• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.667-675
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• 2010

This research did chistosan and cation treatment to raise K/S vlue. In this result, chitosan 1%, cation 4% treatment showed the highest K/S value. Gilycyrrhizae radix dyeing showed the highest K/S value in pH3, pre-mordant, $30^{\circ}C$, 80 min.. Its color Y, YR. K/S value over 2.5 times showed in chitosan treatment fabrics, 5 times in cation treatment fabrics than cotton fabrics on the condition of none-mordant ones. In the antibacterial activity, staphylococus showed 99.9% in all fabrics. Klebsilla Pneumonia also showed 97.1% in chitosan treatment fabrics and it showed 99.9% in other all fabrics. In the deodorization and UV-cut effect, the more K/S value and the larger effect was showed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.507-512
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• 1993

Pre-sowing treatments of tobacco seeds (cv. NC82) were evaluated as a means of improving the speed of emergence, early seedling growth and uniformity of the seedlings. Seeds were treated through the use of polyethylene glycol 6000(PEG), solid matrix priming(SMP), chilling and dark-preincubati(DPI). Under the laboratory condition of 15$^{\circ}C$, all the treated seeds germinated more rapid and the time to 50% germination(T50) reduced than control. Among the treatments, SMP was the best to reduce the T50 for germination. All the treatments did not affect the final germination percentage, while the chilling showed of little benefit for germination and T50. Under the greenhouse condition, seedling from SMP emerged earlier and more uniformity and also greater mean fresh and dry weight showed than other treatments. The advantage of T50 from SMP was affected more in temperature than in water content of Agro-Lig during the treatment.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.255-264
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• 1989

The minimum concentrations of organic solvents inducing phytotoxicity were investigated after spraying or flooding solvent solutions to annual plants. In the foliar treatment of upland test, solvents with high-boiling point or low-polarity induced severe phytotoxicity. Especially, aromatic solvents induced severe phytotoxicity. The most sensitive plant to phytotoxicity was soybean. In the pre-emergence treatment of upland test, the solvents with high-boiling point only induced phytotoxicity at high concentration. The degree of phytotoxicity induced by foliar spray in the condition of paddy field was similiar to that of upland test, but in the pre-emergence test, the former was more severe than the latter. Among 6 treatments, phytotoxicity induced by solvents was most severe in the pre-emergence test under the condition of flooding paddy field. Generally, alcohols induced severe phytotoxicity, especially, ethanol at 0.001%.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 2024

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in kinematic factors according to stretching treatment, myofascial release treatment, and static stretching treatment conditions during squat. Method: Twelve males with resistance training experience participated in this study. Participants performed squats without treatment (Pre-Test), and performed squats after treatment with the myofascial release technique (MRT) and static stretching (SS) on different days (post-test). Squat movements were captured using eight motion capture cameras (sampling rate: 250 Hz), and the peak joint angles of the ankle, knee, hip, and pelvis were calculated for each direction. One-way repeated ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc analyses using SPSS 27 (IBM Corp. Armonk NY, USA) were used to compare the peak joint angle of the lower extremity joints and pelvis among the normal condition (squat without treatment), MRT condition (squat after MRT treatment) and SS condition (squat after static stretching). The statistical significance level was set at .05. Results: It was observed that the maximum ankle joint flexion angle during squats was statistically reduced under conditions of myofascial release and static stretching (p<.05), in comparison to the scenario where no stretching was performed. Furthermore, static stretching was found to enhance the maximum hip flexion angle during squat (p<.05), whereas the myofascial release stretching technique resulted in the minimal posterior pelvic tilt angle (p<.05). Conclusion: Employing myofascial release stretching as a preparatory exercise proved to be more efficacious in maintaining body stability throughout the execution of high-intensity squat movements by effectively managing the posterior tilt of the pelvis, as opposed to foregoing stretching or engaging in static stretching.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.359-366
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• 2007

Slow sand filtrations have been widely used for water treatment in small communities, however their capacity is often limited by high turbidity in the raw water. For this reason, several pre-treatment facilities were required for a slow sand filter. Turbidity removal from the highly turbid raw water was investigated in roughing filters as a pre-treatment process. The roughing filters followed by rapid mixing tank were operated in the form of a contact filtration. In several jar tests, the predetermined optimum aluminium sulfate (alum) doses for turbid water of 30 and 120NTU were 30 and 50mg/L, respectively. At the optimum alum dose, physically optimum parameters including G value of $220sec^{-1}$ and rapid mixing time of 3 minutes were applied to the contact filtration system. Without addition of alum, the filtrate turbidity from the roughing filters, packed respectively with different media such as sand, porous diatomite ball and gravel, was in the range of 5~30NTU at filtration velocities of 30 and 50m/day. However, the application of a contact filtration to roughing filters showed stably lower filtrate turbidity below 1.0NTU at filtration velocity of 30 m/day. Although the filtration velocity increased to 50m/day, filtrate turbidity was still below 1.0NTU in both single and double layer roughing filters. At influent turbidity of 120NTU, the filtrate turbidity was over 5 NTU in the triple layer roughing filter, which shortened the filter run time. The flocs larger than $10{\mu}m$, formed in the rapid mixing tank, were almost captured through the roughing filter bed, while the almost flocs smaller than $10{\mu}m$ remained in filtrate.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.291-298
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• 2016

Electrochemical water treatment process as a useful treatment method for the removal of non-degradable matter has been consistently studied for several decades. Key process of electrochemical water treatment are oxidation reaction from an anode and reduction from a cathode. In this study, the effect of pre-treatment methods in the insoluble electrode manufacturing process for the water treatment has been evaluated for the life time of electrode The results of this study showed that pre-treatment methods of a base metal such as surface roughness, clean method and interlayer formation influenced to life time of electrode when the same condition (catalyst electrode layer coating method and material system) was applied for pre-treatment methods. This study was conducted by using $IrO_2/Ti$ electrode In the test of sand-blasting process, an electrode manufactured by using sanding media of different sizes resulted in the most effective electrode life time when the size of alumina was used for $212{\sim}180{\mu}m$ praticle size (#80). The most effective method was considered using arc plasma in the additional roughness control and cleaning process, sputtering method to form Ta type interlayer formation process.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.113-126
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• 1999

In order to investigate the detergency effect of stained cotton and PET fabric, respectively, these fabrics stained with solid soils such as carbon black, liquid paraffin, and fat and examined the detergency effect in the optimum washing condition. The evaluation of washing efficiency of washed fabrics studied by using the surface reflectance measurement before and after washing treatment. The maximum detergency effect of stained cotton and PET fabric obtained in the mixed washing liquor-bleachig agen(ml)/concentrated washig agent(g/l). To obtain the excellent detergency effect, 2-step washing treatment, pre-washing by bleaching agent only and washing by concentrated detergent, is preferred. In comparing the detergency of polyester and cotton fabric, the detergency of stained polyester fabric superior than that of stained cotton fabric because of the difference of adhesive force between soil material and fabric in preparing soled stained fabric. In this study, we also studied the degree of fabric damage by the measurement of tensile strength change. From the results of the tensile strength measurement, the damage of washed fabric before and after washing treatment was nearly changed.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.67-75
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• 2016

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical usefulness of M-test (Meridian test) as an adjunctive evaluation and treatment in patients with chronic neck pain. Methods This study was a single arm pre-post comparison study. Thirty-six eligible subjects with chronic neck pain were recruited from August to September, 2015. M-test was used for evaluating the condition of meridian, which can induce the limitation of ROM and body discomfort. Subjects were offered intradermal acupuncture treatment on one-acupoint for 48 hours. Cervical numeric rating scale (NRS), cervical range of motion (ROM), neck disability index (NDI) and surface electromyography (SEMG) were measured before and after the treatment. Total NRS and the number of movement limitation of M-test were also measured before and after the treatment. Results Among the 36 participating subjects, 4 subjects were lost to follow-up or excluded in accordance with the criteria. Significant differences on Cervical NRS and NDI were found after the treatment (p<0.001). There was a significant difference in the range of left cervical rotation (p<0.05). Root mean square (RMS) of SEMG significantly decreased on the right sternocleidomastoid muscle (p<0.05), but significantly increased on the right trapezius muscle (p<0.05). Median frequency (MdF) of SEMG significantly increased on both sternocleidomastoid muscles. There appears to be significant differences after the treatment in total NRS and the number of movement limitation of M-test (p<0.05). Conclusions These results suggest that the evaluation and treatment of M-test based on the meridian and collateral theory were effective on cervical NRS and NDI, and also improved the movability of human body.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the incidence and degree of external apical root resorption of maxillary incisors after orthodontic treatment and to evaluate particular associated factors related to external apical root resorption. Materials and Methods: The records and maxillary incisor periapical radiographs of 181 patients were investigated. Crown and root lengths were measured and compared on the pre- and post-treatment periapical radiographs. Crown length was measured from the center of the incisal edge to the midpoint of the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ). Root length was measured from the CEJ midpoint to the root apex. A correction factor for the enlargement difference was used to calculate root resorption. Results: The periapical radiographs of 564 teeth showed that the average root resorption was $1.39{\pm}1.27$ ($8.24{\pm}7.22$%) and $1.69{\pm}1.14$ mm ($10.16{\pm}6.78%$) for the maxillary central and lateral incisors, respectively. The results showed that the dilacerated or pointed roots, maxillary premolar extraction cases, and treatment duration were highly significant factors for root resorption (p<0.001). Allergic condition was a significant factor at p<0.01. Age at the start of treatment, large overjet, and history of facial trauma were also factors significantly associated with root resorption (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in root resorption among the factors of gender, overbite, tongue-thrusting habit, types of malocclusion, and types of bracket. Conclusion: These results suggested that orthodontic treatment should be carefully performed in pre-treatment extraction patients who have pointed or dilacerated roots and need long treatment duration.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.65-72
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• 2012

Salmonellosis is a widespread bacterial zoonosis that commonly causes enterocolitis and foodborne poisoning leading to an extensive economic loss in domestic animal industry. Considerably, the emergence of multidrug resistant strains of Salmonella spp. induces further severe problems affecting public health. The present report was designated to investigate the antibacterial efficacies of three common disinfectants including an oxidizing compound disinfectant (OXC), a triple salt (TS) and a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) against Salmonella typhimurium subjected to the preliminary changes of drug temperature. All solutions of three disinfectants were pre-incubated at different temperature (22, 37 and $63^{\circ}C$) for 1 h prior to exposure to bacteria. The disinfectants and bacteria were diluted with distilled water (DW), hard water (HW) or organic matter suspension (OMS) according to treatment condition. Under the DW condition, the disinfectant efficacy of the QAC at $63^{\circ}C$ was higher than that of $22^{\circ}C$. Furthermore, under HW diluent the disinfectant efficacy of the TS pre-warmed at both of 37 and $63^{\circ}C$ were increased compared to that of $22^{\circ}C$. Considerably, the efficacy of pre-warmed QAC at both of 37 and $63^{\circ}C$ under the OMS diluent were higher than that of $22^{\circ}C$. Conclusively, prewarming at higher temperatures have positive effects on the stability of the antibacterial efficacies of TS and QAC.