• 대한의생명과학회지
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.227-236
• /
• 2012

Previous study showed that swimming improved obesity but was not through $PPAR{\alpha}$ activation in liver and skeletal muscle in high fat diet-fed female mice with functioning ovaries as an animal model of obese premenopausal women. Thus, this study was aimed at investigation of the effects of swimming on the promotion of health and its molecular mechanism in adipose tissue of high fat diet-fed female mice. Eight-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups (a non-swim control group and a swim group, n=8/group). Mice in the swim group swam for 2 h daily for 6 weeks in water bath with temperature of $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. All the animals received high fat diet (45% kcal fat) for 6 weeks. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to elucidate the molecular mechanism. Female mice subjected to swimming had significantly decreased body weight gain and white adipose tissue mass compared with the female control mice. Histological studies illustrated that swimming decreases the hepatic lipid accumulation. As expected, swimming did not affect the expression of mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ${\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\alpha}$ target genes responsible for mitochondrial fatty acid ${\beta}$-oxidation, such as carnitine palmitoyltransgerase-1 and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase in the white adipose tissue. However, mice that underwent 6-weeks of swimming exercise had decreased the mRNA expression of lipogenic genes, such as sterol regulatory element-binding proteins-1C and fatty acid synthase in comparison to sedentary control mice, with decreased $PPAR{\gamma}$ target genes involved in adipocyte-specific marker genes, such as adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and leptin in the white adipose tissue. These results suggest that swimming can effectively prevent obesity induced by high fat diet-fed, in part through down-regulation of adipogenesis and lipogenesis in white adipose tissue of female obese mice. Moreover, these results suggest that swimming maybe contributing the promotion of health through regulation of adipogenesis and lipogenesis in overweight premenopausal women.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.55-71
• /
• 2011

Objectives : The purposes of this preliminary study was to examine the feasibility of recruiting women into a clinical trial designed to examine the effects of acupuncture in treating urinary incontinence (UI) in premenopausal women with delivery history and the feasibility of performing the study procedures. We also tried to determine if there was preliminary evidence to suggest that acupuncture may be effective in reducing UI and improving disease-specific quality of life. Methods : This study was a pragmatic randomized clinical trial. Subjects between the ages of 20 and 49 years were randomly assigned to a treatment(n=11) or control group(n=11) and analyzed. Both groups were supposed to do Kegel exercise at home during 4 weeks and acupuncture was applied to the treatment group twice a week(8 sessions) additionally. Subjects performed 1 hour pad test and completed a 3-day urination diary, international consultation on incontinence modular questionnaire(ICIQ), and incontinence - quality of life(I-QOL) at base line and 5 weeks. Results : Both group showed improvement in 1 hour pad test and the reducing amount of UI was significantly larger in treatment group(p=0.0182). The significant improvements in ICIQ and I-QOL were also observed in treatment group and sustained until the follow-up measurement at 16 weeks. Any adverse reaction related to acupuncture did not happen. Conclusions : It was feasible to recruit subjects and perform the study procedures. The positive results of this study support the requirement for additional research investigating the efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of UI in women.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.33-35
• /
• 2012

To evaluate the relationship between abortions and risk of breast cancer, we conducted a case-control study with 669 cases and 682 population-based controls in Jiangsu Province of China. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit detailed information. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The results have revealed that induced abortion was related to increased risk of breast caner. Premenopausal women who had ${\geq}3$ times of induced abortion were at increased crude OR (2.41, 95%CI: 1.09-5.42) and adjusted-OR (1.55, 95%CI: 1.15-5.68). Postmenopausal women with a previous induced abortion were at increased crude OR (2.04, 95%CI: 1.48-2.81) and adjusted-OR (1.82, 95%CI: 1.30-2.54), and there was a significant increase trend in OR with number of induced abortions (p for trend: 0.0001). Overall, spontaneous abortion did not significantly alter the risk of breast cancer, but postmenopausal women who had history of spontaneous abortion were at increased OR. These results suggested that relationship between breast cancer and abortions may depend on menopausal status and induced abortion may played an important role in the development of breast cancer in Jiangsu' women of China.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제8권6호
• /
• pp.695-704
• /
• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The type of sweet snack incorporated into an energy-restricted diet (ERD) may produce differential effects on metabolic improvements associated with body weight (BW) loss. This study compared effects of incorporating either twice daily energy-controlled dark chocolate snacks plus once daily sugar-free cocoa beverage (DC) to non-chocolate snacks plus sugar-free non-cocoa beverage (NC) into an ERD on BW loss and metabolic outcomes. MATERIALS/METHODS: In an 18-week randomized comparative trial, 60 overweight/obese premenopausal women were assigned to DC (n = 30) or NC group (n = 30). Dietary intake was measured at baseline and week 18, and BW, anthropometrics, blood pressure (BP) and serum glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations were measured at baseline, and weeks 6, 12 and 18. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Using intention-to-treat analysis, women in DC and NC groups reduced energy intake (both P < 0.001) and lost $4.4{\pm}0.6kg$ and $5.0{\pm}0.9kg$ (both P < 0.001), respectively. Both groups lowered systolic and diastolic BP [DC = 2.7 (P < 0.05), 2.7 (P < 0.01); NC = 3.4 (P < 0.01), 4.2 (P < 0.01) mmHg, respectively]. Glucose and insulin concentrations decreased by 0.72 mmol/L (P < 0.001) and 13.20 pmol/L (P < 0.01) in DC group and by 0.83 mmol/L (P < 0.001) and 13.20 pmol/L (P < 0.01), respectively, in NC group. Total cholesterol increased in NC group (P < 0.05), with no significant lipid changes in DC group. There were no significant differences in biomarker outcomes between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight/obese premenopausal women following an 18-week ERD that included either DC or NC sweet snack and sugar-free beverage lost equivalent amounts of BW and improved BP measurements and glucose and insulin concentrations.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.59-69
• /
• 1996

Effects of dietary calcium(Ca), protein, and phosphorus(P) intake on bone mineral density (BMD) were investigated in 129 Korean premenopausal women(age 31-54 years) without diagnosed disease. BMD was measured at the spine(vertebrae L2-4) and femur(neck, Ward's triangle and trochanter). By stepwise multiple regression analysis it was shown that protein, Ca, and P intakes affected most significantly on BMD at the vertebrae L2-4, protein and P intakes affected most significantly on BMD at the femoral neck and Ward's triangle, and body mass index(BMI) affected most significantly on BMD at the trochanteric region. When ate-matched BMD % at the vertebrae L2-4 and all femoral sites was grouped by three levels(<90%, 90-99%, >=100%), only at the vertebrae L2-4>=100% and 90-99% groups had higher Ca intakes than <90% groups. When Ca, protein and P intakes of the recommended level for Korean(RDA) were grouped by three levels (Ca or P ; <=650mg/d, 650-750mg/d, >=750mg/d, Protein ; <=55g/d, 55-60g/d, >=65g/d), only at the vertebrae L2-4>55g/d of protein intake had higher age-matched BMD % than <=55g/d intake, >=750mg/d of Ca and P intakes, age-matched BMD % than <=650mg/d. In RDA range of Ca, protein, and P intakes, age-matched BMD % of the vertebrae L2-4 and all femoral sites was greater than 90%. Correlation between Ca intake and vertebral BMD was examined closer. There was more significant linear correlation between vertebral BMD and Ca intake below 800mg/d(r=0.346, p<0.0001)than above(r=0.376, p<0.019), implying a threshold effect and vertebral BMD was better expressed as a function of the logarithm of calcium intake(r=0.3881, p<0.0001). These results suggest that Ca, protein, and P intakes greater than RDA help to maintain proper BMD in middle-aged prementopausal women. Especially dietary Ca have important role in increasing the vertebral BMD and 800mg/d of Ca intake is optimum amount.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제17권8호
• /
• pp.3911-3916
• /
• 2016

Background: Triple negative (TN) and triple positive (TP) breast cancers both are aggressive types but TN generally has a shorter survival. Objectives: To compare the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes for patients with TN versus TP breast cancer and to assess various prognostic factors affecting overall survival. Materials and Methods: A retrospective audit of 85 breast cancer patients was conducted in the Department of Radiation Oncology and Medical Oncology on patients from 2006 to 2013 for whom IHC for ER, PgR and Her-2 neu were available. The patients were stratified into: ER-, PR- and Her-2 neu- (Arm A, n=47) and ER+, PgR+ and Her-2 neu+ (Arm B, n=38). Results: TN subtype had higher numbers of premenopausal and advanced stage patients as compared to TP subtype. The locoregional recurrence (LRR) and distant metastatic rate was also higher in TN subtype but there was no definite pattern in both the arms. Among the prognostic factors, patients with premenopausal status and advanced stage in TN breast cancer had inferior survival (P=0.07) whereas for those with postmenopausal status and early stage there was no survival difference between the two arms. Conclusions: TN subtype tends to be more aggressive in terms of younger age and advanced stage at presentation, higher tumour grade, LRR and metastasis, suggesting need for future research efforts on providing aggressive treatment to these patients. We could attribute better outcome for TP subtype to receptor positivity enabling role of hormonal treatment and targeted therapy, although less number of patients received targeted therapy.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.77-88
• /
• 2020

Objectives: The study evaluated middle-aged women using the Core Seven Emotions Inventory-short form (CSEI-s) followed by a correlation analysis with Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Methods: In this study, the medical records of 47 women who visited W University Oriental Medicine Hospital and completed the CSEI-s and MRS were evaluated. A total of 47 women were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science, IBM, United States of America, Version 23.0). Frequency analysis, descriptive analysis, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe test, and correlation analysis were conducted. Results: 1. Approximately one-third of all subjects were more than cautious expressing joy and fright. 2. According to their educational status, high-school graduates thought they were superior to those with a bachelor's degree or above. 3. Anger was expressed with caution in the group with severe menopausal symptoms. 4. Anger, thought, depression, sorrow, fear, and fright showed a positive correlation with MRS scores. 5. Among premenopausal and postmenopausal women, fright was associated with menopausal symptoms and response by the autonomous nervous system. Conclusions: The results suggest that CSEI-s can be used to measure the psychological symptoms of middle-aged women.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제16권9호
• /
• pp.3685-3690
• /
• 2015

Background: Low-dose oral contraceptives (OC) were approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in 1999, yet despite their contraceptive and non-contraceptive health benefits, only 5% of the target population use them. Fear of increased cancer risk, particularly breast cancer, is one reason for this. Due to low OC uptake and low screening participation, a paucity of data is available on the risk of OC use and breast cancer in Japanese women. The present study investigated OC use and breast cancer risk, as well as menstrual, reproductive and family factors. Materials and Methods: This was a clinic-based case-control study of women aged 20-69yrs who had undergone breast screening between January 2007 and December 2013 in central Tokyo. In all, 28.8% of the participants had experience with OC use. Cases were 155 women with a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of breast cancer. Controls were the remaining 12,333 women. Results: Increased age was a significant risk factor for breast cancer (p<0.001). A lower risk was found in premenopausal women presently taking OC compared to never users (OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.22-0.90) after adjusting for age, parity and breast feeding, and a family history of breast cancer. Conclusions: Increased age rather than OC use had a greater effect on breast cancer risk. This risk may be decreased in premenopausal women with OC use, but further long-term prospective studies are necessary.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제15권18호
• /
• pp.7665-7671
• /
• 2014

Objectives: The association between body mass index (BMI) and ovarian cancer risk is unclear and requires further investigation. The present meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effect of overweight and obesity on ovarian cancer risk in the premenopausal and postmenopausal periods. Data sources: Major electronic databases were searched until February 2014 including Medline and Scopus. Reference lists and relevant conference databases were searched and the authors were contacted for additional unpublished references. Review Methods: All cohort and case-control studies addressing the effect of BMI on ovarian cancer were included, irrespective of publication date and language. The effect measure of choice was risk ratio (RR) for cohort studies and odds ratio (OR) for case-control studies. The results were reported using a random effects model with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Of 3,776 retrieved studies, 19 were ultimately analyzed including 10 cohort studies involving 29,237,219 person-years and 9 case-control studies involving 96,965 people. The results of both cohort and case-control studies showed being overweight and obesity increased the risk of ovarian cancer compared to women with normal weight during both premenopausal and postmenopausal periods: RR=1.08 (95%CI: 0.97, 1.19) and OR=1.26 (95%CI: 0.97, 1.63) for overweight and RR=1.27 (95%CI: 1.16, 1.38) and OR=1.26 (95%CI: 1.06, 1.50) for obesity. Conclusions: There is sufficient evidence that an increase in BMI can increase the risk of ovarian cancer regardless of the menopausal status, mimicking a dose-response relationship although the association is not very strong.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.1851-1855
• /
• 2016

Tamoxifen is a pharmacological estrogen inhibitor that binds to the estrogen receptor (ER) in breast cells. However, it shows an estrogenic effect in other organs, which causes adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1) enzyme encoded by the SULT1A1 gene is involved in estrogen metabolism. Previous research has suggested that the SULT1A1 copy number is linked with the plasma estradiol (E2) concentration. Here, a total of 34 premenopausal breast cancer patients, selected from the Thai Tamoxifen (TTAM) Project, were screened for their SULT1A1 copy number, plasma E2 concentration and ADRs. The mean age was $44.3{\pm}11.1years$, and they were subtyped as ER+/progesterone receptor (PR)+ (28 patients), ER+/PR- (5 patients) and ER-/PR- (1 patient). Three patients reported ADRs, which were irregular menstruation (2 patients) and vaginal discharge (1 patient). Most (33) patients had two SULT1A1 copies, with one patient having three copies. The median plasma E2 concentration was 1,575.6 (IQR 865.4) pg/ml. Patients with ADRs had significantly higher plasma E2 concentrations than those patients without ADRs (p = 0.014). The plasma E2 concentration was numerically higher in the patient with three SULT1A1 copies, but this lacked statistical significance.