• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.389-394
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• 2011

In many parts of the world, low cost housing used to be built and maintained by the governments, based on designs and detail specifications prepared by the public sector with construction carried out by contractors. Results vary due to differences in design standards, workmanship and property management, depending also on the neighbourhood's care of the estates and their pattern of usage. In the UK, where Private Finance Initiative (PFI) has been used for infrastructure projects, there have been successful cases of city estate being transformed by PFI. These PFI housing schemes involve new-build, refurbishment as well as facility management. Unlike traditional construction, which is based on prescriptive specifications, PFI housing is based on output specifications. A study has been undertaken to compare the two specification approaches as they are applied to housing estate. Results are enlightening and serve as good reference to cities such as Hong Kong SAR and Singapore, where public housing provisions have been a major concern of their citizens as the building stock gets older.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.235-239
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• 2023

In this study, the fire resistance performance of the concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) columns and thin steel-plate composite (TSC) beams installed at a 20-story office building were designed using a performance-based structural fire design. Because of the lack of any specific provisions in the building code and guidelines for structural engineers about the performance-based approach, the only prescriptive approach has been selected for designing fire-resistant structures in Korea. To evaluate the fire resistance performance of the CFT columns and TSC beams, finite element analysis verified by the experimental results studied by several researchers was conducted with ABAQUS. From the fire scenario, the temperature distributions of the CFT columns and TSC beams were found via finite element analysis and the behaviors of the CFT columns and TSC beams were investigated in the structural field based on the temperature distribution.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.11-22
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• 2014

Purpose - The domestic franchise industry has made significant contributions to industry such as investment, employment, and community economy development, facilitating growth potential. The franchise industry provides management knowhow transfer between parent companies and franchisees as per contracts addressing use of business signs, franchisees' independent position, franchisor support, and royalties to be paid to the franchisors. However, many franchisors lack management knowhow and provide insufficient support because of poor control of franchisees and not having a systematic approach to support. This results in dissatisfied franchisees and failure to establish long-term relationships. Few studies have examined relational commitment and/or re-contract intention by support resources between franchisors and franchisees, despite a considerable output of theories and studies of the growth of the franchise industry. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine the effects of the ability to provide resources on relational commitments and re-contract intention, and to suggest causal relationships and implications. Research design, data, and methodology - The subject was domestic franchisors registered with the Association of Franchise with more than 50 franchisees. Franchisees under contract for 2 years and considering re-contract of their franchise 2 years later were used. The subjects totaled 300 franchisees in Seoul. A questionnaire survey was used to investigate the subject of franchisees' concessions during the 10 days from November 21, 2013 to November 30, 2013. After excluding 16 surveys with poor answers, 284 responses were finally used. Four areas and 44 questions were used. A nominal scale was used for four common characteristics questions including gender, ages, educational background, and franchise managing time. Questions regarding ability, relational commitment, and re-contract intention made use of a Likert 5-point scale. Data coding and data cleaning were used. SPSS 18.0 was used as follows. First, frequency analysis was done to investigate demographic characteristics. Second, exploratory factor analysis was done to verify validity of testing tools, and Cronbach's α coefficient was used to verify reliability. Third, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were done. An exploratory factor analysis was done to verify validity of concepts. A correlation analysis was done to test relationships between the variables, and multiple regression analysis was done to verify franchisor's ability, franchisees' relational commitment, and re-contract intention. Results - The following were the outcomes. First, store operation management, finance operation management, and human resource management affected the calculated bond. Second, store operation management and finance operation management affected the emotional bond. Third, store operation management, finance operation management, human resource management, and marketing management affected the prescriptive bond. Fourth, calculated bond and prescriptive bond had an effect on re-contract intention. Conclusions - As stated above, in franchise management, parent companies' offer and instruction of core competence to their franchisees as an information resource could improve the relational bond by helping them grow together through the resource sharing. Consequently, core competence factors were promoting factors that could improve franchisees' re-contract intention for a long time.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.264-274
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze papers on child rearing in Korea and to suggest future research and nursing practice directions for child rearing. Methods: An on-line search via 5 web sites yielded 201 research papers. The analysis of key concepts was based on the attributes of parenting and type of knowledge held by the parents. Results: The research papers found in the search were 27.3% experimental and 72.7% non-experimental. Among the participants, 77.0% of parents raising the child were mothers and the children were mostly young children under the age of one year. Types of knowledge related to child rearing varied widely, but explanatory knowledge (55.2%) was the most common, followed by prescriptive knowledge (30.0%) and descriptive knowledge (14.8%). For attributes of parenting, reaction to parenting (49.9%) followed by parenting behavior/practice (43.1%) was most common. Conclusion: Findings of this study indicate that further research is necessary regarding fathers and surrogate caregivers and on prescriptive knowledge for health promotion of children at different developmental stages. Also the results suggest a need for research toward developing child care policies.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.669-676
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• 2010

Regulatory fit occurs when the way people act accords with their goal orientation the activity. When there is regulatory fit, to pursue a goal feels light and also increases the value of what a person is doing-value from fit. Value from fit can be transferred to other value experiences such as monetary value. Present research proposes that regulatory fit occurs when the domain in which a decision or an evaluation is made sustains the decision maker's chronic goal orientation, and this regulatory fit affects the value that he or she assigns to the object. In Experiment 1, participants with chronic promotion or prevention focus evaluated their preference and purchase intention on 14 design products including positive and negative emotional valences. Results showed that evaluations on the product design (promotion domain) were more extreme under promotion than prevention, F(1, 95) 4.87, p < .05. In Experiment 2 with 16 moral scenarios including prescriptive and proscriptive morality, prevention-focus individuals evaluated immoral behaviors as more immoral than promotion-focus individuals only in the proscriptive scenarios (prevention domain), F(1, 139) = 4.14, p < .05. In prescriptive scenarios, regulatory fit effect was not found. Findings from both experiments suggest that regulatory fit occurs when the domain of an issue that people engage in sustains their goal orientation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.202-209
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• 2008

Performance based fire engineering design is being adopted around the world as a rationed means of providing efficient and effective fire safety in Building. This development is being supported by the adoption of performance based codes which specify the objective and minimum performance requirements for fire safety traditional design for fire safety which is still practiced in many countries, relies on "prescriptive" codes which specify how a building is to be built, which no statement of objective and little or no opportunity to offer more rational alterative design. It is the aim of this study to investigate and analyze the research direction of structural fire resistance design of RC structures for recommendation of PBD in Korea.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2000

The experience of many countries strongly suggests that bad governments and institutions have been a serious, if not the most serious, obstacle to economic growth and industry-structural adjustments. All public sectors pursue a mix of both predatory and productive activities-bad governments emphasizing the former, while good governments finding a way of promoting the later. In fishery public policy studies, much confusion exists about the roles of policy illustration and prescription. In general fishery public sectors involve collective actions by numerous individuals under conditions of uncertainty, complexity, bounded rationality, and imperfect information structure. All collective fisheries action organizations consist of a center(e.g., government), which leads fishery group actions, and peripheral participants(e.g., fishermen), which are controlled by the government. A paradigm is developed that gives both theoretical and empirical meaning to the constitutional determination of fisheries political preference function or fishery public sector governance structures. Three relevant spaces are specified: policy instrument, results, and constitutional. The collective-choice rules of the constitutional space structure the tradeoff between public and special fishery interest groups. Fishery public sectors seeking sustainable reductions in wasteful rent-seeking fishing activities should select constitutional principles and institutional structures that tend to promote resource sustainability. In particular, the effects of internal and external events on fisheries may result in a greater or lesser concentration of interest group power. Thus, the structure of the fishereis political power must be assessed in any prescriptive evaluation of alternative fishery governance weights.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2016

The 1100 foot [335 m] tall Wilshire Grand Center tower under construction in Los Angeles illustrates many key outrigger issues. The tower has a long, narrow floor plan and slender central core. Outrigger braces at three groups of levels in the tower help provide for occupant comfort during windy conditions as well as safety during earthquakes. Because outrigger systems are outside the scope of prescriptive code provisions, Performance Based Design (PBD) using Nonlinear Response History Analysis (NRHA) demonstrated acceptability to the Los Angeles building department and its peer review panel. Buckling Restrained Brace (BRB) diagonals are used at all outrigger levels to provide stable cyclic nonlinear behavior and to limit forces generated at columns, connections and core walls. Each diagonal at the lowest set of outriggers includes four individual BRBs to provide exceptional capacities. The middle outriggers have an unusual 'X-braced Vierendeel' configuration to provide clear hotel corridors. The top outriggers are pre-loaded by jacks to address long-term differential shortening between the concrete core and concrete-filled steel perimeter box columns. The outrigger connection details are complex in order to handle large forces and deformations, but were developed with contractor input to enable practical construction.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.73 no.2
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• pp.123-132
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• 2020

Steel spherical hinged bearings have high loading capacity, reliable load transfer, flexible rotation with universal hinge and allowance of large displacement and rotation angle. However, bearings are in complex forced states subject to various load combinations, which lead to the significant influence on integral structural safety. Taking the large-tonnage complex steel spherical hinged bearings of Terminal 2 of Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport as an example, full-scale rotation and shear behaviour tests of the bearings subject to axial tensile load are carried out, and the corresponding finite element simulation analyses are conducted. The results of experiments and finite element simulations are in good agreement with the coincident development tendency of stress and deformation. In addition, the measured rotational moment is less than the calculated moment prescriptive by the code, and the relationship between horizontal displacement and horizontal shear force is linear. Finally, based on these results, the rotation and shear stiffness models of bearings subject to axial tensile load are proposed for the refinement analysis of integral structure.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.10-16
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• 2003

The main purpose of this study is to raise the point at issue and to propose reform direction about the current performance criteria of fire resistance through the examination of the fire resistance required for each use of compartment by using performance-based fire safety design method. To examine the performance criteria of fire resistance, this study compared the equivalent time of fire exposure which was calculated by using time-equivalent formulae with the required fire resistance time determined by existing prescriptive code, and surveyed factors such as the fire load energy density, ventilation factor, fire compartment materials and fire compartment geometry in order to calculate the equivalent time of fire exposure.