperfusion delay. The significant factors associated with delay were type of reperfusion therapy, patient factors including hypertension and delayed symptom onset to presentation(>4 hours), and hospital factors including nocturnal presentation(6pm∼8am), weekend, and an individual hospital. A significant proportion of patients experienced reperfusion delay. The identified predictors of reperfusion delay may help design a hospital system to reduce the delay in reperfusion therapy

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.1141-1145
• /
• 2013

Delay in seeking treatment for breast cancer is a barrier to the early diagnosis and management of the disease, resulting in a poorer prognosis. We here estimated the prevalence of delayed presentation for breast cancer and identified possible influential sociodemographic factors in a cross-sectional study of 250 patients diagnosed with primary breast cancer at the Radiotherapy and Oncology Clinic in Kuala Lumpur Hospital. Data were collected by face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire and from medical records. We examined associations between delayed presentation (presenting to a physician more than 3 months after self-discovery of a symptom) and sociodemographic characteristics, practice of breast self examination (BSE), history of benign breast disease, family history of breast cancer and type of symptom, symptom disclosure and advice from others to seek treatment using multiple logistic regression. Time from self-discovery of symptom to presentation ranged from tghe same day to 5 years. Prevalence of delayed presentation was 33.1% (95%CI: 27.4, 39.3). A significantly higher proportion of delayers presented with late stages (stage III/IV) (58.3% vs. 26.9%, p<0.001). Divorced or widowed women (OR: 2.23, 95% CI: 1.11, 4.47) had a higher risk of delayed presentation than married women and women who never performed breast self examination were more likely to delay presentation compared to those who regularly performed BSE (OR: 2.74, 95% CI: 1.33, 5.64). Our findings indicate that delayed presentation for breast cancer symptoms among Malaysian women is high and that marital status and breast self examination play major roles in treatment-seeking for breast cancer symptoms.

• 음성과학
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.133-142
• /
• 2001

In the area of speech processing, raw signals used to be presented in 2D format and different kinds of algorithms use the format to solve their problems. However, such kinds of presentation methods have limitations to extract characteristics from the signal, even though the algorithms are quiet good. The basic reason is that not much information can be detected from the 2D signal. Strange attractor in the field of chaos theory provides the 3D presentation method. In the area of the recognition problem, signal construction method is very important because good features can be detected from a good shape of attractors. This paper discusses a new presentation method that can be used to construct strange attractor in a different way. Normal strange attractor uses time-delay idea while the new method uses time-delay and vector average. This method provides us good information to be applied to speaker recognition problem.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
• /
• 제7권4호
• /
• pp.496-504
• /
• 2004

본 논문은 PC서버상에 있는 여러 개의 데이터 스트림으로 구성된 프리젠테이션을 이동 단말기에서 재생하고자 할 때, 프리젠테이션 내에 있는 스트림들의 특성을 파악한 후에 스트림 선정 정책에 의해 스트림을 선정하여 트랜스코딩 (Transcoding)을 하고자 한다. 이는 트랜스코딩 작업을 프리젠테이션내의 모든 스트림에 적용하는 방법보다 이동단말기에서 프리젠테이션을 보다 빠르게 재생 할 수 있다는 장점 때문이다. 따라서 본 논문은 프리젠테이션의 요구 대역폭을 네트워크 대역폭 보다 낮추면서, 이동 단말기에서 프리젠테이션이 재생되기까지의 최초 지연시간을 최소화시킬 수 있는 EPOB(End Point of Over Bandwidth)기반의 트랜스코딩 스트림 선정 정책을 제시 한 것이다.