• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.204-205
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• 2003

Change in Quality properties of the Kochujang Prepared with the powder of Paecilomyces japonica and extract of p. japonica by different solvents were investigated during 90 days of fermentation at 20$^{\circ}C$. The moisture content was not significantly different, pH of Kochuiang made with p. japonica was lower than control group and decreased continuously according to the fermentation time. Amino nitrogen continuously increased till 60 days and decreased slightly on 90 days. Amino nitrogen of Kochujang made with P. japonica was higher than control group and was highest on 30 days and 60 days by 179.2mg% and 282.2mg% respectively. Value of L, a, b in Color decreased with proportion to fermentation period and L, a, b value of Kochujang made with P. japonica was lower and in particular that of Kochujang made with P. japonica powder was lowest. from the result of sensory evaluation test, the color of control group was similar to“clear red”but that of Kochojang made with powder of P. japonica was close to“dark reddish brown”and that of Kochujang made with extract of P. japonica was darker than that of control group and the preference of dark color was low. Texture was“glossy and smooth”in all and preference was high. In salty taste, the Kochujang by P. japonica addition was stronger and Kochujang made with extract was stronger than that made with powder. In hot taste, the Kochujang made with P. japonica was weaker than control group and the Kochujang made with P. japonica was scored higher in flavor than control group and Kochujang made with powder of P. japonica was the highest in score. In overall preference, the Kochujang made with P. japonica was better than control group like the result of flavor but expecially Kochujang made with water extract of P. japonica among the extract was best one unlike the result of flavor.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.203-204
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• 2003

Change in Quality Properties of Doenjang Prepared with the Powder of Paecilomyces japonica and extract of P. japonica by different solvents were investigated during 90 days of fermentation at 20$^{\circ}C$. The moisture content was not significantly different, pH of Doenjang made with P. japonica was lower than control group and decreased continuously according to the fermentation time. Amino nitrogen continuously increased till 60 days and decreased slightly on 90 days. Value of L, a, b in Color decreased with proportion to fermentation period and L, a, b value of Doenjang made with P. japonica was lower and in Particular that of Doenjang made with P. japonica powder was lowest. From the result of sensory evaluation test, the color of control group was similar to “yellow”but that of Doenjang made with powder of P. japonica was close to“dark brown”and that of Doenjang made with extract of P. japonica was darker than that of control group and the preference of dark color was low. Texture was“glossy and smooth”in all and preference was high. In salty taste, Doenjang by P. japonica addition was stronger and Doenjang made with extract was stronger than that made with powder. Doenjang made with powder of P. japonica was weaker than other groups in sweet taste. In flavor and overall Preference, Doenjang made with P. japonica was scored lower slightly in than control group and Doenjang made with powder of P. japonica was the lowest in score.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.261-268
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to survey the perception and preference for Korean food among Chinese students residing in Korea (Chinese foreign students, N=69) and China (Chinese-locals, N=98). A total of 76.8% of Chinese foreign students and 70.4% of Chinese-locals had ever eaten Korean food in China before visiting Korea, and motivation to try Korean food at first was 'easy access to Korean food restaurants' (Chinese foreign students 38.6%, Chinese-locals 44.9%). The most important factors in selecting Korean food were 'taste' and 'price' (Chinese foreign students 72.7% and 18.2%, Chinese-locals 59.1% and 22.7%, respectively), and needed improvements for Korean food were 'spicy and salty taste' and 'nutritional aspect' (Chinese foreign students 54.5% and 25.8%, Chinese-locals 33.3% and 36.4%, p<0.05). The scores for perception of Korean food were significantly lower in Chinese-locals (2.99) than in Chinese foreign students (3.31)(p<0.001). Chinese foreign students preferred Bulgogi (20.5%), Neobiani (20.1%), and Galbijjim (17.9%), whereas Chinese-locals preferred Bulgogi (16.1%), Gimbap (16.1%), and Samgyetang (15.2%) (p<0.001). The most preferred condiment was 'Garlic' (18.0%) in Chinese foreign students, and 'Red pepper powder' (16.4%) in Chinese-locals. The results of the study can be used as a foundation to prepare a globalization strategy for Korean Food.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.115-127
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• 2016

In this study, we compared diet related attributes such as food taste preference, food consumption frequency and nutrition intake between elderly residents in their 80's of areas in Jeollanam-do that are well known for longevity and those of a part of Seoul. Structured in-depth interviews were conducted by trained interviewers on 125 consented subjects (67 Jeonnam and 58 Seoul). Differences of groups were tested using Chi-square tests for nominal or ordinal data and t-tests and ANOVA tests for ratio data. The elderly from Jeonnam tended to sleep longer, express emotion more freely, and interact with others more often than those from Seoul. The elderly tended to prefer sweet or salty tastes, which might be highly related to serious health problems. The most frequently consumed foods were napa cabbage kimchi (2.19 times/day) and multigrain rice (1.99 times/day). Elderly from Jeonnam tended to consume garlic, milk, beans and roasted barley/corn teas less often; whereas, they consumed porridge, dried radish greens, potato, fermented fish, dried fish, pork rib, pork belly, soybean paste soup, soybean paste/Ssamjang, other kimchis, pickled vegetables, snacks, cookies, and green/black teas more often than elderly residents from Seoul. Differences in nutrition intake between the regions were greater than differences between the perceived levels of household economic status. NAR and INQ for folate were lower among elderly from Jeonnam than those from Seoul, while those for protein, vitamin C, niacin, vitamin $B_6$ were higher. The study results indicated that elderly from Jeonnam engaged in a more diverse diet than the elderly from Seoul.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.690-695
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• 2007

This research aimed to Kimchi to be well known in the World, which to be international food on the each nation and each people, each religion cultural area, with having done Kimchi adaptation plan for localization. Among the plan, Kimchi utilization ways with the localization strategy in Turkish dietary life were investigated to the Kimchi preference, improvement points on Turkish view, for the Turkey person it would be able to apply in Turkish food culture, and the results are as follows. 1. According to sex of Chinese cabbage Kimchi preference, men ($M=3.75\;{\pm}\;0.89$) appeared higher than women ($M=3.62\;{\pm}\;0.88$). Color or appearance preference after Chinese cabbage Kimchi taste was investigated in order that red > burnish felt > transparent > yellow, and the smell preference which was hot($M=4.64\;{\pm}\;1.37$) appeared highest. A hot taste felt most intensely, and it was investigated in order that aftertaste> salty taste > sourness > off flavor taste > fermented fish source taste > sweetness> carbonic acid by the followings. For the feeling of texture of Kimchi, the crunch was higher than durable tough(it was visible the consider difference of the sex 2. That the Korean Kimchi hit to a palatable taste, against 109 people (72.2%) answered suitable appetite to this taste, and the reason which was in order of that hot tasty > appearance > chewing texture > red > fermented flavor was investigated. Did not hit to a taste 42 people (27.8%) answer back, with the reason that was investigated in order of hot tasty > appearance > red > fermented flavor > chewing texture. The hot tasty of Kimchi was commonly presented that hit and did not hit to appetite taste against people. 3. Among the Turkish food, similar foods for Kimchi were answered in order of Lahana Tursu (44.2 %) > Kapuska (25.9 %) > Lahana Prasa (11.1%), and similar food category were that Chinese cabbage or various vegetables to be pickling food and to be dressing salad with salt and vinegar. The accompanied or garnished Turkich food category for Kimchi were answered in order of cooking meat (34.1%)> steamed cooking rice (22.7%)> cooking fish (17.0%)> cooking soybean (14.2%). This result was same tendency with steamed cooking rice accompaniment for Kimchi in Korea and Turkey, and could be applied a new main menu like meat cooking and fish cooking dish which matched and accompanied with Kimchi.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.415-430
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• 2000

From March 10 to April 3, 1999. questionnaires were sent to 157 students at an university located in Hongsong. South Choongchung Province in order to find out their eating habits and exercise patterns. The analysis of the questionnaires collected reveals the followings. 1. Eating Habits 1) 76 out of total 157 respondents (48.4%) said that they skipped breakfast. The significant difference was shown in the frequency of breakfast eating based on respondents' sex. Male students had higher rate of going without breakfast (73.92%) than their female counterparts (28.41%). 2) Most respondents finished eating their meals within 20 minutes. with 58.5% spending 10 to 20 minutes. followed by 28.0% taking less than 10 minutes. 3) With respect to the frequency of eating snacks. 1 to 2 times per day came on top with 63.7%. Significant difference was shown based on sex. with male students having more frequent snacks than female students. 40.1% of those surveyed said they ate snacks because they were either bored or hungry, respectively, 67.5% took snacks after school followed by 23.6% who had snacks after dinner. 4) Concerning the frequency of taking food. 1 to 2 times per week recorded the highest mark for beta-carotine. fruits. fish. beans. milk. seaweeds and fries. As for vegetables. 6 to 7 times a week received the highest points. Males showed significantly higher frequency of taking fruits than females. while the opposite was true for beans. 5) More than 50% of the respondents chose rice and fruits as the food they could eat really well. All those surveyed ate fruits and vegetables. More than 10% of students said they did not eat donut. chocolate. candies. fries. coke and clear carbonated beverage. milk. ham and sausage. The food that revealed significant difference based on sex included ramyon, coke and clear carbonated beverages, ham and sausage, yogurt and milk, with males showing greater preference than their female counterparts. 6) The most preferred by respondents was spicy taste (49.04%), followed by sour (36.31%), sweet (25.48%), and salty tastes(21.1%). Those surveyed shunned sweet taste the most (21.02%), followed by sour (14.65%), spicy (8.92%), salty (5.10%) tastes. 2. Workout Patterns 1) 14.01% of the respondents said they took exercise. Based on sex, males showed significantly higher rate of 21.74% than 7.95% of females. Those who took exercise did so mostly three times a week. With regard to the time spent on workout. 'within 2 hours' received the highest points. Soccer was found to be the most popular sport among the respondents. The above analysis demonstrated that the students surveyed selected relatively sound answers in the categories of the food preference and taste. However. some skipped breakfast and liked eating snacks. and most did not take exercise, which may raise health problems including the weight increase. Therefore, ways should be devised to tackle such problems to ensure healthy lives.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.952-966
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences of food habits and food preferences between lower and higher grade students through the survey of elementary school students in Daejeon four elementary schools located in Jung-Gu and Seo-Gu in Daejeon are selected for this survey randomly and the completion of the questionnaires are according to grade. 1. Practical Analysis of Food Habits: For regular meals, the highest number of subjects skipped breakfast. It is being found that the girl students (81.61%) consumed more cooked rice than the boys (78.85%) and more boys (13.10%) ate bread or milk more than the girls (9.20%). The most important thing for the lower grades students (34.20%) when consuming is the nutritious foods, while the higher grades students (49.67%) consumed the set meals. During consumption, the highest number of the subjects watched TV or read books from time to time. More higher grades students (38.98%) preferred spicy and salty foods than the lower grades (22.09%). 2. Food Preferences: Between rice and noodles, most subjects preferred cooked rice (81.38%), Jajangmyeon (80.80%), Ramyeon (79.43%), and disliked bean-mixed rice (28.39%). For soups, Most students enjoy the Deokkguk. Majority of the subjects prefer meat and fried or steamed foods, and also grilled and pan-fried dishes. For the pan-roasted and fried dishes, most subjects did not enjoy the rhizome fry and sweet-pumpkin fry methods, and for vegetables, they did not like wild vegetable and seasoned cucumber (40.57%) The higher grades students enjoy the vegetables and salads more than the lower grades students. For Kimchi varieties, it is found that subjects like the cabbage Kimchi (69.66%) the most. There is little difference in food preference between the lower and higher grade students, but the rankings of food preferences are different according to various grades.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.512-520
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• 2017

This study was carried out to develop concentrate of residual jujube flesh around the seed as a thickening agent of Bulgogi sauce. Quality characteristics and sensory test of Bulgogi sauces added with jujube concentrate (30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%) were evaluated in comparison with control sauce containing xanthan gum as a thickening agent. Moisture content of Bulgogi sauce added with 30% jujube concentrate was the highest (74.59%). As content of jujube concentrate increased, moisture contents in Bulgogi sauces significantly decreased. Sugar content of control sauce ($30.82^{\circ}Bx$), was lowest among the sauces. As content of jujube concentrate increased, Sugar content of sauces significantly increased ($33.00{\sim}34.38^{\circ}Bx$). Salinity (%) was highest in control sauce (1.38%), and there was no difference in salinity among the sauces depending on the amount of jujube concentrate. Viscosity was highest in sauce added with 50% jujube concentrate (43.33 cP) and lowest in sauce with 30% jujube concentrate (13.20 cP). As content of jujube concentrate increased, viscosity tended to increase significantly. Spreadability was highest in sauce added with 30% jujube concentrate (8.88 cm). As the amount of jujube concentrate increased, spreadability of sauce tended to decrease significantly. Color value was different according to the contents of jujube concentrate in sauces. L-, a-, and b-values of control sauce were highest at 40.19, 1.5, and 24.57, respectively. The results of the sensory test for Bulgogi sauce showed that overall preference was significantly highest in sauce added with 35% jujube concentrate. Moreover, sauce added with 35% jujube concentrate was preferred the most in terms of appearance, taste, and fluidity. Meanwhile, the results of the differentiation test showed a significant difference in color intensity, jujube flavor and taste, sweet taste, and salty taste. However, no significant difference was observed in fluidity. The results of the preference test for Bulgogi seasoned with sauces added with jujube concentrate showed that overall preference and flavor, taste, and texture preference were highest in Bulgogi seasoned with sauce added with 35% jujube concentrate. However, no significant difference was observed in preference towards appearance among the samples.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.53-66
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• 1995

The purpose of this research is to investigate how obesity and eating behavior are related to the concentration of serum insulin and lipids and blood pressure of middle-aged men The sample for this study utilizes 240 middle-aged men between th4 age of 40 and 60 living in the city of Kumi. Through a process of anthropometry and categorization by relative body weight, the sample is devide into two groups, the obese group (51 men) and the normal group (129 men). The results of the study were as follows : 1111111. The men from the obese group with the exception of height, subs-capular/triceps skinfold girth ratio(STR) had a higher level of body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, waist/hip girth ratio(WHR), subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness than the normal group (P=0.0001). 2. In comparing the serum insulin and lipids between the obese and normal group, the obese group had a higher level of insulin and triglyceride (P=0.016, P=0.050) but a lower concentration of HDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol (P=0.034, P=0.004). Also, the obese group had a higher level of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P=0.001, P=0.029). When looking at the relationship between the serum insulin and lipids and anthropometric measurements, the relationship between waist/hip girth ratio(THR), the concentration of fasting serum insulin and lipids were stronger than the obesity index, body mass index(BMI). 3. Men who exercised regularly had a lower total cholesterol and systolic blood pressure 9P=0.049, P=0.041), and a higher level of HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol (P=0.004). There was no observable relationship between the food habit score, the preference for fiber foods, and the concentration of serum lipids. Also, the concentration of serum lipids had no apparent effect on the preference for salty, sweet, and greasy foods.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.478-490
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• 2013

Dietary habit of excess sodium consumption is formed mainly by excessive salt intake from the younger age and this may lead to hypertension, stroke, and stomach cancer. This study was performed to estimate the salt content in kindergarten meals and provide basic data on meal providers' dietary attitude to sodium intake for nutrition education. We collected data on161 food items from 16 institutions in Gyeonggi-do and salt content was calculated from salinity and weight of individual food items. The average salt content from lunch meals was 2.2 g, which was about daily adequate intake of sodium for children aged 3 to 5 years old. Greatest contributor to the salt content in a meal was soup and stew (47.8%). The most salty dishes were sauces and kimchi followed by stir-fried food, deep-fried food, braised food, and grilled food. The salt content was higher in soup and stew despite of low salinity, due to the large quantity per serving. The salt contents of soups and kimchi were 40.6% and 14.3%, respectively of the total salt content in dish groups. Staff members and caregivers at home who prepared food for the child showed preference for one-dish rice meal, dried fish and salted mackerel, and broth when eating soup, stew, and noodles. Caregivers showed higher sodium index score and had higher preference for processed food such as Ramen, canned food, and ham compared with staff members (p < 0.05). These results suggested that monitoring salt content of kindergarten meals and nutrition education for those prepare meals for children are needed to lower sodium intake in childhood.